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What is a Microprocessor?
Processors are the brains of computers.
Other components allow a computer to store or retrieve data and to input or output data, but the processor performs computations and does something useful with the data.
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What is a Microprocessor?
Processors in early computers were created out of many separate components, but as technology improved it became possible to integrate all of the components of a processor onto a single piece, or chip, of silicon. These integrated circuits are called microprocessors.
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Microprocessor Evolution
1971: 4004 Microprocessor
The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor.
4 bit microprocessor
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Microprocessor Evolution
1972: 8008 Microprocessor
The 8008 was twice as powerful as the 4004.
The Mark-8 is known as one of the first
computers for the home
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Microprocessor Evolution
1974: 8080 Microprocessor
8080 became the brains of the first personal computer
8 bit microprocessor
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Microprocessor Evolution
1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor
16-bit data bus
20 bit address bus
The 8088 is a less expensive version with only 8 bit data bus
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Microprocessor Evolution
1982: 80286 Microprocessor
24-bit address bus
Enhanced with memory protection capabilities
Introduced protected mode
Backwards compatible
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Microprocessor Evolution
1985: Intel386™ Microprocessor 275,000 transistors--more than 100 times
as many as the original 4004.
Multi tasking
First 32-bit processor
32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus
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Microprocessor Evolution
1989: Intel 486™ DX CPU Microprocessor Go from a command-level computer into
point-and-click computing.
A color computer for the first time
Combined coprocessor functions for performing floating-point arithmetic
Later versions introduced energy savings for laptops
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Microprocessor Evolution
1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor
64-bit data bus
Wider internal data bus 128-and 256-bit wide
The Intel Pentium® processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate "real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images.
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Microprocessor Evolution
1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor
36-bit address bus
Each Intel® Pentium Pro processor is packaged together with a second speed-enhancing cache memory chip. The powerful Pentium® Pro processor boasts 5.5 million transistors.
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Microprocessor Evolution
1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor
Introduced multimedia (MMX) instructions
Doubled on-chip L1 cache
16 KB data, 16 KB instruction
Introduced comprehensive power management features; Sleep, Deep sleep
In addition to the L1 cache, has 256 KB L2 cache
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Microprocessor Evolution
1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon® Processor
Designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-range and higher
servers and workstations.
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Microprocessor Evolution
1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor
Enhances the performance of advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and speech recognition applications. It was designed to significantly enhance Internet experiences, allowing users to do such things as browse through realistic online museums and stores and download high-quality video.
The processor incorporates 9.5 million transistors
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Microprocessor Evolution
1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor
The Intel® Pentium III Xeon processor's advance cache technology speeds information from the system bus to the processor, significantly boosting performance.
It is designed for systems with multi-processor configurations.
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Microprocessor Evolution
2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Users can create professional-quality
movies; deliver TV-like video via the Internet; communicate with real-time video and voice; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players; and simultaneously run several multimedia applications while connected to the Internet.
The processor debuted with 42 million transistors
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Microprocessor Evolution
2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor
64-bit processor
Uses 64-bit address bus
128-bit data bus
Introduced several advanced features
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Microprocessor Evolution
2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor
The Intel® Pentium® M processor, the Intel® 855 chipset family, and the Intel® PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection are the three components of Intel® Centrino® processor technology.
Intel Centrino processor technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter mobile computers .
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Microprocessor Evolution
And finally
Multiple Core Technology The first microprocessor that uses the
65nm semiconductor technology
The first to have dual core on a die
Dual core computing capabilities
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Moore’s Law
In 1975, Gordon Moore observed that shrinking transistor dimensions were allowing the number of transistors on a die to double roughly every 18 months.
For microprocessors, the trend has
been closer to a doubling every 2 years, but amazingly this exponential increase has continued now for 30 years
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The Future of Moore’s Law
No exponential trend can continue forever, and this simple fact has led to predictions of the end of Moore’s law for decades.
There have already been a number of new fabrication technologies proposed or put into use that will help continue Moore’s law through 2015.
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References
1. “The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 -Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing”, Sixth Edition, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. "Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design", S. Dandamudi, Springer, 2003.
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References
3. Intel Technology Journal, “Intel Centrino Duo Technology”, Vol.10, Issue 2, May 2006.
4. “Microprocessor Design”, Grant
McFarland, McGraw-Hill, 2006