microbial nutrition and growth - las positas...
TRANSCRIPT
Ch 6
Microbial
Nutrition and
Growth
SLOs
• Define five terms used to express a microbe’s optimal growth temperature.
• Explain how microbes are classified on the basis of O2 needs.
• Identify 2 ways in which aerobes avoid damage by toxic forms of O2.
• Identify three important environmental factors (other than temperature and oxygen) with which microorganisms must cope.
• List and describe the five types of associations microbes can have with their hosts.
• Explain biofilms, describe their formation and their potential for causing infection.
• Summarize the steps of cell division used by most bacteria.
• Explain doubling time, and how it leads to exponential growth.
• Outline the 4 growth phases in a bacterial growth curve.
• Review some direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial cell growth.
6.1 Microbial Nutrition
Review 6.1 in the textbook on your own if necessary (pages 142-148). Compare it to what
you have learned in BIO 30
6.2 Environmental Factors that Influence Microbes
1. Temperature
2. Gases
3. pH
4. Osmotic Pressure
5. Other Organisms
1. Temperature Minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperatures
Five groups based on optimum growth temperature 1. Psychrophiles 2. Psychrotrophs 3. Mesophiles 4. Thermophiles 5. Extreme thermophiles
2. Gases
• O2 and CO2 influence microbial growth
• As O2 enters cellular reactions, it is transformed into several toxic products
• Microbes fall into one of three categories:
- Those that use oxygen and detoxify it.
- Those that can neither use oxygen nor detoxify it.
- Those that do not use oxygen but can detoxify it.
• Superoxide ion (also known as superoxide anion)
• Hydrogen Peroxide
Toxic Oxygen Products
·
2
• Superoxide ion (also known as superoxide anion)
• Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxygen Usage and Tolerance Patterns
Compare to Table 6.5
O2 requirements vary greatly
Capnophiles
• Aerobic bacteria that grow better in high ______ and low oxygen
• In human body, these conditions found in
– __________________
– __________________
Candle jar
Examples: Campylobacter jejuni, N. meningitides, S. pneumonieae
Use candle jar, CO2-generator packets, or CO2 incubators
3. pH and 4. Osmotic Pressure
Most bacteria, the so-called ______________ , grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5.
Some bacteria prefer a pH range 1 to 5. These are the __________________ What bacterium lives in the stomach?
Some bacteria do well in hypertonic (?) environments: Obligate vs. facultative __________________
S. aureus can grow on NaCl media ranging from 0.1% to 20%.
What happens to a bacterium in a high salt environment if it is not salt tolerant?
5. Other Organisms
Microbes generally live in shared habitats. Major
types of microbial associations:
Symbioses Mutualism: Mutually beneficial relationship
Commensalism: Commensal benefits, partner doesn’t (but is not harmed)
Parasitism: Parasite benefits, host suffers. All microbes that cause disease.
Associations But Not Partnerships
Antagonism: Members of a community compete
• Antibiosis: Production of inhibitory compounds such as
antibiotics to inhibit or destroy another microbe in the same
habitat
• In soil, mixed communities compete for space and food
• In gut, normal microbiota prevents transient potential
pathogens to take hold
Synergism:
• Benefits but not necessary for survival
• Participants cooperate to produce result that none of them
could do alone
• E.g.: Mixed infections such as gum disease, dental caries, and
some bloodstream infections
Biofilm: Epitome of Synergy
• Mixed communities attached to each other and to a surface.
• Formation of a biofilm:
1. Attachment of planctonic bacteria (pioneer colonizers) to surface structures.
2. Other microbes attach to those bacteria or a polymeric sugar or protein substance secreted by the microbial colonizers.
3. Attached cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the cell population grows.
Bacteria communicate by chemicals via quorum sensing “The secret social lives of bacteria” TED talk by Bonnie Bassler
Bacteria in biofilm behave differently and are sheltered from harmful factors (disinfectants etc.)
Cause of most nosocomial infections, i.e.: Indwelling catheters
Fig 6.7
Study of Bacterial Growth
Binary fission – exponential grow
Generation time – time required for a complete fission cycle (also known as doubling time)
Ranges from 10 min (___________) to many days (_____________)
Average 30 – 60 mins.
Fig 6.8
Consider reproductive potential of E. coli!
Type of curve?
Compare to Fig 6.9
The Mathematics of Population Growth
• The size of a population can be calculated by the following equation:
Nt = (Ni)2n
- Nt is the total number of cells in the population, t denotes “at some point in time”
- Ni represents the starting number of cells
- The exponent n denotes the generation number.
- 2n represents the number of cells in that generation.
Fig 6.11
Chemostat
- Automatic growth chamber
- Admits steady stream of new nutrients
- Siphons off used media
and old bacterial cells
- Stabilizes growth rate
and cell number
- Used in research and
industrial applications
Practical Importance of Growth Curve
Direct Count Methods: Viable Plate Count
Fig 6.10
CFUs =__________________________
Additional Direct Counts
Direct microscopic count: Counting chambers (slides) for microscope
Fig 6.13
Coulter counter: electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette
Flow cytometer: similar to Coulter counter, but can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells
Fig 6.14
Indirect Count: Spectrophotometry measures turbidity as an indicator of growth
OD (Absorbance) is function of cell number
Compare to Fig 6.12
Case File: Wound Care
Who will present?
Inside the Clinic: Fever – To treat or not to treat?