1. Microbial Industrial Accidents, Prevention and PreparednessPresented By:Jyoti

2. Microbial Industrial Accidents Accidental infections and injuries in microbiologicalindustries. Unsafe conditions caused 80% of the accidents. Release of undetected amount of pathogen to the workersenvironment Micro mistakes. Younger workers experienced more accidents than olderworkers. 3. Biological Hazards Refers to the organisms or organic matter produced by theorganisms that are harmful to human health. Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Most hazardous forms of infectious microorganisms- Driedcultures, infected eggs and aerosolized cultures . 4. Harmful effects posed to human health by biologicalhazards are mainly of three types:- Infections Allergy Poisoning 5. Hazards in fermentation plantDealingwithvery highconcentrations of microorganismsThe microorganisms used infermentation industry may or maynot be pathogenic and release ofpathogenic microorganisms isdangerous to the surroundings.The microbial hazards can occurat all stages of fermentationactivity but the most crucial stageis when microorganisms are grownin fermenter. 6. The reason for Escape of microorganisms from thefermenter: Poor handling (i.e. poor microbiological techniques). Accidental discharge or Poor containment ofmicroorganisms in the fermenter. In aerobic fermenter, air released through the exhaustoutlet is contaminated. Sudden release of pressure through valve. 7. Catering accident in food industry inRomania Most human food infections were caused by bacteria viz.Staphylococcus aureus , Clostridium prefringens (Serotype A) ,Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter, E.coli 0157:H7,Salmonella sp and viruses like Calici virus (Norwalk virus) The main serotype of Salmonella sp isolated in this accident were: S. montevideo S.munchen S.enteritidis S.newport S.stanley 8. Food borne illness appeared when contaminated foodcontains 108 cfu/g bacteria. Symptoms of food borne illness are: Superior digestive syndrome (nausea, vomiting) Inferior digestive syndrome (gastroenteritis, colonenteritis) Neurological syndrome (paralysis, neuromotordisturbances) 9. Reasons In Restaurants when heat treatment was not sufficient todestroy all endospores. Food stuffs favouring anaerobic conditions and moderatetemperature. Food prepared and repeatedly cooled but left at roomtemperature. Food contaminated by animal and bird feces. 10. E.coli outbreaks in Germany due tooveruse of antibiotics in medicine In the U.S, billions of doses of powerful antibiotics areadministered to farm animals every year. These drugs are not given to cure disease it would appear that largedoses of antibiotics can modify the gut of perfectly healthyanimals. This practice is banned in the U.S, but even farmers administeredhuge quantities of antibiotics to pigs, cows and chickens to cureand prevent disease. Intensive, industrial farming seems to be a dangerously efficientway of generating antibiotic-resistance among common gutbacteria 11. In Northern Germany, thehighly infectious andvirulent new strain ofE.coli emerges i.e. E.coliO104:H4. Most concern causingfactor in this accident wasE.coli O104:H4 antibioticresistance. 20 people were dead and100 were seriously killedwith the naustly kidneydisease. 12. CAUSES Particular outbreak appears to be caused by combinationsof microbes- two older strains of E.coli which havehybridized and mutated, plus unrelated virus that hasinfected the bacteria, giving them the gene to produceShiga toxin. This causes the complications calledHaemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) HUS damages kidney and blood vessels. E.coli O104:H4 is resistant to all most all commonlyprescribed antibiotics. 13. Even if the antibiotics worked perfectly against thisgerms, doctors would never prescribed them becausein destroying the microorganisms, the drug wouldhasten the release of Shiga toxin as the bacterial cellbursts. 14. Poor sanitation in Pharmaceuticalindustry Federal inspection of a company whose tainted painmedicine has caused one of the most public health drugdisaster and meningitis outbreak . 25 people have died, 313 have fallen ill and 14,000 arebelieved to have been exposed. 15. Reasons Greenish yellow residue on the sterilization equipment. Air conditioner was shut off at night. Excavators and freight trucks heaped old mattresses,plastic and other material generating large amount ofdust . Most worst thing is that surfaces in the clean roomscontaminated with either bacteria or mold exceeding atthe highest level. 16. Paralysis case spike in wake of Bill Gates- Polio vaccination efforts in India While Polio has statistically disappeared in India therehas been a huge spike in cases of Non Polio Acute FlaccidParalysis (NPAFP) the very type of crippling problem. 47500 Cases of Non polio paralysis reported in 2011. The national rate of NPAFP in India is 25-35 times theinternational average. 17. Reasons In comparison to 47500 cases of NPAFP, only 100-120cases of paralysis per year in India admittedly linkeddirectly to receiving the polio vaccines. A Government enquiry confirmed the effects of poliovaccine funded under the GAVI and revealed that GAVIAlliances was recommending untested medicine. GAVI recommended vaccines will be suspended untiltesting showed their safety and efficacy. 18. Brucella abortus infections Accidental breakage of polystyrene centrifuge tubescontaining live microorganism during transfer of tubes. 12 workers were infected. Antibody titers were evaluated weekly in all personnelexposed. Allowing the diagnosis of the infection in most casesbefore onset of clinical symptoms. 19. Precautions Person that caused the accident used directly: Applied 3% phenol solution. Paper towels. Soakedwith same germicide to immediatelydecontaminate the area. Wearing a single use mask and gloves. The laboratory was evacuated with in 45 minutes and thegermicide was removed after 60 min. 20. Brucellosis Transmission of Brucella occur through consumption ofraw milk and cheese. Person to person transmission is rare. Inhalation of the infected fluid allowing the entry ofBrucella through the respiratory mucosa. 21. Treatment Combination of Tetracyclin or Doxycyclin withStreptomycin or Rifampicin. Period 4-6 weeks. 22. A national outbreak of Salmonellaenteritidis infections S.enteritidis has become most commonly reportedserotype of Salmonella causing disease in humans. Nationwide outbreak of S. enteritidis infections due toconsumption of ice cream made by large nationalproducer. Largest common vehicle outbreak of Salmonellosis everrecognized in the US. Infection occur with in one week after consumption ofSchwanns ice cream. 23. Symptoms Diarrohea Fever Gastrointestinal illness Stools from patients were alsocontain other pathogenicmicro organisms Shigella,Campylobacter, E.coliO157:H7 and S.thompson 11 S.enteritidis isolated inMinneosta 24. Reason Crosscontaminationofpasteurized ice cream premixoccurred during transport intanker that had previouslyhauled non pasteurized liquideggs. Prevention: Improved techniques are usedin the food industry to ensurefood safety. HACCP 25. Oil Spillage Accident Oil spills occur due to accidentsin the industry . Oil drilling or transportationleads to contamination of theenvironment Oilspills inmarineenvironments are especiallydamaging because they cannotbe contained and can spreadover huge areas. The aromaticcompounds in oil are toxic toliving organisms and such spillscan render havoc in anecosystem. 26. Natural seepages from unexplored oil sources is another sourceof contamination. Microbial population changes were monitored immediatelyafter oil spill accident . The total cell number was almost stable for one year at 25105 cells mL1, while the relative occurrence of culturableheterotrophs and degraders of oil components such as C-heavyoil, kerosene, and n-tetradecane varied, showing a maximum(>50% of the total) immediately following the accident. Microbial community composition in oil-contaminatedseawater was estimated at the molecular level using newlydeveloped oligo nucleotide probes, probe wash-off curveestimation, and quantitative fluorescence dot-blot hybridizationtechniques. 27. In the environment, such spills are naturally cleaned bymicroorganisms that can break down the oil. The dominant group of such bacteria are theHydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (HCB). One of the best studied representative of this group isAlcanivorax borkumensis. This species contains individual genes responsible forbreaking down certain alkanes into harmless products. It also possesses genes to direct the production of a layerof biosurfactant around the cell to enhance the oilemulsification. 28. These are degraded by representatives of other genera such as Micrococcus Rhodococcus Chromobacterium Bacillus Pseudomonas Candida Saccharomyces and others. In the clean up of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, geneticallymodified microorganisms were used, but some scientistssuspect they might have caused health issues for people in theaffected areas. 29. Yr Events Agents Vehicle Infected Death Notes 2003 United Statesgreen Largest foodborne2003 Hepatitis AHepatitis A 5553onionsHepatitis outbreak outbreakLargest foodborneSalmonella 2008 United Statesoutbreak in peanut salmonellosis2008Salmonella peanuts>200 9butter. One of the outbreak inlargest food recalls peanutsin United Stateshistory. 2008 CanadianDeadliest listeriosis outbreak2008Listeria cold cuts>5022 foodborne outbreak in cold cutsin CanadaSecond deadliest 2011 United States bacterial foodborne2011 listeriosis outbreak Listeria cantaloupe 14630 outbreak in US. in cantaloupes Second deadliestListeria outbreak. 30. Prevention and Preparedness Elimination of source of contamination. Improvement of ventilation. Partial isolation of the contamination source. Air conditioning system and use of ultraviolet. If the contact with biological hazards can not beprevented the employees must use personel protectiveequipment and personal hygiene. 31. Eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics, andstoring food for human consumption must not bepermitted in laboratory areas. Food must be stored outside the laboratory area incabinets or refrigerators designated and used for thispurpose. Mouth pipetting is prohibited; mechanical pipettingdevices must be used. Policies for the safe handling of sharps, such as needles,scalpels, pipettes, and broken glassware must bedeveloped and implemented.Cont.. 32. Needles must not be bent, sheared, broken, recapped,removed from disposable syringes, or otherwisemanipulated by hand before disposal. Used disposable needles and syringes must be carefullyplaced in conveniently located puncture-resistantcontainers used for sharps disposal. Non-disposable sharps must be placed in a hard walledcontainer for transport to a processing area fordecontamination, preferably by autoclaving. Broken glassware must not be handled directly. 33. Perform all procedures to minimize the creation ofsplashes and/or aerosols.Decontaminate work surfaces after completion of work Decontaminate all cultures, stocks, and other potentiallyinfectious materials before disposal using an effectivemethod. Materials to be removed must be packed in accordancewith applicable local, state, and federal regulations. Biohazard symbol must be posted at the entrance to thelaboratory An effective integrated pest management program isrequired. 34. Training Laboratory workers have specialized education,knowledge, and skills, but quite often may not bequalified in health and safety. Train all laboratory workers so that they are able to: Recognize the health and safety hazards of their work Use established work practices and procedures to protecttheir health and safety and that of their co-workers Take special care when working with new materials 35. Safety Equipment (Primary Barriers andPersonal Protective Equipment) Special containment devices or equipment, such asBSCs, are not generally required. Protective laboratory coats, gowns, or uniforms arerecommended to prevent contamination of personalclothing. Wear protective eyewear when conducting proceduresthat have the potential to create splashes ofmicroorganisms or other hazardous materials. Gloves must be worn to protect hands from exposure tohazardous materials.Remove gloves and wash hands when work with hazardous materials has been completed and before leaving the laboratory. 36. Laboratory Facilities (Secondary Barriers) Laboratories should have doors for access control. Laboratories must have a sink for hand washing. The laboratory should be designed so that it can be easilycleaned. Laboratory furniture must be capable of supporting anticipatedloads and uses. Bench tops must be impervious to water and resistant to heat, organic solvents, acids, alkalis, and other chemicals. Chairs used in laboratory work must be covered with a non- porous material that can be easily cleaned and decontaminated with appropriate disinfectant. 37. BSL AgentsPractices1 Not known to consistently cause Standard microbiologicaldiseases in healthy adults. practices.2 Agents associated with human BSL-1 practice plus:disease Limited accessRoutes of transmission include per-Biohazard warning signscutaneous injury, ingestion, mucous Sharps precautionsmembrane exposure Biosafety manual defining anyneeded waste decontaminationor medical surveillance policies3 Indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or BSL-2 practice plus:potentially lethal disease through the inhalation route Controlled accessof exposure. Decontamination of all waste Decontamination of laboratoryclothing before laundering4 Dangerous/exotic agents which post highBSL-3 practices plus:individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory Clothing change before enteringinfections that are frequently fatal, for which there Shower on exitare no vaccines or treatments.All material decontaminated onAgents with a close or identical anti-genicexit from facilityrelationship to an agent requiring BSL-4 until dataare available to redesignate the level.Related agents with unknown risk of transmission 38. Related Legislation The following regulations made under the OccupationalHealth and Safety Act apply to laboratories: Regulations for Industrial Establishments Regulations respecting Control of Exposure toBiological or Chemical Agents Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Regulation Regulation respecting X-Ray Safety Regulation respecting Health Care and ResidentialFacilities 39. Quality control in the production ofparenteral drugs To ensure the sterility of parenteral drugs , qualitycontrol methods are employed Sterile testing Productsupplementation with anti microbialpreservatives These processes prevent adulteration and microbialcontamination 40. cGMP and FDA enforces regulations that govern allpharmaceutical companies. They are intended to assure: Proper design. Monitoring and control of all manufacturing proceduresto confirm sterility and quality of products. Manufactured parenteral drug products are sterile priorto administration. 41. Using HACCP as a food Safety Regulatory Standard HACCP is more economically efficient approach to food safetyregulation than command and control (CAC). International regulatory standard. HACCP was mandated through regulation for sea food in1994,meat and poultry in 1996 and for fresh fruit juice in 1998. 42. HACCP Principles 43. Conclusion Infection represents an occupational hazard unique tolaboratory workers, especially those in the microbiologylaboratory. A risk assessment for infection based on the hostsimmune system, mechanism of the exposure, infectiousdose of the exposure, virulence of the agent, use ofpersonal protective equipment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hasrecently convened a committee to address these issuesthat will provide evidence-based guidelines on exposureof the risk.