microcontroller based digital code lock report 2
DESCRIPTION
hiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiTRANSCRIPT
1
MICROCONTROLLER BASED DIGITAL CODE
LOCK
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
KABIL DAS K
KRISHNA PRIYA VINOD M
KURIAN MATHEW
in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING,
KADAYIRUPPU
MG UNIVERSITY: KOTTAYAM
APRIL 2011
2
MG UNIVERSITY- KOTTAYAM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “MICROCONTROLLER BASED DIGITAL CODE LOCK” is the bonafide work of “KABIL DAS K,
KRISHNA PRIYA VINOD M and KURIAN MATHEW ” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
PROF. ARUMUGASAMY Mr. DEEPAK.P
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT STAFF IN CHARGE
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ASST. PROFESSOR
SREE NARAYANA GURUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ECE
KADAYIRUPPU S.N.G.C.E
KOLENCHERY KADAYIRUPPU
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Arumugasami, Head of the department for
providing me with the guidance and facilities for the mini project.
I express my sincere gratitude to mini project coordinator Mr. Deepak, staff in
charge, for their cooperation and guidance for preparing and presenting this
mini project.
I also extend my sincere thanks to all other faculty members of Electronics and
Communication Department and my friends for their support and
encouragement.
4
ABSTRACT
Security is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to
be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a
vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based Door locker is
an access control system that allows only authorized persons to
access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit
microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the
program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can
change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password
can be entered through it. When they entered password equals with the
password stored in the memory then the relay gets on and so that the door is
opened. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then
the Alarm is switched on. When we go inside and come back then the
microcontroller will sense the person using the Laser light, the
microcontroller will automatically open the door for you.
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 7
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 8
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 8
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION 8
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 17
3.1 MAIN CIRCUIT D IAGRAM 17
3.2 POWER SUPPLY 18
3.3 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION 18
4. FLOW CHART 19
5. ALGORITHM 20
6. PROGRAM 22
7. COMPONENTS DETAILS 4 0
7.1. RESISTOR 40
7.2 CAPACITOR 40
7.3 TRANSISTOR 41
7.4 DIODE 42
7.5. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 42
8. PCB FABRICATION 46
9. APPLICATIONS 48
10. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 49
11. CONCLUSION 49
12. REFERENCES 49
13. APPENDICES 50
6
LIST OF TABLES:
1. PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C2051
2. PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS
LIST OF FIGURES:
A. BLOCK DIAGRAM
B. PIN OUT OF AT89C2051
C. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89C2051
D. PCB FBRICATION
E. FLOW CHART
F. PINOUT FOR IC LM7805
G. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC LM7805
H. PINOUT FOR BC547
7
1. INTRODUCTION
“Password Based Door Security System using Microcontroller” is used in the
places where we need more security. It can also used to secure lockers and other
protective doors.
T h e s y s t e m c o m p r i s e s a n u m b e r k e y p a d a n d t h e k e y p a d s
a r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e 8 b i t microcontroller AT89C2051. This is one of
the popular Microcontrollers. It has only 20 pins and the re are 15
input /output l i nes . The mic rocont ro l le r has a p rogram me mory
o f 2Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the keypad
and if somebody enters the password it will check the entered password with
the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then
the microcontroller will switch on the corresponding device.
The system will allow the person who knows the password and it will
not allow who don‟t know the password and the system will also show
the persons who try to break the protection barrier.
8
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure: A
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
INTEL’S 8051 Architecture
The generic 8051 architecture sports a Harvard architecture, which contains
two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two
distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both program and data.
It is based on an 8 bit central process ing uni t w ith an 8 b i t
Accumula tor and ano the r 8 b i t B regis te r as ma in processing
blocks. Other portions of the architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit
registers and 8 bit memory locations. Each 8031 device has some
amount of data R A M b u i l t i n t h e d e v i c e f o r i n t e r n a l
p r o c e s s i n g . T h i s a r e a i s u s e d f o r s t a c k operations and
temporary storage of data. This base architecture is supported with on
chip peripheral functions like I/O ports, timers/counters, versatile serial
9
communication port. So it is clear that this 8051 architecture was designed to
cater many real time embedded needs.
The following list gives the features of the 8051 architecture:
Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications.
Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.
64K Program Memory address space.
64K Data Memory address space.
128 bytes of on chip Data Memory.
32 Bi directional and individually addressable I/O lines.
Two 16 bit timer/counters.
Full Duplex UART.
6 source / 5 vectors interrupt structure with priority levels.
On chip clock oscillator.
Now you may be wondering about the non mentioning of
memory space meant for the program storage, the most important part of any
embedded controller. Originally this 8031 architecture was introduced with
on chip, `one time programmable' version of Program Memory of size 4K X
8. Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with user's program
fused inside the device. The memory por t ion was mapped a t the
lower end o f the Program Memory a rea . But , a f te r getting
devices, customers couldn't change anything in their program code,
which was already made available inside during device fabrication. So, very
soon Intel introduced the 8031 devices (8751) with reprogrammable
type of Program Memory using built in EPROM of size 4K X 8.Like a
10
regular EPROM, this memory can be re programmed many times.
Later on Inte l s ta r ted manufac tur ing these 8031 dev ices w ithout
any on chip Program Memory.
Central Processing Unit
The CPU is the brain of the microcontrollers reading user's
programs and executing the expected task as per instructions stored there in.
Its primary elements are an 8 b i t Ar i thmet ic Logic Unit (ALU),
Accumula tor (Acc), few more 8 b it registers, B register, Stack
Pointer (SP), Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit regis te rs ,
Progra m Counte r (PC) and Da ta Po inter Regis te r (DPTR). The
ALU (Acc) performs arithmetic and logic functions on 8 bit input
variables. Arithmetic operations include basic addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Logical operations are AND, OR, Exclusive
OR as well as rotate, clear, complement and e t c . A p a r t f r o m a l l
t h e a b o v e , A L U i s r e s p o n s i b l e i n c o n d i t i o n a l b r a n c h i n g
decisions, and provides a temporary place in data transfer operations
within the d e v i c e . B r e g i s t e r i s m a i n l y u s e d i n m u l t i p l y a n d
d i v i d e o p e r a t i o n s . D u r i n g execution, B register either keeps one of
the two inputs or then retains a portion of the result. For other instructions, it
can be used as another general purpose register.
11
Timers/Counters
8031 has two 16 bit Timers/Counters capable of working in different
modes. Each cons is ts o f a `High ' byte and a `Low ' byte which
can be accessed under software. There is a mode control register
and a control register to configure these t ime rs /counters in number
o f ways . These t ime rs can be used to meas ure t ime intervals,
determine pulse widths or initiate events with one microsecond resolution up to
a maximum of 65 millisecond (corresponding to 65, 536 counts). Use software
to ge t longer de lays . Work ing as counte r , t hey can accumula te
occurrences o f external events (from DC to 500 KHz) with 16 bit precision.
In our p ro jec t we a re us ing 8 b i t microcont ro l le r AT89C2051,
i t i s t he advanced 8 bit microcontroller from ATMEL, which
incorporates Flash Rom, and Timer etc.
Features of AT89C2051:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
2 Kbytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7 V to 6 V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Two-Level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
15 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
12
Programmable Serial UART Channel
Direct LED Drive Outputs
On-Chip Analog Comparator
Low Power Idle and Power down Modes
DESCRIPTION
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-
bitmicroco mpute r w ith 2 Kbytes o f Flas h Progra mmable and
erasab le read only me mory (PEROM ). The device is
manufactured us ing Atme l‟s high dens i ty non-volatile memory
technology and is compatible with the industry Standard MCS-51Ô instruction
set and pin out. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a
mono l i thic chip , t he At me l AT89C2051 is a power fu l
mic rocompute r which provides a highly flexible and cost effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
13
PIN CONFIGURATIONS OF 8051:
Figure : B
14
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure: C
15
PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C2051:
VCC Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2
to P1.7 provide internal pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 require
external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1also serve as the
positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1),
respectively, of the on-chip precision analog
comparator. The Port 1output buffers can sink 20 mA
and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are
written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When
pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally
pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives code data during
Flash programming and program verification.
Port 3 Po rt 3 p ins P3. 0 to P3. 5, P3. 7 are seven
b id irec t iona l I /O p ins w ith internal pull-ups. P3.6 is
hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip
comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin.
The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are
written to Port 3p ins they a re pul led high by the
inte rna l pul l -ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low
will source current ( IIL) because o f the pul l -ups .
Po rt 3 a lso se rves the functions of various special
features of the AT89C2051 as listed below. Port 3 also
receives some control signals for Flash programming
and programming verification.
RST
Rese t input . All I /O p ins a re rese t to 1s as soon
as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two
machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock
cycles
16
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Table:1
PORT ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS:
Port Pin Alternate functions
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
TABLE: 2
17
3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.1 MAIN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
18
3.2 POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM
FIGURE: D
3.3. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
The Main Part of the above Circuit diagrams is the
Microcontroller AT89C2051. The Keypad was the input device and it was
connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed are reduced.
The Microcontroller reads a four-digit password through the Keypad.
Then the M icrocont ro l le r co mpares the four d ig i t p a s s w o r d
w i t h t h e n u m b e r w h i c h i s p r e - p r o g r a m m e d a n d i f i t i s
e q u a l t h e n t h e M icrocont ro l le r w il l sw itch on the moto r fo r
the door and i f we ente r the wrong pass word fo r more than
three t imes then an a lar m wil l be switched on unt i l a r ight
password was pressed through the Keypad.
The Password was stored in the EEPROM and the password can be changed at
anytime using the same keypad. To change the password dial 12345
Old password - New Password. The power supply section is the
important one. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply
19
for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used
for our purpose the primary of this transformer is connected in to main
supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from overload and short
circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes convert from 12V
AC to 12V DC voltage. Which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805
4. FLOWCHART
Figure: E
20
5. ALGORITM
1. START
2. initialise lcd , keypad
3. clear lcd
4. print “Enter lock code” on lcd
5. get 5 char long password using matrix key pad
6. if input = “12345” then
6.1 print “Enter master code ”
6.2 get 10 char long password using matrix key pad
6.3 if input = masterlock then
6.3.1 change user password
6.3.2 go to step 4
6.4 else
6.4.1 print “ wrong code” on lcd
6.4.2 go to step 4
7. else
7.1 if input = userlock or input = default lock then
7.1.1 unlock the lock
7.1.2 retry count = 3
7.1.3 print “ „ #‟ to lock ” on lcd
21
7.1.4 accept input using matrix key pad
7.1.5 if input = “ # ” then lock
7.1.6 goto step 4
7.2 else
7.2.1 decrement retry count
7.2.2 print “ wrong code ” on lcd
7.2.3 if retry count = 0 then sound alarm on
7.2.4 go to step 4
8. STOP
22
6. PROGRAM
Delay program:
#include "delay.h"
void delayus(unsigned char delay)
{
while(delay--);
}
void delayms(unsigned char delay)
{
while(delay--)
delayus(149);
}
Keypad program:
#include "keypad.h"
#include "delay.h"
bit keystatus = FALSE;
void keypad_init()
{
keyport &=0x0F;
}
23
unsigned char getkey ()
{
unsigned char i,j,k,key=0,temp;
k=1;
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
keyport &=~(0x80>>i);
temp = keyport;
temp &= 0x07;
if(7-temp)
{
if(!col1)
{
key = k+0;
while(!col1);
return key;
}
if(!col2)
{
key = k+1;
24
while(!col2);
return key;
}
if(!col3)
{
key = k+2;
while(!col3);
return key;
}
j++;
}
k+=3;
keyport |= 0x80>>i;
delayms(10);
}
return FALSE;
}
unsigned char translate(unsigned char keyval)
{ if(keyval<10)
return keyval+'0';
25
else if(keyval==10)
return 'x';
else if(keyval==11)
return '0';
else if(keyval==12)
return 'e';
}
LCD program:
#include "lcd.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include <REG2051.H>
unsigned char code lockicon[]={0xe, 0xa, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0xe, 0x0};
unsigned char code unlockicon[]={0xe, 0x2, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0xe, 0x0};
unsigned char code ex[]={0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1b, 0x1f, 0x1b, 0x1f};
unsigned char code ok[]={0x0, 0x1, 0x3, 0x16, 0x1c, 0x8, 0x0, 0x0};
void lcd_reset()
{ lcd_port = 0xFF;
delayms(20);
lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN;
lcd_port = 0x03;
26
delayms(10);
lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN;
lcd_port = 0x03;
delayms(1);
lcd_port = 0x03+LCD_EN;
lcd_port = 0x03;
delayms(1);
lcd_port = 0x02+LCD_EN;
lcd_port = 0x02;
delayms(1);
}
void lcd_init ()
{ unsigned char i;
lcd_reset();
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETFUNCTION); // 4-bit mode - 1 line - 5x7 font.
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETVISIBLE+0x04); // Display no cursor - no blink.
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETMODE+0x02); // Automatic Increment - No Display
shift.
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETCGADDR);
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
lcd_data(lockicon[i]);
27
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
lcd_data(unlockicon[i]);
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
lcd_data(ex[i]);
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
lcd_data(ok[i]);
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETDDADDR); // Address DDRAM with 0 offset 80h.
}
void lcd_cmd (char cmd)
{ lcd_port = ((cmd >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_EN;
lcd_port = ((cmd >> 4) & 0x0F);
lcd_port = (cmd & 0x0F)|LCD_EN;
lcd_port = (cmd & 0x0F);
delayus(200);
delayus(200);
}
void lcd_data (unsigned char dat)
{ lcd_port = (((dat >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_EN|LCD_RS);
lcd_port = (((dat >> 4) & 0x0F)|LCD_RS);
lcd_port = ((dat & 0x0F)|LCD_EN|LCD_RS);
28
lcd_port = ((dat & 0x0F)|LCD_RS);
delayus(200);
delayus(200);
}
void lcd_str (unsigned char *str)
{ while(*str){
lcd_data(*str++);
}
}
Lock program:
#include "keypad.h"
#include "lcd.h"
#include "delay.h"
#include "lock.h"
unsigned char code masterlock[10]="1234567890", defaultulock[5]="54321";
unsigned char userlock[5], input[10];
extern bit newlock;
bit check(unsigned char *first, unsigned char *second, unsigned char len)
{
unsigned char i=0;
29
for(i=0;i<len;i++){
if(first[i]!=second[i])
return FALSE;
}
return TRUE;
}
void setulock(){
char status;
retry:
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_cmd(LCD_SETDDADDR);
lcd_str("Enter Mastercode");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_data(LOCK);
lcd_data(':');
status = getinput(10);
if(status == TRUE){
if(check(input,masterlock,10)){
retry1:
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
30
lcd_str("Enter new code");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_data(LOCK);
lcd_data(':');
status = getinput(5);
if(status == TRUE){
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(OK);
lcd_str("lock code saved!");
newlock = TRUE;
store_code();
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
goto exit;
}
else if(status == RETRY)
goto retry1;
else if(status == EXIT)
31
goto exit;
}
else{
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_str("WRONG CODE!");
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
goto exit;
}
}
else if(status == RETRY)
goto retry;
else if(status == EXIT)
goto exit;
exit:;
}
char getinput(unsigned char max)
{ unsigned char i,key;
32
i=0;
while(1){
while(!(key=getkey()));
key = translate(key);
input[i]=key;
if(key=='x'){
if(i==0)
return EXIT;
i--;
lcd_cmd(0xC2+i);
lcd_data(' ');
lcd_cmd(0xC2+i);
}
else if(key=='e')
{ return TRUE;
}
else{
i++;
if(i>max){
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
33
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_str(" Code too Long...");
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
return RETRY;
}
lcd_data('*');
} } }
void store_code(){
unsigned char i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
userlock[i]=input[i];
}
Main program:
#include "lcd.h"
#include "keypad.h"
#include "lock.h"
#include "delay.h"
34
extern unsigned char input[10], userlock[5];
extern unsigned char code defaultulock[5],masterlock[10];
bit newlock=FALSE;
unsigned char retrycount=3;
void main(){
unsigned char status,i=0;
bit lockstatus;
lcd_init();
keypad_init();
while(1){
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_str("Enter lock code");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_data(LOCK);
lcd_data(':');
status = getinput(5);
if(check(input,"12345",5)){
setulock();
35
goto done;
}
if(status == TRUE){
if(newlock)
lockstatus = check(input,userlock,5);
else
lockstatus = check(input,defaultulock,5);
if(lockstatus){
retrycount = 3;
lockpin = 0;
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(OK);
lcd_str(" Lock is");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_str("deactivated!");
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
36
lcd_str("Press '#' key to");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_str("lock again!");
while(getkey()!=12);
lockpin = 1;
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(OK);
lcd_str("Lock is active!");
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
}
else{
retrycount--;
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_str(" Wrong Code!");
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_str("Tries left = ");
37
lcd_data('0'+retrycount);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
if(retrycount==0){
blocked:
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_str("BLOCKED");
for(i=0;i<150;i++)
{
bus=~bus;
delayms(250);
}
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_cmd(0xC0);
lcd_data(LOCK);
lcd_data(':');
status = getinput(10);
38
if(check(input,masterlock,10)){
retrycount=3;
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_str("UNBLOCKED");
lcd_data(EX);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
}
else{
lcd_cmd(LCD_CLS);
lcd_data(EX);
lcd_str("WRONG CODE");
lcd_data(EX);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
delayms(250);
39
goto blocked;
}
}
}
}
done:;
}
}
40
7. COMPONENTS DETAILS
7.1. Resistor:
Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric
c ircui t . Res is to rs can l imit o r d ivide the cur rent , reduce the
vo l tage , p ro tec t an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat
or light. An electric current is the m o v e m e n t o f c h a r g e d
p a r t i c l e s c a l l e d e l e c t r o n s f r o m o n e r e g i o n t o a n o t h e r .
Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists explain the flow
of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to
water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific
value of resistance. Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are
often colour coded by three or four colour bands that indicate the specific value
of res is tance . Res is to rs obey ohm‟s law, which s ta tes tha t the
cur rent dens i ty i s directly proportional to the electric field when the
temperature is constant.
7.2 Capacitor:
Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge. The
simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non
touching layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with
electricity from a direct current or electrostatic source, the other plate
have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the
original charge is negative and negative if the original charge is
41
positive. The electrical size of the capacitor is its capacitance.
Capacitors are limited in the amount of electric charge they can
absorb; they can c o n d u c t d i r e c t c u r r e n t f o r o n l y i n s t a n c e s
b u t f u n c t i o n w e l l a s c o n d u c t o r s i n alternating current circuits.
Fixed capacity and variable capacity capacitors are used i n c o n j u n c t i o n
w i t h c o i l s a s r e s o n a n t c i r c u i t s i n r a d i o s a n d o t h e r
e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t . C a p a c i t o r s a r e p r o d u c e d i n a w i d e
v a r i e t y o f f o r m s . A i r , M i c a , Cera mics , Pape r , O il , and
Vacuums are used as d ie lec tr ics depend ing on the purpose for
which the device is intended.
7.3 Transistor:
Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low
resistance pa th to high res is tance pa th. I t is capab le o f
per fo r ming many funct ions o f the vacuum tube in electronic circuits,
the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a tiny piece of semi
conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which three or more
electrical connections are made.
N-type and P-type Transistor:
A germanium or silicon crystal, containing donor impurity atoms is called a
nega t ive or n - type semiconductor to ind ica te the p resence o f
excess nega t ive ly charged electrons. The use of an acceptor impurity
produces a positive, or p-type semiconductor so called because of the
presence of positively charged holes. When an electrical voltage is applied,
the n-p junction acts as a rectifier, permitting current to flow in only one
42
direction. If the p-type region is connected to the positive terminal of the
battery and the n-type to the negative terminal, a large current flows
through the material across the junction.
7.4 Diode:
Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in
only one d i r e c t i o n . T h e f i r s t s u c h d e v i c e s w e r e v a c u u m -
t u b e d i o d e s , c o n s i s t i n g o f a n evacua ted glass o r s tee l
enve lope conta in ing two e lec trodes – a ca thode and an anode.
The diodes commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor
diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as
Junction diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode.
Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of
semiconductor material. The Zener diode is a special junction type
diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction is independent
of the current through the junction.
7.5 Integrated circuits
Regulator IC (LM 7805):
The LM 7805 mono li thic 3 - te r mina l pos i t ive vo l tage
regula to rs e mploy internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and
safe-area compensation, making the m essent ia l ly indes t ruc t ib le . I f
adequate heat s ink ing is provided, they can deliver over 1.0A output
43
current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of
applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination
of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In
addition t o u s e a s f i x e d v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s , t h e s e d e v i c e s
c a n b e u s e d w i t h e x t e r n a l components to obtain adjustable
output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to
make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the
number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the
output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is
needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power
supply.
Features:
Complete specifications at 1A load
Output voltage tolerances of ±2% at Tj = 25°
Line regulation of 0.01% of VOUT/V of VIN at 1A load
Load regulation of 0.3% of VOUT/A
Internal thermal overload protection
Internal short-circuit current limit
Output transistor safe area protection
PINOUT FOR LM7805:
44
FIGURE: F
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR IC LM7805:
FIGURE: G
Relay Driver (BC547):
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547
transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in
general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100
mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters "N" and
"P" refer to the majority charge carriers inside the different regions of the
transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron
mobility is higher than whole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater
currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a layer of P-doped
45
semiconductor (the "base") between two N-doped layers. A small current
entering the base in common-emitter mode is amplified in the collector output.
In other terms, an NPN transistor is "on" when its base is pulled high relative to
the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and
points in the direction of the conventional current flow when the device is in
forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the
NPN transistor is "not pointing in." An NPN transistor can be considered as two
diodes with a shared anode region. In typical operation, the emitter base
junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In
an NPN transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base
emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally generated carriers and the
repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing
thermally excited electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons
wander (or "diffuse") through the base from the region of high concentration
near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The
electrons in the base are called minority carriers because the base is doped p-
type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base
PINOUT FOR BC547:
Figure: H
46
8. PCB FABRICATION
The first step of assembling is to produce a printed circuit board. The
fabrication of the program counter plays a crucial role in the electronic field.
The success of the circuit is also dependent on the PCB. As far as the cost is
concerned, more than 25% of the total cost is for the PCB design and
fabrication. The board is designed using a personal computer. The layout is drawn
using the software “Adobe PageMaker 6.5”. The layout is printed in a “buffer
sheet” using a laser procedure. First, a negative screen of the layout is
prepared with the help of a professional screen printer. Then the copper clad
sheet is kept under this screen. The screen printing ink is poured on the screen
and brushed through the top of the screen. The printed board is kept under
shade for few hours till the ink becomes dry.
The etching medium is prepared with the un-hydrous ferric chloride
water. The printed board is kept in this solution till the exposed copper
dissolves in the solution fully. After that the board is taken out and rinsed in
flowing water under a tap. The ink is removed with solder in order to prevent
oxidation.
Another screen, which contains component side layout, is prepared and
the same is printed on the component side of the board. A paper epoxy
laminate is used as the board. Both the component and the track layout of the
peripheral PCB is given at the end of this report.
47
PCB LAYOUT
48
COMPONENT LAYOUT
9. APPLICATIONS
Our electronic door lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all
the functions specified in our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome
with this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware
components. We f e e l t h a t t h i s e l e c t r o n i c d o o r l o c k i s v e r y
m a r k e t a b l e b e c a u s e i t i s e a s y t o u s e , comparatively
inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly reliable. This
door lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door
locks, residential housing, and even office buildings.
49
10. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
E lec t r ica l devices s uch as L ights , Co mpute r e tc can be
cont ro l led by us ing separate passwords.
The system can be easily connected to the personal computer for further
control.
Other than the speaker sounds, all the lights are made to turned on if
password entered is wrong for three times and also a hidden camera is used
to record the faces who trespassed.
We can use this system as an attendance register for the students to enter a
class room with their respective password.
11. CONCLUSION
This project is meant for security systems whose access is only for respected
authorities. Using a microcontroller the password entered is checked with the
stored password and then does the corresponding operations. Here we use a 5
digit password for better secrecy.
12. REFERENCES
Electronic circuits and devices: J.B. Gupta.
Op-amps and linear integrated circuits: Ramakanth A. Gayakward
Integrated circuits : K.R. Botkar
The 8051 microcontrollers: Muhammed Ali Mazidi
50
13. APPENDICES