microprocessors chapter 1 powered by dj1. slide 2 of 66chapter 1 objectives discuss the working of...

Microprocessors

Chapter 1

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Objectives

Discuss the working of microprocessor Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor List the types of microprocessors Discuss the evolution of microprocessors List the different microprocessor designs Install the microprocessor Configure the microprocessor for overclocking Upgrade the microprocessor Identify the problems related to microprocessor

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Microprocessor

Is a chip

Has transistors built into it

Has cache to store information

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Working of the Microprocessor

Accepts data Processes data Stores data Sends output data

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Speed of Microprocessor

Depends on number of instructions it processes

Bandwidth (32/64 bit)Clock speed (GHz)Number of transistors built into it

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Multitasking/Multiprocessing

Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no. of tasks

Enables the processor to run multiple program simultaneously

Reduces the processor idle time Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for

simultaneously running more than one process by multiple processing units

Each processing unit runs independently and may or may not have individual cache memory

Most effective when used with application software

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Question for GD Time Limit – 5 Mins

What is multitasking and multiprocessing?

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Interface of Microprocessor

Explain different types of bus.Steps followed by the microprocessor to

interface with a device:• Checks the status of the device.• Requests the device for transferring data.• The device sends the data request to the

microprocessor.• The microprocessor sends the required data to the

device.

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FSB/BSB

FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor to the north bridge of motherboard

Also known as system bus or memory bus Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor

with L2 cache BSB is faster than FSB

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Operating Voltage of Microprocessor

Lowering the operating voltage decreases the power consumption

Less power consumption, system is less expensive to run and more battery life

Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat Processors that run cooler give better performance Operating voltage range is 1.2 to 2.5V

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Practical

Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no. 1 in the text book:

• To know different specifications of a processor.

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Types of microprocessor - I

Based on the number of instructions built into it, they can be classified as:• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) –

Many instructions built into it which saves processing time for performing tasks otherwise it has to be retrieved from RAM.

• However it affects the performance of the microprocessor because more time is taken to process the instruction and also the space available on the microprocessor for processing reduces.

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Types of microprocessor - II

Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) – Have limited instructions built into it which requires few transistors to be built into the microprocessor.

Saves the space in the microprocessor and cheaper as compared to CISC processor.

This processor is favorable for scientific purposes where limited instructions are required

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What is the difference between CISC and RISC based processor and what is the application of CISC and RISC based processor?

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Microprocessors Timeline

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Intel Pentium Microprocessor

Designed to work with everyday applications• Word processors• Spreadsheets• Multimedia applications • Games

Versions• Pentium I• Pentium II• Pentium III• Pentium IV

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Pentium I

Released in 1993First chip from the fifth generation of

microprocessorsHas a 5-stage data pipeline for executing

instructions to perform multiple calculations simultaneously

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Pentium II

Released in 1997Available on a daughter card that has L2

cacheHas a 14-stage data pipeline for executing

instructions

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Pentium III

Released in 1999Has a unique Processor Serial Number

(PSN) embedded in the chipHas a 10-stage data pipeline for executing

instructionsHas 70 more instructions built into it which

enhances processing of graphical information

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Pentium IV

Released in 2000 Enables to work with

applications that require a lot of processing such as digital photography

Has a 20-stage data pipeline for executing instructions

Also available in the following editions:• Hyper-Threading (HT)

• HT Extreme

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Intel Celeron

Cheaper and economicalUsed for running applications that do not

require a lot of processingSmaller cache size, clock speed and bus

speed is also lessCeleron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,

533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket

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Hyper Threading (HT)

Developed by Intel, hyper threading enables a single processor to work as two logically different processors.

A single code of execution is known as thread. In HT technology two threads from different

programs can be executed by the processor at a time.

This technology works only when two processes with high requirement are running, such as a video editing tool and an antivirus.

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Intel’s New Features

Speed Step Technology – Known as Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) which allows the system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency.

Execute Disable Bit - An Intel hardware-based security feature that can help reduce system exposure to viruses and malicious code.

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Intel Core2Duo

Deliver faster performance, greater energy efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.

Processors built with Intel's unique 45nm technology offer excellent performance as well as unique energy-saving features that help PCs meet ENERGY STAR requirements.

Get the best overall performance with Intel Core2 Duo processor which includes up to 6MB of shared L2 cache and up to 1333 MHz FSB.

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Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - I

Dual core is simply a generic term referring to any processor package with two physical CPUs in one.

Pentium D is simply two Pentium 4 Prescott cpus inefficiently paired together and ran as dual core.

Core Duo is Intel's first generation dual core processor based upon the Pentium M made mostly for laptops and is much more efficiently than Pentium D. Intel Dual Core Processors are just launched striped down version of Core 2 Duos.

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Difference between Dual Core & Core2Duo - II

The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (hence, Core 2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from the ground up to be fast while not consuming nearly as much power as previous CPUs. The Core 2 Duo has two cores inside a single physical package.

Actual Difference between both Process is about Load Balancing. DUAL CORE have two Processors in Series both working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two Parallel Processors which share the load. If one processor heats up then it transfers load to next processor.

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Intel Core2Quad

Latest four-core Intel Core 2 Quad processors are built on 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture enabling faster, cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstation experiences.

With optional Intel vPro technology, you have the ability to remotely isolate, diagnose, and repair infected desktop and mobile workstations wirelessly even if the PC is off, or the OS is unresponsive.

With four processing cores, up to 12MB of shared L2 cache and 1333 MHz Front Side Bus.

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Intel Centrino Mobile Technology

Released in the year 2003Uses the SSE instruction setHas 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0The components that constitute this

technology are:• Intel Pentium M Processor• Intel 855 chipset family• Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection

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Intel Pentium M

Small in sizeConsumes less energy and prolongs the

battery lifeUsed in

• Laptops • Notebook computers

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Intel Atom

Intel's smallest processor, built with the world's smallest transistors and manufactured on Intel's industry-leading 45nm technology.

Was purpose-built for simple, affordable, netbooks and nettops.

Targeted performance for a good online experience. They are rugged and compact in design, and offer

the freedom and flexibility of wireless connectivity.

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Intel’s Nehalem Architecture

Includes a four core design with two separate QPI (Quick Path Interconnect) links and large L3 cache in relation to the rest of the chip.

Now with the Nehalem design, Intel can easily create a range of processors from 1 core to 8 cores depending on the application and market demands.

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Core i3 Processor

Supports hyper threading technology. Include three models for desktop

processors: i3-530, i3-540 and i3-550. Speed of these four models ranges from

2.93 GHz to 3.2 GHz. Consist of two cores with four threads. Includes 4MB of Intel smart cache and

based on 32nm microarchitecture.

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Core i5/i7 Processor

Core i5 processor includes turbo boost technology, which enables processor to adjust with user’s computing need.

Speed of core i5 processor models ranges from 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz which includes 4MB and 8MB smart cache.

Intel’s Core i7 processors include a new processor, new CPU socket, new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods.

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New Intel Features - I

Intel turbo boost technology - Allows processor cores to run faster than the base operating frequency if it's operating below power, current, and temperature specification limits.

Smart cache - A multi-core optimized cache that significantly reduces latency to frequently used data, thus improving performance and efficiency

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New Intel Features - II

Virtualization - Virtualization is a technology used to run multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine. Each virtual machine running on a single physical machine sharing the resources of the same machine which reduces the power and cooling requirements.

Intel 64 Technology - Intel 64 technology allows the processor to run newly written 64 bit code and allows to access large amount of memory. • Used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core 2 processors, core i3, i5

and i7 processors etc.

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Group Activity Time Limit – 5 Mins

Draw a window pane on different types of processor covered so far.

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Intel Xeon

Heavy-duty microprocessorsUsed to power servers and workstations on a

networkSupports multiprocessors

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Intel Itanium

Used to power network servers and workstations

Can execute three instructions at a time

Is a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) based microprocessor

Cost is more than Xeon processors

Used in database and e-mail servers

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Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)

Created in the year 1969 Developed

• Sempron

• Athlon

• Phenom

Cheaper than Pentium processors Uses socket AM2 to connect the AMD

microprocessor to the motherboard

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Dual Core

Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core CPU

Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and provide better performance

To make use of dual core technology, the process must use multiple threads

Well suited for multitasking environment Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for

various segments

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AMD Ratings

MHz = (XP rating/1.5) + (500/1.5) For example, with an Athlon 1600, the math

would break down like this: MHz = (1600/1.5) + (500/1.5) MHz = (1066.66) + (333.33) MHz = 1399.99 which would be equivalent to the last incarnation of the Pentium 3 (at 1400 MHz).

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Microprocessor Design

Specifies the type of the microprocessor that can be installed on the motherboard

Uses socket on which processor is installed.

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Socket 370

370 pins arranged in six rows

Has L2 cache built into the microprocessor

Supports Celeron 2 and Pentium III microprocessors

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Socket 462

Known as Socket AHas 462 pins but 9

pins are blocked Has the L2 cache

built into the microprocessor

Supports the AMD’s Athlon and Duron microprocessors

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Socket 478

Has 478 pinsHas the L2

cache built into the microprocessor

Supports the Intel Pentium 4 microprocessor

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Socket 754

Developed by AMD and used for Athlon 64 or Sempron processors

Supports 64 bit computing processorsHas 754 pins and PGA-ZIF typeVoltage range is 0.8 to 1.55VSupports 800MHz bus speed

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Socket 775

Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT and P4 extreme edition processors

Also supports 64 bit computing technologyHas 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type

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Socket 940

Is a 940-pin socket for 64-bit AMD server processors.

AMD's Opetron and the older AMD Athlon 64 FX (FX-51) use Socket 940.

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Socket LGA1156 - I

Also known as socket H. LGA 1156 allows following connections from

processor to rest of the system. • PCI Express 2.0x 16 connection for

communication with graphic cards.• Direct media interface (DMI) is used to

communicate between IOH and ICH.• Two memory channels for communication with

DDR3 SDRAM.

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Socket LGA1156 - II

• Intel H55, H57, Q57 and P55 are the desktop chipsets that supports LGA 1156 socket which has Intel i3, i5, and i7 processors installed.

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LGA 1366

Also known as socket B. Support 3 channels of DDR3 memory through the

processor’s internal memory controller. Uses quick path interconnect (QPI) with

frequencies upto 3.2GHz to connect CPU to north bridge.

A direct media access (DMI) is used to connect northbridge and south bridge components.

Core i7 and Xeon processors use these sockets.

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Practical


• To recognize different types of processor sockets on motherboard.

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Practical


• To install the processor in the LGA 775 socket.

• Click on the image to run the video

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Heat Sink

A component that is used to lower the temperature of an electronic device which absorbs heat from the electronic device and distributes it to surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks available namely:

Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a metal plate with fins attached to surface of the processor.

Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached on top of the plane metal surface.

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Practical


• To install the heat sink on the top of the processor.

• Click on the image to run the video.

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Configuring the Microprocessor and show P-32 from CBT

Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by changing the system BIOS

Overclocking the microprocessor to perform faster

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Overclocking - I

Overclocking increases the speed of the microprocessor

You can overclock the microprocessor by changing jumper settings on motherboard or by changing appropriate BIOS settings

Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan must be installed to cool down the processor

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Overclocking - II

Must be done with a great care by increasing clock speed as little as possible every time

Must check documentation of the microprocessor and motherboard before overclocking

Overclocking a processor beyond its maximum capacity can permanently damage the microprocessor

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What is overclocking and when it is required?

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Upgrading the Microprocessor

Improves the speed and performance of the system and to keep the system up to date

To upgrade• Replace old microprocessor with new and

better microprocessor• Replace old processor card on the slot with a

new card• New processor should be compatible with

existing motherboard otherwise you have to replace both processor and motherboard

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Troubleshooting the MicroprocessorTroubleshooting microprocessor techniques solve the problems that arise due

to the improper functioning of the microprocessor. General problems are: Overheating Slow Processing or Hanging Issues No display

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Summary - I The microprocessor is the heart of the system. Microprocessors process the data using instructions. CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the

microprocessor. RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the

microprocessor. The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as

the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock speed.

Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the processor.

Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia applications, and games.

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Summary - II Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and

notebook computers. Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more

economical than the Pentium microprocessors. Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size

than the Pentium microprocessors. Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and

workstations on a network. Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers

network servers and workstations. AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors. The socket on the motherboard connects the

microprocessor to the motherboard.

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Summary - III The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the

data and give the user valuable information. Intel Core2 Duo processors deliver faster performance, greater energy

efficiency, and more responsive multitasking. Nehalem Architecture includes a new processor, new CPU socket,

new memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking methods.

Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the motherboard or using the system BIOS.

Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor. To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the

system with a new and better microprocessor. By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like

overheating and slow processing.

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Explorative Work

Refer to Internet, reference books or magazine to get the information.

Do not copy the information provided in this text book. Consult your faculty for further guidance.

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Processor

Sl. Make Speed Type Cache Bus Speed Socket No. of Cores Approx. Cost

1

2

3

4

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Mind Map

Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter

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