micro-enterprise credit and its effects in kenya: an exploratory study (summary)

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Micro Enterprise Credit and its Effects in Kenya: ' An Exploratory Study Jennefer Sebstad and Martin Walsh EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents the results of a study on the impacts of micro-enterprise credit in Kenya. It is based primarily upon 'interviews with 5O micro-enterprise cred'it c'l ients drawn f rom two different cred'it programs, one urban and the other rural . The purpose of the study was twofold. Its first objective was to assess the impacts of micro-enterprise credit upon clients' enterprjses, their households, and the wider enterprise environment in which they operate. A second objective was to use the results to develop a working methodology for use in future impact studies and program eva'l uat'ions. The main text pri nci pal fi ndi ngs the report describes and analyzes the the study. It shows that overal l improvements in the f inancial performance of the assisted enterprises during the loan period were impressive. Average monthly sales increased by 75%, direct value added rose by 12Q% and cash incomes increased by 110%. However, there were significant differences between 'indiv'idual enterprises; not al I of them performed as wel 1 as the overa'l I f igures i mpl y. 30% of the enterprise experienced a reduction in sa'les, 26% a drop 'in direct value added, and 56% a fa]1 in cash'income. There was also lim'ited evidence of underl yi ng structural improvements wi th'in the enterprises, Average net profit margins remained constant at .22 although a third of clients still succeeded in increasing their margins. This suggests f imited improvement in business practices and prof itabi I ity 'in the remaining two thi rds of the enterprises. As the above data suggest, the benefits of loan investment were not spread evenly among the clients in the study sample although some consistent patterns emerged, One striking finding, for example, was that the loans typica'l 'ly had a much greater impact in the urban sample compared t,o the rural. Production enterprises generated higher levels of sales, direct value added, and cash incomes, but trade enterprises increased these figures at the highest rate during the loan period. There were no simple re'lations between loan impacts and gender of the cl ients in the overa'l I sample. However, signif icant gender differences emerged in considering the urban and rural samples separately. The financial status of urban women's enterprises 'improved much more than urban men's. Exactiy the reverse happened in the rural sample, where women's enterprises performed less well than men's, Data on employment show that the total number of employees (exclud'ing enterprise owners) increased by 37% and the average number of employees per enterprise rose from 1.18 to 1.62. The qf of

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Summary of a study of the impacts of microenterprise credit in Kenya by Jennefer Sebstad and Martin Walsh.Citation: Sebstad, J, & Walsh, M. T. 1991. Micro-enterprise Credit and its Effects in Kenya: An Exploratory Study. Report by Ernst & Young to USAID, Washington D.C.

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Page 1: Micro-enterprise Credit and its Effects in Kenya: An Exploratory Study (summary)

Mic ro En te rp r i se Cred i t and i t s E f fec ts i n Kenya :' An Exploratory Study

Jennefer Sebstad and Mart in Walsh

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Th is repo r t p resen ts the resu l t s o f a s tudy on the impac ts o fm i c r o - e n t e r p r i s e c r e d i t i n K e n y a . I t i s b a s e d p r i m a r i l y u p o n' i n t e r v i e w s w i t h 5 O m i c r o - e n t e r p r i s e c r e d ' i t c ' l i e n t s d r a w n f r o m t w od i f f e ren t c red ' i t p rog rams , one u rban and the o the r ru ra l .

T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y w a s t w o f o l d . I t s f i r s t o b j e c t i v e w a st o a s s e s s t h e i m p a c t s o f m i c r o - e n t e r p r i s e c r e d i t u p o n c l i e n t s 'e n t e r p r j s e s , t h e i r h o u s e h o l d s , a n d t h e w i d e r e n t e r p r i s e e n v i r o n m e n tin wh ich they ope ra te . A second ob jec t i ve was to use the resu l t st o d e v e l o p a w o r k i n g m e t h o d o l o g y f o r u s e i n f u t u r e i m p a c t s t u d i e sand p rog ram eva ' l ua t ' i ons .

T h e m a i n t e x tp r i n c i p a l f i n d i n g s

the repo r t desc r ibes and ana lyzes thet h e s t u d y . I t shows tha t ove ra l l

improvemen ts i n t he f i nanc ia l pe r fo rmance o f t he ass i s tede n t e r p r i s e s d u r i n g t h e l o a n p e r i o d w e r e i m p r e s s i v e . A v e r a g em o n t h l y s a l e s i n c r e a s e d b y 7 5 % , d i r e c t v a l u e a d d e d r o s e b y 1 2 Q % a n dc a s h i n c o m e s i n c r e a s e d b y 1 1 0 % . H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n ' i n d i v ' i d u a l e n t e r p r i s e s ; n o t a l I o f t h e mper fo rmed as we l 1 as the ove ra ' l I f i gu res i mp l y . 30% o f t hee n t e r p r i s e e x p e r i e n c e d a r e d u c t i o n i n s a ' l e s , 2 6 % a d r o p ' i n d i r e c tv a l u e a d d e d , a n d 5 6 % a f a ] 1 i n c a s h ' i n c o m e . T h e r e w a s a l s o l i m ' i t e de v i d e n c e o f u n d e r l y i n g s t r u c t u r a l i m p r o v e m e n t s w i t h ' i n t h ee n t e r p r i s e s , A v e r a g e n e t p r o f i t m a r g i n s r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t a t . 2 2a l t h o u g h a t h i r d o f c l i e n t s s t i l l s u c c e e d e d i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e i rm a r g i n s . T h i s s u g g e s t s f i m i t e d i m p r o v e m e n t i n b u s i n e s s p r a c t i c e sa n d p r o f i t a b i I i t y ' i n t h e r e m a i n i n g t w o t h i r d s o f t h e e n t e r p r i s e s .

As the above da ta sugges t , t he bene f i t s o f l oan i nves tmen tw e r e n o t s p r e a d e v e n l y a m o n g t h e c l i e n t s i n t h e s t u d y s a m p l ea l t h o u g h s o m e c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s e m e r g e d , O n e s t r i k i n g f i n d i n g ,fo r examp le , was tha t t he l oans t yp i ca ' l

' l y had a much g rea te r impac t

i n the u rban samp le compared t , o the ru ra l . P roduc t i on en te rp r i sesg e n e r a t e d h i g h e r l e v e l s o f s a l e s , d i r e c t v a l u e a d d e d , a n d c a s hi n c o m e s , b u t t r a d e e n t e r p r i s e s i n c r e a s e d t h e s e f i g u r e s a t t h eh i g h e s t r a t e d u r i n g t h e l o a n p e r i o d . T h e r e w e r e n o s i m p l ere ' l a t i ons be tween loan impac ts and gender o f t he c l i en ts i n t heo v e r a ' l I s a m p l e . H o w e v e r , s i g n i f i c a n t g e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s e m e r g e d i nc o n s i d e r i n g t h e u r b a n a n d r u r a l s a m p l e s s e p a r a t e l y . T h e f i n a n c i a ls ta tus o f u rban women 's en te rp r i ses ' improved much more than u rbanm e n ' s . E x a c t i y t h e r e v e r s e h a p p e n e d i n t h e r u r a l s a m p l e , w h e r ew o m e n ' s e n t e r p r i s e s p e r f o r m e d l e s s w e l l t h a n m e n ' s ,

Data on employment show that the to ta l number of employees(exc lud ' i ng en te rp r i se owners ) i nc reased by 37% and the ave ragen u m b e r o f e m p l o y e e s p e r e n t e r p r i s e r o s e f r o m 1 . 1 8 t o 1 . 6 2 . T h e

q fo f

Page 2: Micro-enterprise Credit and its Effects in Kenya: An Exploratory Study (summary)

a v e r a g e ' i n v e s t m e n t p e r n e w j o b c r e a t e d w o r k e d o u t t o b e K s h .4 1 , 3 3 6 / U S $ 1 , 7 9 7 ,

' l e s s t h a n o n e e i s h t h t h e e s t i m a t e d i n v e s t m e n t

n e e d e d t o g e n e r a t e a m o d e r n w a g e j o b i n K e n y a . H o w e v e r , w h i ' l ee m p l o y m e n t i n c r e a s e d q u a n t i t a t ' i v e l y , t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e l a b o rf o r c e d i d n o t c h a n g e q u i t e s o p o s i t i v e l y . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f m e n t ow o m e n e m p l o y e e s ( e O x : 2 O % ) h a r d l y c h a n g e d . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f u n p a i dt o p a i d w o r k e r s ( 7 4 % 2 2 6 % ) a n d f u l l - t i m e t o p a r t - t ' i m e e m p l o y e e s( 6 3 % : 3 7 % ) a l s o s t a y e d m u c h t h e s a m e . S i m i l a r l y , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o no f w o r k e r s b y s t a t u s w a g e e m p l o y e e s ( 3 3 % ) , p i e c e r a t e w o r k e r s( 1 9 % ) , c a s u a l l a b o r e r s ( 2 2 % ) , a n d f a m i l y w o r k e r s ( 2 a x ) - - d i d n o tchange . O f t he few new jobs genera ted fo r women , mos t were j n

u n p a i d w o r k .

A t t h e h o u s e h o l d l e v e l , i n c r e a s e d c a s h i n c o m e s f r o m t h ea s s i s t e d e n t e r p r i s e s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a n e s t ' i m a t e d 3 1 % i n c r e a s e i nh o u s e h o l d i n c o m e s . O v e r a l l , t h e a s s i s t e d e n t e r p r i s e s p r o v i d e d 4 2 %o f t o t a l h o u s e h o l d i n c o m e s . O v e r h a l f o f t h e w o m e n i n t h e s a m p l e sw e r e t h e s o l e o r p r i m a r y e a r n e r s f o r t h e i r f a m i f i e s , i n d ' i c a t i n g t h ei m p o r t a n c e o f m i c r o - e n t e r p r i s e i n c o m e f o r t h e m . W o m e n g e n e r a j l yrepo r ted tha t t he ass i s ted en te rp r i ses d i d no t ' i nc rease the i rw o r k l o a d s , b u t t h e y g i d c o m p l a i n a b o u t t h e i r h u s b a n d s ' w i s h t oasse r t econom' i c con t ro l ove r t he ' i ncome f rom the i r en te rp r i sea c t i v i t ' i e s .

Beyond the househo ld the l oans had a ' l

im i ted impac t on thes t r u c t u r e o f b a c k w a r d e n t e r p r i s e l i n k a g e s , a i t h o u g h t h e c l i e n t s d i ds h i f t s ' l i g h t l y f r o m r e t a i I t o w h o l e s a l e s u p p l i e r s . T h e r e i { a s ,h o w e v e r , a p o s i t i v e i m p a c t u p o n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f f o r w a r d l i n k a g e s .W h i l e m o s t o f t h e c l r e n t s d e p e n d e d l a r g e ' l y o n p r o v i d ' i n g g o o d s a n ds e r v i c e s t o i n d ' i v i d u a l c o n s u m e r s , t h e r e w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e( 58% ) i n t he number se l I ' i ng to I a rge r cus tomers . These newc u s t o m e r s w e r e p r i m a r i l y o t h e r m i c r o - e n t e r p r i s e s i n t h e u r b a n a r e aa n d p u b l i c i n s t i t u t ' i o n s ( e s p e c i a l ' l y s c h o o l s ) i n t h e r u r a l a r e a . A tt h e s a m e t i m e , € r h i m p r e s s i v e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e c l i e n t s p r o v i d e dg o o d s o r s e r v r c e s t h a t w e r e n e w o r u n i q u e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y ( 4 6 % ) ,s a v e d t i m e o r l a b o r ( 4 O % ) , o r w e r e l o w e r i n p r i c e t h a n t h o s ep r o v j d e d b y t h e i r c o m p e t i t o r s ( 3 0 % ) .

The ' l oans

d i d no t have an i mpac t on the regu I a to rye n v ' i r o n m e n t , b u t r e g u l a t o r y c o n s t r a i n t s d i d i m p i n g e n e g a t i v e l y o nc l i e n t s ' b u s i n e s s o p e r a t i o n s a n d t h u s t h e e f f e c t ' i v e n e s s o f t h e i rl o a n s . T h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u ' l c l j e n t s i n t h e s t u d y w e r e m u c h m o r el i k e ] y t o b e w o r k i n g o u t s i d e t h e r e g u l a t o r y e n v i r o n m e n t t h a n t h o s ew h o w e r e l e s s s u c c e s s f u l .

A n a p p e n d i x t o t h e r e p o r t p r e s e n t s m e t h o d o l o g i c a irecommenda t ions fo r f u tu re s tud res . The p roposed app roach i se s s e n t ' i a l l y a p r a g m a t i c o n e , a n d a d r a f t q u e s t i o n n a i r e i s p r e s e n t e dt o g e t h e r w i t h n o t e s o n i t s u s e a n d a p p l i c a t i o n ' i n t h e f i e l d . T h ' i ssu rvey i ns t rumen t can be adap ted to a va r ie t y o f con tex ts and uses ,' i n c l u d i n g m o n i t o r i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f c r e d i t i m p a c t s w ' i t f r i n m i c r o -e n t e r p r i s e a s s i s t a n c e p r o g r a m s . I t ' i s a l s o d e s ' i g n e d t o b e a p p l i e d

Page 3: Micro-enterprise Credit and its Effects in Kenya: An Exploratory Study (summary)

t o a ' l a r g e r

s a m p l e a n d t o g e n e r a t e a m u c h m o r e t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i st h a n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y . T h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d o l o g y w i l l h o p e f u l l yf o r m a b a s i s f o r t e s t i n g a n d e x t e n d i n g t h e s t u d y r e s u l t s t o o t h e rp I aces ' i n Kenya and Af r i ca .

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