MICHELLE XU, WENDY LI, ERIKA CHAN, MICHELLE XU, WENDY LI, ERIKA CHAN, MEGAN YUAN, SHARON CHOIMEGAN YUAN, SHARON CHOI

8000 BCE - 6008000 BCE - 600

Indus River Valley• Harappan Society: • Agricultural society (water source from river flooding)• Surpluspopulation increasecities:Harappa and

Mohenjo Daro• Sophisticated planned cities: grid like streets, uniformly

constructed buildings, wastewater system (showers and toilets).

• Economy: agricultural, trade cotton and cloth• Rulers yield great authority.• Great distinction between the rich and the poor.• Polytheistic • Decline: Aryan arrival

Aryan Arrival• With horse drawn chariots, advantage over Indus

valley people. Migrate throughout India.• Vedic Age: Vedas: collection of songs, hymns,

prayers, rituals. Reflect society in which Aryans clash with Dravidians.

• Religion: polytheistic; Upanishads explain why one is born into caste system.

• Due to agriculture: tribal non centralized gov’tmore formal gov’t: council of elders (authority), and states governed by citizen representatives.Form small regional kingdoms.

Caste System • Originally formed to maintain social order.• Use “varna” or skin color to create hierarchy. • 1)Brahmins, 2) warriors and aristocrats, 3) cultivators and

artisans, 4) peasants/serfs, 5)untouchables• Subcastes “jati” later form: reflect social changes, and

allow foreigners to fit into society.• Members of jati improve their conditions collectively.• Patriarchal society: male authority. Women have influence,

but no roles in religious rituals.• Sati: devotion to husbands, kill themselves on husband’s

funeral day.

Mauryan and Gupta EmpiresMauryan and Gupta Empires• MauryanMauryan: unify India: unify India• Chandrarupta Maurya- Chandrarupta Maurya- use spies for bureaucratic administration use spies for bureaucratic administration • High point: High point: Ashoka Maurya- Ashoka Maurya- tightly organized bureaucracy. Closely tightly organized bureaucracy. Closely

monitor regional affairsmonitor regional affairs• Support BuddhismSupport Buddhism• Encourage trade (roads with comfort stations for merchants) Encourage trade (roads with comfort stations for merchants) • Fall of empire with Ashoka’s death: economic problems (soldiers and Fall of empire with Ashoka’s death: economic problems (soldiers and

bureaucracy too expensive)bureaucracy too expensive)• GuptaGupta: Chandra Gupta: Chandra Gupta• Leave administration to local gov’tLeave administration to local gov’tstability and prosperitystability and prosperity• Science and math advancements: plastic surgery, astronomy (earth is Science and math advancements: plastic surgery, astronomy (earth is

sphere), “0” and numeral systemsphere), “0” and numeral systemalgebra and calc.algebra and calc.• Fall: White Huns Fall: White Huns

ContinuityContinuity

• Harappan gods and goddesses: close relations Harappan gods and goddesses: close relations to Hindu godsto Hindu gods

• Caste SystemCaste System• Algebra and calc.Algebra and calc.• Hindi numeralsHindi numerals Arabic numerals Arabic numerals• Cotton/cloth production (starting in Harappan Cotton/cloth production (starting in Harappan

societies) societies)

600 - 1450600 - 1450

• Indian Ocean trade: Trade route where Persians Indian Ocean trade: Trade route where Persians and Arabs dominated the ports in western India to and Arabs dominated the ports in western India to ports in the Persian Gulf, which were connected to ports in the Persian Gulf, which were connected to ports in eastern Africa. – Monsoon windsports in eastern Africa. – Monsoon winds

Dhows Junks

• Silk Roads: The Indians contributed a major source of Silk Roads: The Indians contributed a major source of cotton into the trade route. Along the Silk Roads, Buddhism cotton into the trade route. Along the Silk Roads, Buddhism and Hinduism spread to East Asia and Southeast Asia. and Hinduism spread to East Asia and Southeast Asia.

• MAJOR CHANGE!!! MAJOR CHANGE!!! - Islam enters India, in - Islam enters India, in addition to Hinduism and Buddhismaddition to Hinduism and Buddhism

Delhi Sultanate: Delhi Sultanate: -Islamic invaders defeat disorganized Hindus in -Islamic invaders defeat disorganized Hindus in North India.North India.-Beginning in 1206, Islam spreads to much of -Beginning in 1206, Islam spreads to much of northern India for next 200 years. Non-Muslims who northern India for next 200 years. Non-Muslims who didn’t want to convert had to pay didn’t want to convert had to pay JIZYAJIZYA..

• Hindu temples Hindu temples

destroyed.destroyed.

• Laid the foundation Laid the foundation

of hatred for Hindus of hatred for Hindus

and Muslims for and Muslims for

future generationsfuture generations

• Under the Islamic Under the Islamic Sultans, colleges Sultans, colleges were founded.were founded.

• Irrigation systems Irrigation systems

improvedimproved• Mosques were built Mosques were built

= CULTURAL = CULTURAL DIFFUSION!!DIFFUSION!!

NegativeNegative PositivePositive

North India -

Muslim

South India - Hindu

Indian Influences on IslamIndian Influences on Islam

• Sophisticated mathematics, science and Sophisticated mathematics, science and medicinemedicine

• ““Hindi Numerals” -> “Arabic Numerals”Hindi Numerals” -> “Arabic Numerals”

• Numerals lead to discoveries on algebra, Numerals lead to discoveries on algebra, geometry and trigonometrygeometry and trigonometry

South IndiaSouth India• The Chola The Chola

Kingdom + The Kingdom + The Kingdom of Kingdom of Vijayanagar – Vijayanagar – prospered greatly prospered greatly from Indian Ocean from Indian Ocean Trade RoutesTrade Routes

• Continuity: Continuity: Majority of Majority of population population remains Hinduremains Hindu

Changes to Caste SystemChanges to Caste System

• ContinuityContinuity: Caste system has always been : Caste system has always been changing, always adjusting to new changing, always adjusting to new circumstances, such as migrations and circumstances, such as migrations and urbanization.urbanization.

• Creation of a new subcaste: Creation of a new subcaste: jati - jati - made up of made up of workers, merchants, manufacturers. They were workers, merchants, manufacturers. They were very influential because they brought wealth to very influential because they brought wealth to society. society.

India Influences Southeast AsiaIndia Influences Southeast Asia• Indian merchants spread ideas to Southeast Indian merchants spread ideas to Southeast

Asia.Asia.• CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: Southeast CHANGE AND CONTINUITY: Southeast

Asians embraced Hinduism and Buddhism. Asians embraced Hinduism and Buddhism. They took Buddism and mixed in their own They took Buddism and mixed in their own ideas. As a result, there are two branches ideas. As a result, there are two branches of Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism and of Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism.Theravada Buddhism.

Political:Political:In 1526, Babur defeats the Delhi Sultanate and In 1526, Babur defeats the Delhi Sultanate and

establishes the Mughal Empire.establishes the Mughal Empire.United almost all of IndiaUnited almost all of IndiaAkbar’s reign (1556-1605) was a golden ageAkbar’s reign (1556-1605) was a golden ageEconomic:Economic:Allowed trade with EuropeansAllowed trade with EuropeansAllowed formation of trading stations and Allowed formation of trading stations and

merchant colonies by British, Portugese, French, merchant colonies by British, Portugese, French, and Dutchand Dutch

British East India Company dominated trade in British East India Company dominated trade in the regionthe region

Religion:Religion:Mughal empire le by MuslimsMughal empire le by MuslimsAkbar had a policy of religious tolerance- Akbar had a policy of religious tolerance-

eliminated jizya, welcomed Hindus into eliminated jizya, welcomed Hindus into government positions. Sought to create a government positions. Sought to create a mixture of the religions, his “divine faith”-was mixture of the religions, his “divine faith”-was not successsful.not successsful.

Aurangzeb (1659-1707) broke policy of religious Aurangzeb (1659-1707) broke policy of religious tolerance. Imposed tax on Hindus, demolished tolerance. Imposed tax on Hindus, demolished several famous Hindu temples and replaced several famous Hindu temples and replaced them with mosques- deep hostility among them with mosques- deep hostility among HindusHindus

Goa was center of Christian missionGoa was center of Christian mission

Social:Social:Akbar sought to improve position of women by trying to Akbar sought to improve position of women by trying to

eliminate sati (Hindu women throw themselves on eliminate sati (Hindu women throw themselves on husband’s funeral pyre)husband’s funeral pyre)

Intellectual/Arts:Intellectual/Arts:Fatehpur Sikri- city planned and constructed by Akbar to Fatehpur Sikri- city planned and constructed by Akbar to

serve as capital. Even though the buildings had Islamic serve as capital. Even though the buildings had Islamic “character”, they had Indian elements, such as stone “character”, they had Indian elements, such as stone elephants. Later abandoned due to bad water supply.elephants. Later abandoned due to bad water supply.

Shah Jahan had to the Taj Mahal built to be his wife’s Shah Jahan had to the Taj Mahal built to be his wife’s tomb.tomb.

Interactions:Interactions:Foreign trade- establishment of trading outposts in IndiaForeign trade- establishment of trading outposts in India

Change:Change:In 1526, the Mughal Empire begins; will last In 1526, the Mughal Empire begins; will last

300 years300 yearsGradually over the course of the dynasty, Gradually over the course of the dynasty,

more and more of India is united until almost more and more of India is united until almost the whole subcontinent was united except for the whole subcontinent was united except for a small region at the southern tipa small region at the southern tip

Increased foreign trade; formation of trading Increased foreign trade; formation of trading outposts at citiesoutposts at cities

Continuity:Continuity:Like the Delhi Sultanate before, all rulers Like the Delhi Sultanate before, all rulers

during the Mughal dynasty were Muslim during the Mughal dynasty were Muslim

Political Political

• East India Company takes advantage of East India Company takes advantage of Mughal weakness to expand trading Mughal weakness to expand trading posts, where merchants won official posts, where merchants won official rights to rule.rights to rule.

• Enforced rule with small British army and Enforced rule with small British army and large number of Indian troops- sepoys large number of Indian troops- sepoys

The Sepoy Mutiny- 1857The Sepoy Mutiny- 1857

• Sepoys receive new rifle cartridges in Sepoys receive new rifle cartridges in animal fat. British told them to tear it off animal fat. British told them to tear it off with their teeth: Hindu would not with their teeth: Hindu would not because what if it came from cows, because what if it came from cows, which they held sacred. Muslim would which they held sacred. Muslim would not because what if it came from pigs, not because what if it came from pigs, which they considered foul.which they considered foul.

• After Sepoy Mutiny, British gov’t took away control from East India Company and imposed direct imperial rule

• The Indian National Congress (1885) was a group of well-educated Indians who started the path towards independence

• Joined forces with the All-India Muslim League in 1916

EconomicEconomic

• British empire of India grew out of mercantile British empire of India grew out of mercantile activities of the East India Company- activities of the East India Company- monopoly on English trade with India. monopoly on English trade with India.

• British encouraged cultivation of tea, coffee, British encouraged cultivation of tea, coffee, and opiumand opium

• British colonial rule transformed the British colonial rule transformed the production of cotton production of cotton

ReligionReligion

• Sati- the practice of widows burning Sati- the practice of widows burning themselves on their husbands’ themselves on their husbands’ funeral pyresfuneral pyres• This was common among upper-class This was common among upper-class

Hindus; this custom was banned in Hindus; this custom was banned in 1829 under pressure of E.I.C. 1829 under pressure of E.I.C.

SocialSocial

• Ram Mohan Roy- “the father of modern Ram Mohan Roy- “the father of modern India.” he helped create a sense of Indian India.” he helped create a sense of Indian identity, and wanted a society based on identity, and wanted a society based on modern European science and Indian tradition modern European science and Indian tradition of devotional Hinduismof devotional Hinduism

• Supported end of sati, and worked with Supported end of sati, and worked with Christian reformers to improve status of Christian reformers to improve status of womenwomen

InteractionInteraction• Interaction between Interaction between

India and British India and British started with trade in started with trade in the British East India the British East India CompanyCompany

• Because of British rule, Because of British rule, India became more India became more connected with the connected with the global economic global economic network network

Art/IntellectualArt/Intellectual

• British built expensive railroad and British built expensive railroad and telegraph networks that tightened telegraph networks that tightened links between India and the rest of links between India and the rest of the worldthe world

ChangesChanges

• British colonialism in India brought an end to British colonialism in India brought an end to empire ruleempire rule

• British rule also brought new inventions to British rule also brought new inventions to India, making them a bit more industrializedIndia, making them a bit more industrialized

• Some of India’s customs were changed or Some of India’s customs were changed or banned because they did not fit with British banned because they did not fit with British laws or values laws or values

ContinuitiesContinuities

• India had cultivated many of the crops long India had cultivated many of the crops long before the British had come, but British rule before the British had come, but British rule transformed the production of crops like transformed the production of crops like cottoncotton

• India’s religions continued (Hindu and Muslim) India’s religions continued (Hindu and Muslim) even though Britain tried to bring in Christian even though Britain tried to bring in Christian missionaries missionaries

1914 - PRESENT1914 - PRESENT

Timeline• 19141914-Start of Great War-Start of Great War• 19201920-Non-Cooperation Movement under Mohandas Gandhi-Non-Cooperation Movement under Mohandas Gandhi• 19301930-Civil Disobedience Movement led by Gandhi-Civil Disobedience Movement led by Gandhi• 19351935- Government of India Act- Gave India institutions of a self-governing state- Government of India Act- Gave India institutions of a self-governing state• 19461946- Day of Direct Action- Day of Direct Action• 19471947- Indian Independence and Partition into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan;- Indian Independence and Partition into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan;

Establishment of democratic ruleEstablishment of democratic rule• 1947-1991947-1991- Cold War- Indian nonalignment1- Cold War- Indian nonalignment• 1966-19771966-1977- Indira Gandhi as prime minister; - Indira Gandhi as prime minister;

“ “Green Revolution”- increased agricultural yields, but increased Green Revolution”- increased agricultural yields, but increased povertypoverty

• 19741974- India explodes first atomic bomb- India explodes first atomic bomb• 19981998- Indian National Congress (Congress Party) is replaced by Hindu - Indian National Congress (Congress Party) is replaced by Hindu

nationalist partynationalist party

IndiaIndiaPoliticalPolitical•Indian National Congress—national political partyIndian National Congress—national political party•Muslim League-> competition with Congress Party for powerMuslim League-> competition with Congress Party for power•Independence from Great Britain 1947Independence from Great Britain 1947•Divided into India and Pakistan to solve conflict between Hindus and Divided into India and Pakistan to solve conflict between Hindus and MuslimsMuslims•Established world’s largest democracyEstablished world’s largest democracy•Battle for KashmirBattle for Kashmir•Nonalignment during Cold WarNonalignment during Cold War•Resentment towards China after revolt in Tibet failed-> fought over Resentment towards China after revolt in Tibet failed-> fought over unclear borders in 1962unclear borders in 1962

EconomicEconomic•Main export- textiles and clothingMain export- textiles and clothing•Boycott of British cloth, source of wealth for BritishBoycott of British cloth, source of wealth for British•The Salt MarchThe Salt March•Green Revolution- increases agricultural yields worldwideGreen Revolution- increases agricultural yields worldwide

ReligionReligion•Mainly Hindu populationMainly Hindu population•One million died in migration of Muslims to Pakistan and Hindus to India after One million died in migration of Muslims to Pakistan and Hindus to India after partitionpartition•Conflict between Hindus and Muslims—power struggle-> fear of one dominating the Conflict between Hindus and Muslims—power struggle-> fear of one dominating the otherother

SocialSocial•Civil disobedience led by GandhiCivil disobedience led by Gandhi•Importance of caste system in societyImportance of caste system in society•Women gains equality in Constitution of IndiaWomen gains equality in Constitution of India•Overpopulation leads to policy of involuntary sterilization by governmentOverpopulation leads to policy of involuntary sterilization by government

InteractionInteraction•Globalization and incorporation into world tradeGlobalization and incorporation into world trade•Did not choose sides during Cold WarDid not choose sides during Cold War

Arts/ AccomplishmentsArts/ Accomplishments•English official language in education and governmentEnglish official language in education and government•Spinning wheel on flag represented importance of textiles in IndiaSpinning wheel on flag represented importance of textiles in India•Achieved independence from Great Britain. Achieved independence from Great Britain.

ChangesChanges• Indian independence in 1947 ended Indian independence in 1947 ended

almost 90 years of British imperial rulealmost 90 years of British imperial rule• India divided into Hindu India and India divided into Hindu India and

Muslim PakistanMuslim Pakistan• After its independence, India begins to After its independence, India begins to

modernize and by 1974 tests its first modernize and by 1974 tests its first nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons.

• Hindu Nationalist Party replaces Indian Hindu Nationalist Party replaces Indian National Congress who was in power National Congress who was in power since 1947since 1947

• Role of women changed- can now Role of women changed- can now participate in all kinds of activities— participate in all kinds of activities— school, politics, media, etc— compared school, politics, media, etc— compared to previous ideals such as sati.to previous ideals such as sati.

ContinuitiesContinuities• After independence, established After independence, established

democratic rule and has democratic rule and has maintained it to this daymaintained it to this day

• Religious conflict between Hindu Religious conflict between Hindu and Muslims still existand Muslims still exist

• Overpopulation, despite Indira Overpopulation, despite Indira Gandhi’s attempt in birth control Gandhi’s attempt in birth control policiespolicies

• Poverty is widespreadPoverty is widespread• Battle for region of Kashmir- which Battle for region of Kashmir- which

has a Hindu leader with a majority has a Hindu leader with a majority Muslim populationMuslim population

• Resentment between India and Resentment between India and China over Tibetian incidentChina over Tibetian incident

the end.