microfinance beyond group lending
DESCRIPTION
Microfinance Beyond Group Lending. In the last class we argued that under the threat of not being refinanced by the MFI, and under the threat of social sanctions, group–lending can potentially circumvent credit market imperfections - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Microfinance Beyond Group Lending• In the last class we argued that
a) under the threat of not being refinanced by the MFI, and
b) under the threat of social sanctions, group–lending can potentially circumvent credit market imperfections
• Is successful implementation of the group-lending methodology only possible in densely populated areas and close – knit societies?
No. In particular, in today’s class we will argue that there are other innovations:
1) Some peculiar to group – lending à la Grameen, but that do not hinge on group lending per se
2) Some that do not involve groups at all
1) Innovations that already exists in group - lending
Progressive lending
Assume two periods of production
An investment requires $1
And at the end of each period the borrower generates y > $1
If the borrower defaults strategically, she will not be able to invest in the second period
As before, we use the same methodology to determine R
y + vδy = y - R + δy
At the end of the first period:
R = δy (1- v)
which is maximized when bank sets v = 0
→ R = δy
Now suppose progressive lending like group – lending à la Grameen
Is good for incentives as it increases the opportunity cost of non-repayment
λ δy > δy
And:
R’= λ δy > R = δy
Remark # 1: In a multi-period model borrowers can wait to strategically defaultuntil loan sizes have grown substantially unless there are reputation considerations (absent from this simple model)
Remark # 2: Competition undermines a “progressive lending device”
Frequent Repayment Installments
Explanations:
a) “Early warning” system
b) “Saving constraints”
c) Capture household flows earlier
Remark # 1: Transactions costs need to be relatively low
Remark # 2: Seasonality in agricultural areas is a problem
And, in general, covariant risk in agriculture is a major problem
Targeting women
• More reliable than men
• More “cautious”
• More sensitive to verbal hostility
• Have fewer alternative sources of credit
2) Innovations not seen in group lending
Collateral
Public Repayments
Some advantages from the lender’s standpoint:
• Threat of stigma
• Transaction costs are reduced
• Eliciting information about errant borrowers
• Facilitates education and training
• Encourages inexperienced borrowers to approach the bank
• Enhancement of internal control and lower incidence of fraud
Information gathering by bank staff
And
Cross Reporting
Now, when comparing group – lending contracts with bilateral contracts we find the following:
→ Next class: A-M Chapter 8