micro 260 antimicrobial agents

8/10/2019 Micro 260 Antimicrobial Agents

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Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Hos.~

The Elements of Chemotherapy

Building Your Knoledge,

1) In 1900, what percentage of all children in the United States died of infectious disease beforeage 51 . .

) !"plain the concept of selecti#e to"icit$ .

%

&) 'esign the perfect antibiotic. (lease consider ease of adinistration, target icrobe, distribution

throughout the bod$ *if necessar$ for the targeted icrobe) length of acti#it$, host to"icit$ and

potential for the de#elopent of antibiotic resistance to the drug .

. .

'oes the perfect antibiotic actuall$ e"ist+ h$ or wh$ not+

-) opare and contrast narrow and broad spectru antibiotics .

If $ou /now what the causati#e agent of a disease is, which would $ou want to use+

If a patient is septic *seriousl$ ill) with an un/nown organis, which would $ou recoend+

5) here do ost antibiotics originate, in the lab or fro nature+

h$ is this the case+

..

) hich drugs are ost selecti#el$ to"ic to bacterial cells *in general)+

hich are the least selecti#el$ to"ic+

h$+

~9%

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) 2re drugs that target the cell wall 3ore or less selecti#el$ to"ic than those that target the plasa

ebrane+ h$+

4) 2re ost penicillin and penicillin%li/e antibiotics ore effecti#e against acti#el$ growing cells, or

old, dorant cells+ h$+

2re the$ ore effecti#e against ra%positi#e or ra%negati#e cells+ h$+

%.

9) hat is copetiti#e inhibition and what does it ha#e to do with sulfonaide acti#it$ against

bacterial cells+

I6).h$ don3t sulfonaides daage host cells as uch as the$ do bacterial cells+

11) 2re the ebrane%disrupting drugs generall$ used topicall$ *on bod$ surfaces) or adinisteredinternall$+ t ) ,

1) 7ill in the diagra with se#eral e"aple antibiotics that target each of the following structures or

processes in a bacterial cell.

Block synthesis and repair

>.

Inhibit replication and transcription

Inhibit gyrase (unwinding enzyes)

Inhibit !"# polyerase

..

Inhlbit $olic acid etabolis

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1&) How is ost penicillin produced+,

,

1-) ist & ebers of the penicillin fail$.

a.

b.

...

c.,

15) hat is the ad#antage of using sei%s$nthetic penicillins, li/e apicillin or nafcillin+

1) h$ add cla#ulanic acid to penicillins *e.g., 2ugentin)+%,

1) hat are the two a:or3probles that liit the usefulness of the penicillin antiicrobials+

,

14) hat are cephalosporins+~, ;

& .'

How arethe$ generall$ adinistered+ h$+

hat are the


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&) hat are the bacillus antibiotics+

hat is their echanis of action+

h$ are the$ generall$ not gi#en s$steicall$+

.

-) 'escribe the new classes of antibiotics recentl$ disco#ered and appro#ed b$. the 7'2+

&

5) here do sulfaides coe fro+,

How does this origin differ fro that of penicillins and cephalosporins+

) hat are fosof$cin and s$nercid+. t( ),

h$ are the$ not widel$ used+r

,

) h$ are scientists hopeful that resistance to the@o"a=olidinones will be slow to de#elop+

4) h$ did the ' change the recoendation fro ciproflo"acin to do"$c$cline for the treatent

of anthra" in 001 +

9) h$ are anti%fungals generall$ ore to"ic to huan tissues than antibacterial agents+

&0) ist - separate antifungals and the conditions the$ treat.I

!ntifun gal a gent Condition"s# treated,

.

&

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.

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&1) h$ are pol$enes effecti#e against fungal cells, but not bacterial cells+%,

&) h$ are there few effecti#e anti%parasite drugs+

hat drugs are used to treat alaria+

hat drugs are used to treat roundwor+

.

&&) h$ is selecti#e to"icit$ so difficult to achie#e in anti%#iral therapies+

,

&-) h$ are. #iral diseases li/e easles and ups fairl$ rare in the U.S.+

&5) hat are & basic echaniss of action of anti%#iral agents+,

a.

b.

c.

&) h$ is the fact HIA is a retro#irus significant when designing anti%#iral therapies+

&) How does chroosoal drug resistance originate+ 'oes this t$peof resistance spread in apopulation+

.

&4) hat 3is the difference between intrinsic and e"trinsic drug resistance+ hich is of ore concern+

&9) hat are B factors+ 'o these spread through a bacterial population+

,

,

% *+%


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-0) 'escribe - distinct wa$s bacteria .a$becoe resistant to antibiotics the$ were once sensiti#e to .

a .

b.f

c.

d.

-1) hat are beta%lactaases and what antiicrobial drugs do the$ confer resistance to+?

-) 'o pups generall$ confer resistance to 1 t$pe of antiicrobial or an$+ h$+

How do bacteria becoe resistant to rifapin or strepto$cin+

-&) How do bacteria becoe resistant to sulfonaide+

--) 'oes e"posure to an antibiotic increase or decrease the percentage of resistant cells in a

population+ !"plain .

-5) h$ does cobining drug therapies liit the spread of drug resistance+

-) hat are prebiotics, probiotics and lantibiotics+

,

,

&

How does each pre#ent disease+

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-) Chere are & a:or categories of antibiotic side%effects. Dae the .

a.

b.

c.

-4) h$ are the li#er and /idne$s often daaged b$ antibiotics+

.

-9) h$ are tetrac$clines not gi#en to pregnant woen or $oung children+

50) How a$ antibiotics cause diarrhea+ *list wa$s)

51) If a person ta/es penicillin once and does not ha#e an allergic reaction to it, does that ean the$

are not allergic+3 !"plain, .

,

5) hat & factors do doctors generall$ consider when choosing antiicrobial therapies+.

a.

b.

c.

5&) If the causati#e agent of a disease is un/nown, do doctors generall$ gi#e narrow%spectru or

broad%spectru antibiotics+ h$+

5-) hat ethods are coonl$ used to tell which antibiotics are ost and least effecti#e against a

gi#en pathogen+ .,

a.

b.

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$rgani%ing Your Knoledge

!ntimicrobial !gent

penicillin

sulfonaide

chloroEuine

gentaicin

pol$$"ins .

n$statin

rifapicin

ebenda=ole

Mechanism of !ction oonl$ &sed to Treat

etronida=ole

riba#irin ,

#-&

aphotericin F

chloraphenicol,

tetrac$cline

#anco$ci

n

.,

,

%, '

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% 100%,


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2ntiicrobial 'rug roup %

, ,

Gechanis of 2ction .Gechanis of ,.

Besistance

#anco$ci

n .

,tetrac$cline ,

.

sulfonaide%

..

rifapicin ,

riba#irin. .

pol$$"ins . . .

,

,

penicillin .

,

n$statin ,

etroriida=ole &

&

ebenda=ole

. gentaicinI

I , ., i

,

&

chloroEuine

.

chloraphenicol ,

2C &

aphotericin F .

(racticing .our Jnowledge

1. hich of the following is D6C a coon

target for antibacterial drugs+

a. cell wall s$nthesis

b. nucleic acid structure

c. protein s$nthesis

d. bacterial cell nucleus

. 2ll of the following antibiotics target

procar$otic ribosoes !K!(C .

a. strepto$cin.

b. cephale"iii

micro 260 antimicrobial agents

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