GUIDE BY

Mr. Rahul Srivastava

Mechanical Egg. Dep

PRESENTED BY

Rajneesh Kumar Singh

Roll no:- 1252540079

Introduction

Gas turbine

Classification

Turbine based on cycle

Advantages

Micro turbine

Economics of Micro Turbines

Applications

Conclusion

Micro turbine is one of the important components in a

micro gas turbine engine

Micro gas turbine engine consists of a radial inflow

turbine, a centrifugal compressor and a combustor.

Used Fule- Natural gas, hydrogen, propane, diesel

It has an energy density 10 times than existing batteries.

It can be used in power generation applications like space

vehicles, electronic devices etc…

A gas turbine is a rotating engine.

Gas-turbine is used in aircraft propulsion and electric power generation.

High thermal efficiencies up to 44%.

Suitable for combined cycles (with steam power plant)

High power to weight ratio, high reliability, long life

Fast start up time, about 2 min, compared to 4 hr for steam-propulsion systems

High back work ratio (ratio of compressor work to the turbine work), up to 50%, Compared to few percent in steam power plants.

Types of Gas Turbine:- There are different types of gas

turbines. Some of them are named below:

a) Aero derivatives and jet engines

b) Amateur gas turbines

c) Industrial gas turbines for electrical generation

d) Radial gas turbines

e) Scale jet engines

f) Micro turbines

Idealized Brayton Cycle

•We already know that

• Thus, the efficiency is

Since heat injection and rejection occur at constant pressure then,

• Hence, the efficiency is

1 2W Q Q

1 2 2

1 1 1

1Q Q QW

Q Q Q

2 1 4( )pQ c T T

1 3 2( )pQ c T T

41

4 1 12

1 3 2 32

2

1( )

1 1 1( )

1

p

p

TT

c T T TQ

Q c T T TT

T

• Between 1 and 2, and between 3 and 4, the process is adiabatic (no heat exchange)

and reversible (S is constant). Hence, the temperature changes due to work related

with a pressure change acting on a varying volume.

• In a reversible adiabatic process:

and

where

• Hence,

• Therefore

1 constantP T

p

v

c

c

1 1 2 2 3 2 4 1PV PV PV PV

4 2 1

3 1 2

P V P

P V P

. constantPV

•From the previous slide:

•Also, from the previous slide

• Thus,

4 1

3 2

P P

P P

1 constantP T

4 1

3 2

T T

T T

•Since the efficiency is (see a couple of slides ago)

• Then the simplified expression for the efficiency is

• Usually, the efficiency is expressed in terms of the temperature ratio (TR) or the pressure ratio (PR)

where and

41

4 1 12

1 3 2 32

2

1( )

1 1 1( )

1

p

p

TT

c T T TQ

Q c T T TT

T

1

2

1T

T

( 1) /

1 11 1

( ) ( )TR PR

2 2

1 1

( ) ( )T P

TR PRT P

Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines.

Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating.

Moves in one direction only, with far less vibration than a reciprocating engine.

Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines.

Low operating pressures.

High operation speeds.

Low lubricating oil cost and consumption.

Micro turbines are small combustion turbines with outputs

of 25 kW to 500 kW.

Moderate cost and efficiency

High-frequency output is rectified (and inverted again in

ac micro grids). Generator output frequency is in the order

of a few kHz (e.g. 1600 Hz for Capstone’s 30 kW micro

turbine).

Power shaft rotates at high speeds, usually on the order of

50 000 to 120 000 rpm

Very reliable technology (Essentially micro turbines are

aircraft’s APU’s). Critical parts: bearings and generator.

Generator technologies: Synchronous and permanent

magnet

Turbo-Compressor Package

Generator

Recuperators

Air bearings

Power Electronics

Distributed generation

Quality power and reliability

Stand-by power

Peak shaving

Boost power

Low-cost energy

Combined heat and power (cogeneration)

Small number of moving parts,

Compact size

Good efficiencies in cogeneration

Lightweight

Low emissions

Can utilize waste fuels

Long maintenance intervals

No vibrations

Less noise than reciprocating engines

Micro turbine Cost

Capital Cost $700-$1,100/kW

O&M Cost $0.005-0.016/kW

Maintenance Interval 5,000-8,000 hrs.

Peak shaving and base load power (grid parallel)

Combined heat and power (co-generation)

Distributed power generation

Stand-alone power

Backup/standby power

Primary power with grid as backup

Micro grid

Resource recovery

Transportation applications

Micro turbine can use low grade of fuel very effectively like wastegases, sour gases etc.

Thus micro turbine gives chance of low fuel cost and less emission.

The dimensions of micro turbine comparatively small by which itcan be installed at field where power is consumed.

Micro turbine is also effective in CHP operation.

In India the micro turbine is quite useful.

The power shortage effect can be solved using micro turbine, using

fuels like biogas, etc.

India the technology is still underdevelopment so the present

seminar is an honest attempt to introduce micro turbine technology

in India for solving the problem of power generation in future.