micro grid

MICROGRID

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MICROGRID CONCEPTS AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

ABIN BABY,

13112602, S7 EEE.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR

Outline

Introduction to Microgrid.

The Need of Microgrids.

Components of Microgrids.

Microgrid Operating Modes.

Need for ESSs in Microgrids.

Energy storage technologies.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Microgrid.

On going Microgrid activities.

Future Directions on Microgrid Research.

References.

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Introduction To Microgrid

What is Microgrid?

A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid.

Enables local power generation for local loads.

Comprises of various small power generating sources that makes it highly flexible and efficient.

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Introduction To Microgrid

What is Microgrid?

It is connected to both the local generating units and the utility grid thus preventing power outages.

Excess power can be sold to the utility grid.

Size of the Microgrid may range from housing estate to municipal regions.

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KEY ATTRIBUTES OF MICROGRID

Grouping of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources

Can operate in island mode or grid-connected if desired

Acts as a single controllable entity to the grid

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The Need Of Microgrid

Microgrid could be the answer to our energy crisis.

Transmission losses gets highly reduced.

Microgrid results in substantial savings and cuts emissions without major changes to lifestyles.

Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads

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Components of microgrid

Distributed Generation

Loads

Energy storage systems

Static disconnect switch

Controller

Mode switching device

Point of Common Coupling

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Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids

Renewable Energy Resources

Main

Utility Grid

Compressed Air System

Electric Vehicles

PCC

Batteries

Household appliances and electronics

PV

EV

Flywheel

Power Electronics

PV

WT

IBS

DC Coupled Subsystem

PV

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The Need Of Microgrid

Microgrid could be the answer to our energy crisis.

Transmission losses gets highly reduced.

Microgrid results in substantial savings and cuts emissions without major changes to lifestyles.

Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to critical loads

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Microgrid Operating Modes

Grid Connected Mode:

Utility grid is active.

Static switch is closed

All the feeders are being

supplied by utility grid.

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Main

Utility Grid

Compressed

Air System

Electric Vehicles

PCC

Batteries


PV

EV

Flywheel

Power Electronics

PV

WT

IBS


PV

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Microgrid Operating Modes

Island Mode:

Utility grid is not supplying power

Static switch is open.

Feeder A, B, C are being supplied

by Microsources.

Feeder D (not sensitive )

is dead.

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Compressed

Air System

Electric Vehicles

Batteries


PV

EV

Flywheel

Power Electronics

PV

WT

IBS


PV

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Needs of ess in microgrids

Crucial element in the integration of DG into Microgrid.

Critical role in stabilising the voltage and frequency.

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ENERGY STORAGE IN MICROGRID

High Performance:

Avoid costly downtime and battery replacements

Very high cycle life

Extremely abuse tolerant

Ability to stand at partial state of charge

High efficiency

Self-balancing

Wide operating temperature range

Minimal degradation


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Safe:

Inherently safe chemistry

Not flammable, explosive, or corrosive

No dangerous or toxic components

Sustainable:

Simple, abundant, nontoxic materials

Environmentally benign materials

No corrosive acids or noxious fumes

Suitable for deployment globally

Excellent Economics:

Industry-leading total cost of ownership

Low acquisition costs ($/kWh)

Better value than lead acid or lithium ion

No regular maintenance

No thermal management

No active management required

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Energy storage system

ESS include electrochemical battery, super capacitor, compressed air energy storage, super conducting energy storage, flywheel energy storage etc. .

Lithium ion is commonly used because best energy to weight ratio and slow loss of charge when not in use.

ESS store energy at the time of surplus and redispatch it when needed.

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ESS plays an important role in microgrid.

Sizing of ESS to be considered first when considering ESS in Microgrid.

ESS increase the reliability of power system.

The cost of ESS includes one time ESS cost and the annual maintenance cost.

The battery storage system made up of small battery blocks.

Energy storage system

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ESS in islanded microgrid

Sizing of a suitable battery bank in terms of power and energy help in shaving the peak demand.

Stores excess renewable energy and supply load when renewable energy is low.

When ESS discharges its energy to power grid, its generating positive real power

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ESS in grid connected microgrid

The upstream grid can be treated as bidirectional generator which generate positive power when power is transferred from the MG and generate negative power when the power transferred from the Microgrid to upstream grid.

The output of bidirectional generator is limited by the capacity of transmission line between the Microgrid and upstream grid.

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Energy storage technologies

Ultracapacitors.

Superconducting magnetic ESS.

Compressed air.

Pumped hydro.

Fuel cells.

Fly wheels.

Batteries.

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Types of batteries

Nickel Cadmium.

Lead Acid.

Li-ion.

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On going Microgrid activities

CERTS

*Demonstrated in Santa Rita jail, in California

*Main objective-

Reduce Microgrid system cost

Increase reliability

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Fort Sill

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SPIDERS program

Illinois Institute of Technologies perfect power system

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Conventional Grid vs. Microgrid

Efficiency of conventional grid is very low as compared to Microgrid.

Large amount of energy in the form of heat is wasted in conventional grid.

Power sources in case of Microgrid (often referred to as Microsources) are small and are located in close proximity to load.

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Advantages & Disadvantages

Microgrid Advantages

A major advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the Microgrid.

In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by reducing the load on the grid.

Significant environmental benefits made possible by the use of low or zero emission generators.

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Microgrid Advantages

The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the close proximity of the generator to the user, thereby increasing the overall energy efficiency.

Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.

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Microgrid Disadvantages

Voltage, frequency and power quality are three main parameters that must be considered and controlled to acceptable standards whilst the power and energy balance is maintained.

Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks thus requiring more space and maintenance.

Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.

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Microgrid Disadvantages

Microgrid protection is one of the most important challenges facing the implementation of Microgrids.

Issues such as standby charges and net metering may pose obstacles for Microgrid.

Interconnection standards needs to be developed to ensure consistency. IEEE P1547, a standard proposed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers may end up filling the void.

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Future Directions on Microgrid Research

To investigate full-scale development, field demonstration, experimental performance evaluation of frequency and voltage control methods under various operation modes.

Transition between grid connected and islanded modes on interaction phenomena between distribution generation and high penetration of distributed generation.

Transformation of Microgrid system today into the intelligent, robust energy delivery system in the future by providing significant reliability and security benefits.

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Future scope

In the near future when cost of Microgrid system will be affordable then Microgrids will become more popular and conventional grid will be replaced by Micro grid.

Research are going such as to increase stability and reliability of the Microgrid for effecttive working.

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conclusion

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Micro-Grid gives impetus to the use of Renewable sources of energy.

Reliability is achieved due to decentralization of supply.

In an event of Power Grid failure Micro-Grid is one of the best alternatives.

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references

[1] H. Rongxian , L. Zhiwen , C. Yaoming , W. Fu and R. Guoguang "DC micro-grid simulation test platform", Proc. 9thTaiwan Power Electron. Conf., pp.1361 -1366 2010

[2] S. Morozumi "Micro-grid demonstration projects in Japan", Proc. IEEE Power Convers. Conf., pp.635 -642 Apr. 2007

[3] YUAN Vue, LI Zhenjie, FENG Yu. "Development Purposes, Orientations and prospects of microgrid in China". Automation of Electric Power Systems (in Chinese), voU, pp.59-64., Apr. 2010.

[4] LU Zongxiang, WANG Caixia, MIN Y ong. "Overview on microgrid research". Automation of Electric Power Systemsvo1.l9, pp.lOO-l06, Apr. 2007.

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Another version of this ppt is available without videos on following linksize:4mbhttp://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/abin2892-2221846-microgrid-energy-storage-system/

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