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Ocean Inhabitation in the Face of SeaAn Architectural Response to Rising Sea

Michael Barrin


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Copyright Statement

All material within this publication is copyrightprotected and cannot be re-printed or usedwithout the authors prior permission.

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Acknowledgements There are a number of people I would like to thank for various reasons.

My family, Mark, Ann, Jamie, and Emma, thank you for your unwaveringsupport throughout both of my architectural degrees and all theopportunities you have given me.

Throughout the duration of this thesis I was fortunate enough to have thewonderful Jacqueline McIntosh as my supervisor. Her wisdom, dedication,positive encouragement and outstanding guidance allowed me to realisethe potential of my research aims. A special mention must also be madeto my former supervisor Diane Brand for guiding me towards this pieceof research and assisting in key design decisions at the beginning of thisresearch project.

I would also like my flat mates, Chris, Hamish, Jamie, Matt and Stephanfor putting up with me as I hid in my room and went slowly crazy.

Finally I would like to thank my partner, Mecaela, for her love and supportthroughout my university studies.

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Chapter 5: Design Phase One ........................................................................................................ 455.1 Ocean Inhabitation Introduction .............................................................................................. 115.2 Comparing Ocean Inhabitation Solutions ............................................................................. 115 .3 Fo rm Development .......................................................................................................................... 135.4 Floating Community Simulations .............................................................................................. 115.5 Process of Inhabitation ................................................................................................................... 135.6 Interchangeable Dwelling Arrangemants ...........................................................................115 .7 Cons truc ti on Ana ly si s ...................................................................................................................... 135 .8 Deve loping an Aesthe ti c ................................................................................................................ 135 .9 It er at ive Mode ll ing .........................................................................................................................115.10 Floating Community Concept ..................................................................................................115.11 Design Critique ................................................................................................................................115.12 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26

Chapter 6: Design Phase Two ........................................................................................................ 106.1 Amphibious Community Introduction ............................................................... 116.2 Comparing Amphibious Dwelling Solutions ........................................................................ 116.3 Process of Inhabitation ................................................................................................................... 136.4 Intertidal Amphibious Community Simulation ................................................................... 136.5 Arrangements and Connections ................................................................................................ 116.6 Aerodynamic Testing of Different Geometries ................................................................... 116.7 Visualising the Intertidal Amphibious Community ......................................................... 116.8 Design Critique .................................................................................................................................... 136.9 Experts in Marine Design ...................................................................................................................116.10 Summary & Reflection ...................................................................................................................... 26

Chapter 7: Design Phase Three .................................................................................................... 107.1 Ampibious Community Development Introduction ........................................................ 117.2 Reappropriating Marine Technology ....................................................................................... 117.3 Design Iteration One ....................................................................................................................... 117 .4 Design I te ra ti on Two ....................................................................................................................... 117.5 From a Monohull to a Catermaran ............................................................................................ 117 .6 New Form Development ............................................................................................................... 137 .7 New Design Concept .....................................................................................................................7 .8 Design I te ra ti on Three ..................................................................................................................... 137.9 Testing Scale at 1:1 ...........................................................................................................................11

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1.1 DESIGN PROBLEM

As a result of climate change, there is a risk that sea levels in Wellington could rise by as much as twometres by 2100

- Assessing the Implications of Sea Level Rise : Wellington City Council, 2009

Such an event could see the destruction of over 5,000 homes in the Wellington Region alone. Unfortunatelythis is not an isolated event. Climate change is now widely regarded as the key global issue of the 21stcentury. Long gone is the perception that global warming is a myth. There is now a general internationalagreement, supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence, that the global climate is changingat an accelerated rate and that human-driven emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere is themain factor driving this trend. Global warming is causing land ice to melt at significant rate, major regionaltemperature changes as well as increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Arguablythe most devastating impact of climate change on the human civilisation will be a rapidly increasing risein global sea levels.


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1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A research through design strategy has been employed in the creation of this thesis. Through undertakingan extensive literature review and case study analysis a specific set of design criteria have been developed.A highly iterative design process has then been employed in order to produce a successful solution toboth the research question and the established design criteria. Constant testing, simulations, analysisand critiques have been undertaken to identify and reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of eachdesign evolution. Once an appropriate solution was identified an extended development period was thenundertaken before a resolved design strategy which could successfully mitigate the impact of climatechange driven sea level rise on the coastal city and its residents was presented.

The scope of this design research is the architectural design of a residential dwelling solution to sealevel rise. It does not include the urban ramifications of such a solution, nor does it attempt to identify thepsychological effects the disaster or the solution on the resident.


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2.1 COASTAL CITIESFor the first time in history more than half the worlds population live coastal cities located on the ocean periphery or indeltaic areas.1 The meeting of the city and the littoral zone, the body of ocean extending from the high tide shoreline out200m to sea,3 is identified as one of the most important environmental juxtapositions of the 21st century.4 In the case ofNew Zealand, Our long-term association with lowland coastal regions dates back to early Maori settlements which werealmost exclusively established in coastal areas because of access to kaimoana, seafood, and the ease of coastal travelon waka. European immigrants also found harbours ideal places to settle because they afforded sheltered ports for seatransportation networks. As a result a vast majority of New Zealands population lives in coastally located cities and towns.6It has been said that, the sea is a harsh mistress, for where it once provided our ancestors with the ideal location for living,global warming is now causing sea levels to rise at an unprecedented rate, placing these same coastal cities at seriousrisk of inundation.

2.2 SEA LEVEL RISEIn 2007 the Fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identified in their report, Projections of GlobalAverage Sea Level Change for the 21st Century, that sea levels could rise by as much as 600 millimetres by the end of thiscentury. In the six years since this report, significant advances have been made in the understanding of how climate changeis contributing to sea level rise, allowing for greater accuracy in future sea level rise (SLR) predictions. The most recent

international conference on sea level rise, the Association of Pacific Rim Universitiess (APRU) International Workshop onCoastal Cities Climate Change and Sea Level Rise found that the global sea level is projected to rise upwards of 1.4 metresby 2100. This projection supports the earlier studies of Rahmstorf, 2007: Horton, et al., 2008 and Pfeffer, et al., 2008 eachsimilarly finding that global sea level increases of 1.6 to 2.0m by 2100 cannot be ruled out.7

In addition to inundating low-lying coastal areas, increasing ocean temperatures and rising sea levels will also dramaticallyincrease the vulnerability of coastal regions. Potential risks include flooding caused by storm surges, tsunamis, extremeastronomic tides as well as an increase in the frequency and intensities of tropical cyclones and hurricanes.9,10 In TheImpact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries (2007) Dasgupta identifies that even a single 1m rise in global sealevels would cause the destruction of trillions of dollars worth of infrastructure and assets and result in the displacementof hundreds of millions of people.8 It is therefore abundantly clear that strategies must be implemented now in order toreduce mass resident displacement and minimise the overall impact of climate change driven sea level rise on coastalareas.

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An accommodation strategy could consist of floating or amphibious dwellings, kinetic architecture or soft infrastructure.There are a number of current examples of sea level rise accommodating architecture such as the amphibious house-boat communities throughout Europe, Cua Van Village in Vietnam and Koh Panyee Village in Thailand. An accommodationsolution could be introduced into the coastal city incrementally at an affordable rate when compared to kilometres oftowering sea walls or a complete city relocation. Therefore when considering Nekooies criteria, an accommodationstrategy should prove the most successful for a great majority of coastal regions. In the case of Wellington, a recent councillead study identified that of all the strategies Wellington residents were heavily in favour of an accommodation strategyfor the coastal city of Wellington.22

2.4 ACCOMMODATION - LIVING WITH SEA LEVEL RISEA great majority of the literature and research on living with water has been conducted at Delft University of Technologyin the Netherlands or by European firms such BACA Architects or Waterstudios.NL. Throughout this literature, five sub-categories of ocean dwellings have been established; amphibious house boats; floating homes; tidal dwellings; oceandwellings and conventional marinas.24 In order for coastal city residents to accept these ocean-going residences as viablehomes for the future, Koen Olthuis founder of WaterStudios.NL, advises that floating homes need to become equivalent totraditional homes in every respect: in comfort, in quality and in price. Only then will residents want to live permanently inlow-lying coastal areas free from the fear losing their homes, possessions and even lives to sea inundation.

Through removing the permanent connection between dwelling and site, a resilient dwelling solution becomes a productthat can be occupied by different owners for a range of uses throughout its lifetime. According to Deleuze and Guattari, anaccommodative community can therefore be a considered a nomadic form of living, for it would dissolve the establishedconditions that we associate with the permanence of shelter and occupation.29 Nomadic life however, does not mitigateour social norms; it is instead a life that offers great potential to create them.30 Psychology throughout history has comparedliving on the water with the aspiration of living in a symbiotic relationship with nature, much closer than would ever bepossible on dry land. Many cultures also identify water as both the creator and destroyer of life.26 The obvious example ofcourse is the biblical story of Noahs ark.

Forming a water community creates a variety of different challenges to creating a community on dry land. The mostobvious of which is that unlike land, the sea is in a constant state of change making circulation and stability significantchallenges. Another issue is the occupation of the inter-tidal area, between high and low tides. Both of these issues willneed to be explored and resolved through the development of this design research.

A vast majority of the literature and examples of sea level rise accommodation are in sheltered ocean environments.Alarmingly 75% percent of coastal cities at risk of sea level rise are fully exposed to the unpredictable ocean, includingWellington the study area of this thesis.25 Sea-ready architecture appears to have been largely ignored, with the exceptionof major industrial and marine projects. There is a significant gap in the literature which would benefit from redress in orderto allow for these exposed regions to begin their preparations for sea accommodation.


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Brand, D. Bluespace: A Typological Matrix for Port Cities. Urban DesignInternational, 2007: pg 69

Timmerman, P. Coastal Cities in the Context of Global Environmental Change.Global Environmental Change, Volume 7, Number 3, 1997: pg 207

Oxford Dictionaries. Definition of Littoral Zone in English. 2013. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/littoral_zone. par 1

Olthuis, K. & D Keuning. Float: Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion andClimate Change. Amsterdam: Frame, 2012. pg 40

FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-LevelRise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 605

Dawe, I. Sea Level Rise A New Zealand Context. Greater Wellington RegionalCouncil, 2009: pg 1

Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti CoastDistricts. Victoria University of Wellington (2012): pg 3

Dasgupta, S. et al. The Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Developing Countries: AComparative Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no 4136, 2007.pg 44

FitzGerald, D. Fenster, M. Britt, A. & Buynevich, L. Coastal Impacts Due to Sea-LevelRise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol 36, 2008: pg 607

UNFCCC. Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaption in DevelopingCountries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2007): 1-68.Retrieved March 2013 from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf. pg 8

RIBA. Designing for Flood Risk. Royal Institute of British Architects, Climate ChangeToolkit (2011): 1-36. pg 5

IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change(2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1.htm. pg 2

Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization asa Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University TeknologiMalaysia, 2011: pg 6

IPPC. Is Sea Level Rising? IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change(2007): Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/faq-5-1.htm. pg 8

Carson, K. et al. Adaptive Urbanism: Sea Level Rise & Urban Development.Auckland: Stephenson & Turner, 2012. Retrieved from http://stephensonturner.com/uploads/misc/AdaptiveUrbanismBooklet_web.pdf. pg 22

Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? :The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of CivilEngineers (2009): pg 6

Nekooie, M. et al. Evaluating the Performance of Amphibious Urbanization asa Climate Change Adaptation Strategy by Pest Analysis. University TeknologiMalaysia, 2011: pg 8

Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Changeand Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association ofPacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org/news/item/359-the-apru-international-workshop-on-coastal-cities-and-sea-level-rise. pg 6

Robinson, D. et al. Facing Up to Rising Sea Levels: Retreat? Defend? Attack? :The Future of our Coastal and Estuarine Cities. Building Futures, Institution of CivilEngineers (2009): pg 6

Woodruff, D. & Falk, J. International Workshop on Coastal Cities, Climate Changeand Sea Level Rise. University of California San Diego. San Diegio: Association ofPacific Rim Universities, 2012. Retrieved March 2013 from http://apru.org pg 6

Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , NotBlocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg19

Evans, L. et al. Perceptions of Sea Level Rise in Wellington City and Kapiti CoastDistricts. Victoria University of Wellington(2012): pg 15

Sussman, P. Bouyant Market: Are Floating Homes the Future of Housing. 2007.CNN.com/technology. . par 6

Baker, R. Modern Flood Management is About Living with Rising Water , NotBlocking it Out. The Architects Journal (2008): pg 19.

Hanson, S, R Nicholls, and N Ranger. A Global Ranking of Port Cities with HighExposure to Climate Extremes. Climate Change (2011): pg 100

Pasternack, R. Aquatecture: Water-based Architecture in the Netherlands. DelftUniversity of Technology (2009): Masters Architecture Thesis. pg 5

Desfor, G., Laidley, J., Stevens, Q., & Schubert, D. Transforming Urban Waterfronts:Fixity and Flow. New York: Routledge, 2011. pg 16

Rotmans, J. The Floating City into an Ocean of Opportunities. Urgenda (2008): pg 8

Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. Nomadology: the war machine. New York: Semiotext,1986. pg 2

Bowman, P. Ocean As Place For Urban Life: Building on Water to Combat UrbanCongestion & Climate Change. Victoria University of Wellington (2011): ArchitectureMasters Thesis.

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3.1 EUROPEAN HOUSE BOATS :Steigereiland Ijburg _ Amsterdam, Netherlands

Commonly regarded as the most appropriate solution to accommodating sea level rise in the coastal city, houseboats and amphibious houses line the shores of many major European and North American cities includingLondon, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Vancouver and Seattle.1 2 3

Developed in 2003, Steigereiland Ijburg in the Netherlands possesses the largest community of these floatingand amphibious homes with over seventy five residences.4 Similar to a marina berth, each of these dwellings arerigidly connected to a network of floating walkways surrounded by a number of breakwaters. The house boatscan then rise and fall with the changing tides without excessive rocking due to the tamed littoral environment.

Unfortunately there is no company currently mass producing these floating homes, therefore each house boathas been completely custom designed making the dwellings unaffordable for most people, given the advancedtechnical solutions for buoyancy and water-tightness concerns.7

In order to restrict excessive ownership of Amsterdam waterways, the local government has placed strictmaximum measurements on these floating homes; 7 x 10m floor plan with a 1.5m draught beneath the waterline.5Because of the size restrictions most of these floating homes have been constructed three stories high so as toensure a similar floor area to those of traditional Dutch homes. Unfortunately in doing so the centre of mass inmany of these designs is much higher than that required to ensure balance and stability. As a result, when aboat passes by or when multiple occupants stand in one corner of the dwelling its not uncommon for the floatinghome to lean over uncomfortably.8

What can be gleaned from this precedent is that the height of a floating dwelling should be proportional to itswidth and the centre of mass should be as low as possible in order to ensure stability and user comfort not onlyin calm waters but also in choppy seas. Prefabricating these dwellings would also increase the affordability andappeal of this form of solution to resident displacement as a result of inundation.

Figure 5 :Ijburgs Achievement of Key Criteria

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Affordability

Customizablity LittoralRelationship

ArchitecturalDistinction

Resilience

Stability


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3.2 FLOATING DWELLINGS :Cua Van Village _ Halong Bay, Vietnam

Located in Halong Bay in Vietnam, the World Heritage site of Cua Van Village is considered one of the worldsmost iconic floating communities.1 Cua Van consists of almost 200 independent floating homes and boats witha total of roughly 800 residents.2 The village also has its own floating school and community centre. The villagewas formed sixty years ago when due to rising sea levels and the steepness of terrain in the area residents wereforced to leave their land based homes and develop a unique floating community.3

Located dozens of kilometres from the mainland city of Bai Chay, the residents of Cua Van Village have noland ownership and their main livelihood is fishing, aquaculture and more recently tourism. Circulation throughthe community occurs by boat or raft. Unlike house boat communities and most marinas, the floating villageis without power or infrastructure. Waste is therefore dumped directly into the same body of water that thecommunity rely on to gather their food supply.4

The key strength of the Cua Van Village as a case study for this thesis is its dynamic relationship between theresident and the ocean in which they occupy. As the floating homes are not connected and have only one anchorpoint beneath the oceans surface, changes in the littoral environment, such as waves, wind and currents cangreatly inform the spatial relationships between the floating dwellings throughout the village, see Figure 14.

Similar to coastal communities across the globe the life of the Cua Van fishing village is under serious threat asa result of climate change. Violent storms are increasing in frequency and severity, killing fish, damaging homesand equipment and in rare cases sinking a few of the communities floating homes.5 Unfortunately due to thedesign and poor construction of a number of the homes, the floating dwellings of Cua Van village are not resilientto the changing environment, placing growing numbers of residents and their families at risk.

Cua Van clearly indicates that a community can actually exist without a strict connection to the land. The villagesheritage listing and the staggering numbers of tourists annually also illustrates an vast interest in the possibilityof living in a symbiotic relationship to the ocean. This case study primarily reiterates the importance of ensuringadaptability to changing conditions when designing an ocean dwelling community.

Figure 10 :Cua Vans Achievement of Key Criteria

Affordability



Resilience

Stability


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3.3 TIDAL DWELLINGS :Koh Panyee Village _ Phung Nga Bay, Phuket, Thailand

The settlement of Koh Panyee was established by nomadic Malay fishermen and their families at the end ofthe 18th century. During this time, land ownership in Thailand was strictly limited to only those of Thai nationalorigins. The immigrants were able to circumvent this law by constructing a delta community consisting of stilthouses, floating platforms and floating dwellings on the bay in the shelter of Panyee island.1 The settlement hasnow grown to over 1500 residents with almost 200 residential dwellings as well as a mosque, primary school,restaurant, market, recycling station and a floating football field.2

It is the adaptability of this community to suit the changing littoral environment which determines its relevance asa case study. Koh Panyee is subject to a two metre tidal range with very strong incoming and outgoing currentsdue to its location at the intersection of two major rivers to the North and Phung Nga Bay to the South. Half thecommunity is constructed on stilts three metres above ground level. The remainder of the community floats andmoves with the currents at high tide before dropping to rest in the mud at low tide, see Figures 16 and 18.2

Unfortunately the village has been unable to sustain itself on fishing alone in recent decades. The communitiesneed to house its growing population as well as the fact that power is four times the price of the mainland due tothe complexities of retrofitting reliable services across the bay has caused Koh Panyee to turn to tourism in orderto survive.4 During the dry season a constant stream of tourists now jet boat to the village from nearby Phuket.

I was fortunate enough to travel to Koh Panyee with my partner in July of this year and observe the dynamic tidalcommunity for myself. In doing so I learned that it is possible to live in an amphibious community capable ofoccupying both land and sea. This factor is especially important given that sea level rise is a gradual occurrence,therefore a resilient community can be constructed on land now, with the knowledge that it will be able tosuccessfully occupy the same location when it is inundated.

Figure 15 :Koh Panyees Achievement of Key Criteria

Affordability



Resilience

Stability


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3.4 MARINAS & MOORINGS :Evans Bay Marina _ Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand

Marinas are a popular occurrence in waterfronts throughout most major coastal cities. They provide an on waterlocation for the storage of keel boats, fishing boats and large multihulls. Similar to the purchasing of property,marina berths and moorings are able to be purchased for the exclusive use of an individual or a collectivegroup.1 Its common in most marinas for a number of berth owners to permanently live onboard their boat.

Evans Bay Marina the only facility in Wellington Harbour and the lower North Island of New Zealand withboth sheltered berths and private swing moorings. Storing a boat in a berth provides the occupant with easypedestrian circulation to shore through a system of jetties and gangways. Similar to most marinas, Evans BayMarina has a number berths with metered power and water services for those who are living permanently in themarina. These berths are more expensive due to their desirability. In contrast swing moorings are very affordableto purchase but they are only accessible by dingy, have no services and are completely exposed to the dynamiclittoral environment.

Specifically designed to withstand the harsh marine environment, yachts and boats are available in a wide rangeof different shapes and sizes to suit the needs any nomadically inclined individual. A significant portion of boatshave also been designed purely for speed rather than comfort, causing for their internal spaces to often becramped and dark, increasing discomfort levels for those susceptible to seasickness.3 Large seawalls havebeen constructed to shelter most marinas in order to reduce discomfort caused from the rocking motion of boats

as a result of sea movement. Unfortunately this often causes the water to become stagnant allowing trash andwaste to gather.

Although specifically designed for the ocean, boats generally make for uncomfortable permanent residences.Despite this there are a number of aspects of yacht and marina design, such as form, materials and marinetechnology could easily be adapted into a successful permanent dwelling solution. Services, pedestrian accessand generous internal spaces would need to be provided for all residences in order to improve the attractivenessof an ocean dwelling to the typical Wellington resident.Figure 20 :EB Marinas Achievement of Key Criteria

Affordability



Resilience

Stability


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3.5 SUMMARY & REFLECTIONEvent vel exeriti onsedi omnihit, consene ctore, nostis aut quam sequam re omnimust et et mint labo. Ut atqui ommodque peritias imi, to vellam re doloriam int odi volut et vellum ipsae nonseca tquasperiore nihilluptus moluptatestlame audia doluptaestio in pratiam nust, idipitatur remolup tatempo recaborrum dolupta sitiasp elestotatur autemrereriate eiur? Qui doluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inusandaeru mquati imil is qui iume dentur? Pid molesserum quature expedisciis eicatur soloreh entiunt aut harumsum illatur sequam int evelibus, nes sit et ma sum vellitatem nonsequ asperrum nimenis nonsed mod que pos utes eat dolum etur? Quis eationem nus, quos dis exere plibus molestius aut excest eat at ab inctectet ex erundamellaut volupta peresenisqui idit, sitatem estruptatur, ut untur? Fici qui aute esequi antemoluptae doluptasin pedque volest apistiost, cus doloriam, comnimus ratius mos am sequi temfaccusae con cum explabo restisque rescimfugia iusdae volut dem nectia et dolent ullabor epudips andessu ntibusc idisquam qui dolorum fuga. Olorumquiant dolorent ut unda plia aceati dit volorum eos ipissumque earuptat autatiuritia sinctate eum qui odit volorio.Rum expe prae non rem et quiantiosam, voluptatem nectatur, officia eos reribus


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4.1 WELLINGTON CITYLocated at the south-western tip of the North Island of New Zealand between the Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Rangewith a latitude of 41 17 South, Wellington is the southernmost capital city in the world.54 Wellington is the political centreof New Zealand and is internationally recognised for its creative arts and culture, as well as its frequent susceptibility togale force winds.55 With over 400,000 residents, Wellington is one of the most densely populated cities in New Zealanddue to the restricted amount of land available between the Wellington Harbour and the surrounding ranges. The city iscomposed of one core central business district with a number of smaller suburban townships scattered throughout thebanked hillsides or low lying coastal areas to the North, South and East.57 The region is prone to high seismic activity, witha major fault line running directly through the centre of the city. Residents typically experience several earthquakes everyyear.58 Despite this the 2010 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked the Wellington 12th best city in the world to live in.

Due to the low lying nature of a significant portion of Wellington city, a third of Wellingtonians live less than five metresabove current sea level, and a highly alarming 40,000 residents live less than two metres above current sea level.59 Theareas most at risk of inundation as a result of climate change driven sea level rise in Wellington City are the suburbs ofPetone, Kilbirnie and Seatoun, see Fig 30 - 33.

4.2 MAPPING STUDIESA comprehensive mapping study of these three sites at risk of inundation was undertaken to determine if a unique dwellingsolution would be required to mitigate the impact of sea level rise on each site, or if a single universal solution could bedesigned to cater for all three sites, see all maps in Appendix A.

Although the risk of inundation varies, the mapping analysis illustrates that a number of common factors are sharedacross these three sites. All three areas: are predominantly domestic settlements, have core vehicular arteries along theshoreline, have very exposed littoral environments with a similar ocean depth, and all three sites have very poor geologycomprised mainly of marine sediment which will likely result in large scale liquefaction once inundated. It has thereforebeen determined that as the sites share similar issues, a single design strategy to sea level rise in Wellington Harbour couldbe employed across all three sites. The median suburb of Kilbirnie, between the expansive Petone and the small suburbof Seatoun, has been selected as the core focus site for the remainder of this design research, with the understanding thatthe resolved solution could likely be adapted to suit the needs of other communities at risk of inundation.


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4.3 INTRODUCTION TO KILBIRNIEThe Wellington suburb of Kilbirnie lies three kilometres South-East of the city centre on the isthmus between Evans Bayto the North and the infamously windy Cook Strait to the South. Wind often funnels between the two large ranges thatflank the suburb resulting in the frequent grounding of planes at Wellington International Airport and large breaking swellswithin Evans Bay, see Figure 34. The low lying land mass on which the suburb of Kilbirnie now sits was initially formedin 1855 when a 8.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Wellington region causing for the flat strip of land to be raised fromthe harbour to connect the Miramar Peninsula, previously Miramar Island with Mt Victoria the rest of Wellington City, seeFigure 35. As a result most of the Kilbirnie community is constructed on porous land less than two metres above currentsea level.60

Kilbirnie is a largely domestic suburb with a permanent population of 6,400 residents.61 In comparison to the remainderof Wellington, Kilbirnie is a diverse and multi-cultural community, see Figure 37. The community has a much lowersocioeconomic status than the regional and national norm, with a significant number of residents living off governmentsupport. Most of the community lives in rented single story timber villas constructed prior to the Second World War, seeFigure 38. The average house price in Kilbirnie is $350,000, considerably lower than the Wellington average of $410,000, butnevertheless unaffordable for most Kilbirnie residents.62 A large collection of Kilbirnie community statistics can be foundin Appendix B.

From undertaking further urban analysis of Kilbirnie, the suburb can be divided into three clear sections; the historic lineargrid established by the New Zealand Company in the 1840s, the grid informed by the sites surrounding topography andthe land reclaimed, in 1900 and 1940, to the north of Kilbirnie as the community steadily grew, see Figure 39. The Kilbirniecommunity now possesses a number of anchoring features including the character shopping area of Bay Road, a numberof primary and secondary schools, a community recreation centre and sports field as well as a number of facilities whichcater for the wider region including, Wellington International Airport, Wellington Regional Aquatic Centre, the ASB SportsCentre and the Metlink Bus Depot , see Figure 40. The community also has a very rich maritime history in the neighbouringEvans Bay, see Figures 42-46.

Its interesting to note that the pre-1900 Kilbirnie shoreline is very similar to that which would be observed in the event ofa two metre sea level rise in Wellington Harbour by 2100. Such an event would see the inundation of over 400 homes, 3schools, 6 community buildings and over 60 retail and commercial buildings, destroying residents livelihoods throughoutKilbirnie , see Figures 47-54. In order to ensure social sustainability, the Wellington City Council recommends in Assessingthe Implications of Sea Level Rise: Kilbirnie Town Centre (2009) that priority is placed on ensuring the protection of importantcommunity and buildings a nd infrastructure over individual res idences which could b e removed incrementally as s ealevels rise, see Figure 41. After these old homes have been removed the resilient dwelling strategy designed through thisresearch could then be introduced to provide for permanent dwelling in a community with a previously uncertain future.

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Figure 35: Kilbirnie Community Anchor Points Figure 36: Proposed Plan for Inundated BuildingsFigure 34: Kilbirnie Urban Grid & Land Reclamation

Key: Key:Key:

R et ai l / Co mm er ci al R es id en ti alBuildings Which Must Be Protected1 90 0 Re cl am at io n H is to ri c Li ne ar G ri d

Cu ltu ra l / Rel ig io us Co mme rc ialBuildings Which Should Be Protected1 94 0 Re cl am ti on G ri d In fo rm ed B y Sh or el in e

R ec re at io na l / Co mm un it y A ir po rt

Buildings To Be Removed2013 Cu r rent Sho re l ine Gr id In formed By TopographyInstitutional Sea Level Sea Level

ASBCONVENTION

CENTRE

KILBIRNIELIBRARY

WELLINGTONAQUATICCENTRE

EVANS BAYMARINA

STPATRICKSCOLLAGE

STPATRICKSSCHOOL

STCATHERINESCOLLAGE

EVANS BAYINTERMEDIATE

EVANS BAYYACHTCLUB

WELLINGTONINTERNATIONAL

AIRPORT

KILBINRIEPARKB AY R O AD

Kilbirnie Urban Analysis


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Figure 46: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

4.5 KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE - STREET SCALE

Figure 47: Kilbirnie : 2050 - 0.7m Sea Level RiseSmall amounts of sea water pool near Evans Bay, buildingsat risk of inundation begin to be removed


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4.6 SUMMARY & REFLECTION

50 word summary, what is the most important stuff that will impact design.

Focus site of kilbirnie, similar enough

Kilbirnie is a very diverse community, variety of different household types, low socio economic

At risk of mass displacement as a result of inundation, 400 homes

Unpredictable, rough littoral environment, famously windy

City council recommends removing homes if need be and atteming to save larger important buildings.


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e your making?

ea to minimise dis-

her and city on

Very clear diagram of system at sea, to mini-mise impact of climate change

5.1 OCEAN INHABITATION INTRODUCTIONIn order to accommodate inundation from climate change driven sea level rise, the design position for the first phaseof design development in reaction to the research question, how can a resilient residential dwelling be designed forthe coastal city littoral zone, in response to the encroaching pressures of climate change?, was to ensure communityresilience through the creation of a network of interconnected floating dwellings which Kilbirnie residents could beginto occupy within the decade in order to adapt to the practicalities of living with and on the water prior to the inevitableinundation of the low lying Wellington suburb. This position is shared by the Dutch Housing Minister Sybilla Dekker, whorecently stated, You cannot fight water. You have to learn to live with it.

Through inhabiting the ocean, once sea levels rise to inundate the former community of Kilbirnie, the floating communitywould simply rise with the changing environment, see Figure ##. These floating dwellings would first occupy in existingmarine areas such as the Evans Bay Marina and Burnham Wharf due to the ease of access and serviceability, beforegradually growing backwards and eventually connecting with the existing city as sea levels incrementally rise, see Figure##.

Figure 50: Kcdsdcsdc


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5.4 FLOATING COMMUNITY SIMULATIONS

Figures 64 - 69:Two Anchor Point Floating Community Simula-

Key:

Wave DirectionWind Direction


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Rotational Moulding Plastic

Design and Fill Heat and Rotate Cool and Open

Figures 87, 88:The Rotational Moulding Process

HowRotationMouldingWorks


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5.8 DEVELOPING AN AESTHETIC

Figure 97: xccxcxxcxcxc


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5.9 ITERATIVE MODELLING

Figures 101 - 120:Early Iterative Concept Modelling


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Scale:

0 1 2

5.10 FLOATING COMMUNITY CONCEPT

After an extensive iterative modelling process an acceptable form was created that could be developed into the first floatingcommunity concept. The larger living module, inspired by the bow of a yacht and a stern of a catamaran, allows for wavesto be calmly dispersed around the form whilst ensuring a sheltered body of water is created between the arms of thedeck. The private modules on either side of the living module are able to articulate both vertically and horizontally, similarto shock absorbers on a car, ensuring that the deconstructed dwelling is always stable despite the constantly changinglittoral environment. A large number of these dwellings would be connected together through a system of gangways toallow simple access from the existing community out to the new resilient floating community.

Figures 125, 126, 127, 128: (Opposite)

Zefira - Designed and




Figure 121 : Koh Panyees Achievement of Key Cri-

Figure 123 :Living Module Ground Floor Plan Figure 124 :Private Module Ground Floor Plan

Figure 122 :Longitudinal SectionAffordability

Customizablity Littoral

Relationship


Resilience

Stability

1 8 0 0

5 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3500

8 0 0

6 0 0

6600 1800

DECK SHELTEREDOCEAN

WASH ROOMOR

BEDROOM

UTILITYBENCH

FRIDGE SEATING

SEATING

TABLE

STOVE

SINK

3000

Living Module : 25sqmPrivate Module : 10sqm x 2Exterior Space : 45sqmTotal : 80sqm


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5.11 DESIGN CRITIQUE3 Month Design Review - 9th May 2013

After three months of design research my first attempt at a resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city wasformally critiqued by, Professor Susanne Ware - Landscape Architect and Professor at the Royal Melbourne Institute ofTechnology (RMIT), Manfredo Manfredini - Architect and Senior Lecturer Auckland University and Professor Diane Brand -Urban Designer specialising in waterfront or Blue Space design, Dean of Creative Arts at Auckland University and formerhead of school at Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design.

Positives:

Negatives:

Moving Forward:

An interesting concept for an effect of climate change which does not seem to be getting a lotof media attention

The articulation system is very unique when compared to previous water dwelling examples

Providing the user with a variety of possible arrangement options through interchanablecomponents should assist in the difficult transition from land to sea dwelling

It is unlikely that Kilbirnie residents will be willing to live at sea unless they absolutely have to,could an amphibious solution be more appropriate?

The scale of the deconstructed dwelling may also be too small, efficiency and affordability isimportant but so too is comfort

Infrastructure and services should also be incorporated into the gangway system betweenthe floating units

Could the roof tops of the floating dwellings be publicly inhabited with private spaces below?

Materials other than plastic should also be introduced to provide a warmer dwelling space

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Figure 129: (Opposite)

A 1:2000 scale model of Kilbirnie illustrating thedevestation of a 2 metre rise in local sea level


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5.12 SUMMARY & REFLECTIONEvent vel exeriti onsedi omnihit, consene ctore, nostis aut quam sequam re omnimust et et mint labo. Ut atqui ommod queperitias imi, to vellam re doloriam int odi volut et vellum ipsae nonseca tquasperiore nihilluptus moluptatest lame audiadoluptaestio in pratiam nust, idipitatur remolup tatempo recaborrum dolupta sitiasp elestotatur autem rereriate eiur? Quidoluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inus andaeru mquati imil is quiiume dentur? Pid molesserum quature expedisciis eicatur soloreh entiunt aut harum sum illatur sequam int evelibus, nessit et ma sum vellitatem nonsequ asperrum nimenis nonsed mod que pos ut es eat dolum etur? Quis eationem nus, quosdis exere plibus molestius aut excest eat at ab inctectet ex erundam ellaut volupta peresenisqui idit, sitatem estruptatur,ut untur? Fici qui aute esequi antemoluptae doluptasin ped que volest apistiost, cus doloriam, comnimus ratius mos amsequi temfaccusae con cum explabo restisque rescim fugia iusdae volut dem nectia et dolent ullabor epudips andessuntibusc idisquam qui dolorum fuga. Olorum quiant dolorent ut unda plia aceati dit volorum eos ipissumque earuptatautatiuritia sinctate eum qui odit volorio. Rum expe prae non rem et quiantiosam, voluptatem nectatur, officia eos reribus


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6 2 COMPARING AMPHIBIOUS DWELLING SOLUTIONS


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6.2 COMPARING AMPHIBIOUS DWELLING SOLUTIONS

Standard Home Pile Dwelling House Boat Floating Dwelling Monohull Yacht Multihull Yacht De-constructed Dwelling

Affordabilit y Affordability AffordabilityAffordabilityAffordabilityAffordability

Affordability

Customizablity Customizablity CustomizablityCustomizablityCustomizablityCustomizablityCustomizablit y UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

UrbanRelationship

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land

Adaptabilityto Land








Resilience Resilience Res ilienceResilienceResilienceResilienceResilience

Dwelling on Land

6 3 PROCESS OF INHABITATION


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6.3 PROCESS OF INHABITATION

1

2

2

2

2

R

E

CB3

W

Ri sk of In undati on Purch ase of Re qui red Mod ul es De si red Pr og ramme Comp onen ts Re si len t Dwe ll ing O cean Inhabi tati on

70

Figure 151: Intertidal Amphibious Community Simulation

6 5 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONNECTIONS


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6.5 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONNECTIONS

In order minimise unnecessary urban sprawl, both on land and on sea, it is important that theform of resilient dwellings allows for efficient arrangement. Figures 158 - 162 illustrate howefficiently multiple geometry tessellations could be arranged if they had the same number ofunits and the same total floor area. From reviewing the scale diagrams it can be identified thatthe rectangular arrangement uses space the most efficiently, followed by the octagonal andextended octagonal arrangements. The next set of analysis analysed the possible connectionstrategies which could connect the multiple units of a single dwelling as well as connectionmethods from household to household. In order for the connections to be consideredsuccessful they must allow for articulation with the changing environment whilst also ensuringsafe circulation and serviceability throughout the community. Sliding connections have beenselected to connect individual dwelling units because of the solutions ease of circulation whilstalso ensuring efficiency when articulating. Rotating connections have been selected to connectentire dwelling households due to their ability to maximise the influence of the changing littoralenvironment on the arrangement of the community through full articulation.

Figures 163 - 165:Tethering ConnectionRectangular Arrangement

Hexagonal Arrangement

Octagonal Arrangement

Ext Octagonal Arrangement

Oval Arrangement Figures 166 - 168:Sliding Connection

Figures 169 - 171:Rotating Connection

Figures 158 - 162:

Yolla A Platform in Australias Bass Strait

Key:


Ar ran gements of Possible G eometries Conn ec tion Strategies

6 7 VISUALISING THE INTERTIDAL AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY


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6.7 VISUALISING THE INTERTIDAL AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY

Figure 190: Low Tide - Community Sits on Land Figure 191: Mid Tide - Community is Inundated but does not Float


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After determining to most appropriate connection methods and dwelling form for an amphibious community in theprevious research experiments a conceptual design for the coastal city at risk of sea level rise has been created. Thefocus for this concept was to design a working community network rather than a finalising the form and aesthetic of theresilient dwelling, see Figures 198 - 201. Figures 191 - 193 illustrate how this community alter during low and high tide. Thedesign is significantly larger than the previous solution proposed in phase one in order to provide a similar total floor areainternally and externally to that of a typical Kilbirnie villa, 200sqm against 250sqm, in order to increase the appeal of this


Affordability



Resilience

Stability

Figure 196 :Living Module Ground Floor Plan

Figure 195 :Longitudinal Section

1 8 0 0

5 0 0 0

8 0 0

6 0 0

6600 1800

STORAGE

DECK

SEAT

SINK

DECK

TABLE

TABLE

STOVE

3000

Figure 197 :Private Module Ground Floor Plan

3 0 0 0

4000


BED

W.C

SHOWER

DESK






6.8 DESIGN CRITIQUE


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Q5 Month Professional Review - 24th July 2013

After five months of design research my second attempt at a resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city wasformally critiqued by, Simon Twose - Architect, former Boat Builder, Lecturer and Director of Postgraduate Programmes atVictoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design and Phil Mark - Architect at Athfeild Architects.

Positives:


Zefira - Designed and Constructed at Fitzroy YachtsNew Plymouth, New Zealand (2010)

Negatives:

Moving Forward:

Both reviews agreed that an amphibious dwelling solution would be far more appropriate fora coastal city at risk of inundation than that of the first design phase

Similarities between exposure to others and exposure to the elements, public space whichis completely open down to semi-private and semi-sheltered space and down further to anenclosable and private dwelling space

The current forms are very simplistic and pod like, its currently an engineering solution ratherthan architectural one. How can the form interact with the changing littoral environment asopposed to purely attempting to sure user safety and comfort?

Can marine technology be introduced to improve areas of the design, is it worth approachingexperts in the marine industry for their opinions?

Begin considering the interiors of these dwellings. How will the user perceive the differentconditions, floating vs. grounded, high tide vs. low, calm vs. storm, Northerly vs. Southerly?

The user should also be able to control the amount of articulation that the dwelling incurs inorder to adjust the dwelling connection set up for different conditions.

-

-

-

-

-

-

6.9 EXPERTS IN MARINE DESIGN


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Design Disscusion with Experts in the Feild of Marine Design- 31st July 2013Following the advice from the design critique, I arranged to discuss my second design concept with two experts in theirrespective fields of the marine industry. The first meeting was conducted with Phillip Furr, Marine Engineer at TransfieldWorley and most recently the chief designer of the Yolla A oil rig accommodation platform for the Bass Strait, one of theroughest patches of ocean in Australasia, see Figure 206. The second meeting was undertaken at Fitzroy Yachts, one ofNew Zealands premier super yacht manufactures, with their head Naval Architect Michael Stuart, see Figures 207 - 209.The feedback from both experts has been combined below.

Positives:






Negatives:

Moving Forward:

Fixing anything permanently to the sea bed is very expensive, therefore by creating a floatingsystem with minimal anchor points will be a cost effective solution

Wellington Harbour experiences 8 million waves a year. If the system was rigid it would fatiguevery quickly and break apart in less than a year regardless of construction. By allowing thedesign to articulate with the littoral environment the forces applied to the structure and its joints will be dramatically reduced and therefore significantly increasing the life span of thesolution

The toilets need to me in the same module as the bedrooms. Residents would not be safe

going to loo in the middle of the night otherwise. Guest bathrooms and laundries could beprovided for in a wider community module similar to that of a camp site

The units will be constantly bumping into one and other. Should incorporate an rubber bumpersystem similar to that of an inflatable dingy

Could yacht technologies be re-appropriated to assist in the design and construction of theamphibious dwelling?

When floating at sea there is a huge potential to utilise the dynamic ocean environment as asource of power generation.

Services can successfully incorporated through designed system with a series of umbilicalcables containing power, water and waste connecting each household unit to a main services

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

6.10 SUMMARY & REFLECTION


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Event vel exeriti onsedi omnihit, consene ctore, nostis aut quam sequam re omnimust et et mint labo. Ut atqui ommod queperitias imi, to vellam re doloriam int odi volut et vellum ipsae nonseca tquasperiore nihilluptus moluptatest lame audiadoluptaestio in pratiam nust, idipitatur remolup tatempo recaborrum dolupta sitiasp elestotatur autem rereriate eiur? Quidoluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inus andaeru mquati imil is quiiume dentur? Pid molesserum quature expedisciis eicatur soloreh entiunt aut harum sum illatur sequam int evelibus, nessit et ma sum vellitatem nonsequ asperrum nimenis nonsed mod que pos ut es eat dolum etur? Quis eationem nus, quosdis exere plibus molestius aut excest eat at ab inctectet ex erundam ellaut volupta peresenisqui idit, sitatem estruptatur,ut untur? Fici qui aute esequi antemoluptae doluptasin ped que volest apistiost, cus doloriam, comnimus ratius mos amsequi temfaccusae con cum explabo restisque rescim fugia iusdae volut dem nectia et dolent ullabor epudips andessuntibusc idisquam qui dolorum fuga. Olorum quiant dolorent ut unda plia aceati dit volorum eos ipissumque earuptatautatiuritia sinctate eum qui odit volorio. Rum expe prae non rem et quiantiosam, voluptatem nectatur, officia eos reribus


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7.1 AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTIONFollo ing the s ccess of the pre io s concept al d elling strateg an artic lating net ork of amphibio s nits this third


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Focus on articulation, marine tech-nology, construction and dynamic lit-toral relationship

Following the success of the previous conceptual dwelling strategy, an articulating network of amphibious units, this thirdphase in the design process will focus on developing this concept alongside the advice of the architectural reviewers andmarine experts. Although the strategy has been worked out, the architecture itself leaves much to be desired. Emphasiswill therefore be placed on iteratively developing of forms, layouts and ideas and critiquing them against the establisheddesign aims.

After analysing the feedback from the design critics and marine experts its believed that the most effective method ofdeveloping the amphibious dwelling concept would be to incorporate aspects of marine technology into my own design,see Figure ##. With over fifteen years of competitive sailing under my belt I have developed a clear understanding ofthe marine industry especially yacht design and construction. In comparison to land technology, which is largely aboutfixing and fastening, marine technology is about catering for flux and constant movement, allowing a sail to be trimmedthrough pulling a rope though a system of pulleys and cleats in order to go faster or lowering a venturi to drain water fromthe hull after a large wave. The work of Tom Kundig has been considered a key precedent when incorporating flux into aarchitectural design. What sets Kundigs work apart from other kinetic architects is his desire to express how the movementoccurs to the user through an intricate system of pulleys, wheels, chains and leavers, see Figures ## and ##.

Figure 207: Chicken Pot Cabin - Tom Kundig (2003)

Figure 208: False Bay Writers Cabin - Tom Kundig (2009) Figure 209: Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise


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Architectural Reappropriation- Make design














Moulded Hulls & FoilsDacron Sails Teak Decks

Moulding DiagramSail Areodynamic Diagram Deck Diagram

Gooseneck Gudgeon

Gooseneck Diagram Gudgeon Diagram

Extruded Spars

Extrusion Diagram

Universal Joint Venturi

Universal Joint Diagram Venturi Diagram

SpreaderStayFender

Spreader DiagramStay DiagramFender Diagram


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7.4 DESIGN ITERATION TWO


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After resolving how marine technology could be utilised to improve the articulation aspect of the resilient dwellingdesign, this second iteration focussed on developing a more appealing overall design aesthetic. When reviewingthe previous dwelling designs, its clear that the sleek and futuristic shell atheistic which was illustrated in Chapter5 has not yet been realised. This design iteration aimed to return to these themes whilst ensuring that occupantcould manage their level of exposure through the design of an enclosable deck, lovers and sliding door panels.The previous octagonal design has been heavily manipulated to remove the notion of an escape pod and providea design which can be occupied on a variety of different levels and a variety of different levels of exposure.Unfortunately attempting to produce an attractive design solution has come at the cost of stability and safety. Thedesign is highly unbalanced and has a strong potential to capsize in rough weather.


Affordability



Resilience

Stability



1 8 0 0

6 0 0


5 0 0 0

5 0 0 0

6600 1800

SINK

STOVE

TABLE

SEAT

SEAT

ENCLOSABLEDECK

DECK

DECK

3000






7.5 FROM A MONOHULL TO A CATERMARAN


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After designing an amphibious dwelling that had clear aesthetic appeal but was far too unstable for the unpredictableenvironment of Wellington Harbour, it was time to once again return to the drawing board. In designing a deconstructeddwelling, what I have essentially created is a flat based monohull yacht with a number of outriggers attached to eachside. Anyone who has ever sat in a dingy can testify that small monohulls are unstable and uncomfortable especially in ashort ocean chop. Star Architect Thomas Heatherwick recently encountered similar issues when designing a river boatfor a very wealthy client in Nantes, France. His solution to instability was simple, make it a catamaran. In comparison to amonohull, a catamaran, a boat consisting of two hulls, is very stable as the righting arm or the distance between points ofbuoyancy is much larger. They are also predominantly a lot lighter allowing them to float with a smaller body of beneaththe hulls. When designing his architectural solution for the River Loire, Heatherwick asked the question, can a whole boatbe made of its hull? This question along with Figures ## - ## convinced me that change was needed.

Figures 291 - 293:River Boat for River Loire, France - Thomas Heatherwick (2012)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.7 NEW DESIGN CONCEPT


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Figure 295: Initial Development Sketch of Final Design

Figure 297: Sketch Development of Western / Port Elevation

Figure 296: Early Sketch of Rear of Living Module

7.8 DESIGN ITERATION THREE


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This third design iteration focused on providing a realised version of the new development process and the previous designsketches. Consisting of two off kilter hulls the dwelling solution finds a middle ground between the appeal of symbioticrelationship with the littoral environment and ensuring safety and comfort through stability. When three private units areattached to a base living module the dwelling strategy is 16m long by 18m wide, with a total internal floor area of 110sqmand a further 120sqm of external area. The floor area of a typical Kilbirnie home is 130sqm with a 250sqm section(REF).Therefore the dwelling solution allows for a similar sized dwelling and recreation space in a total area almost half the totalsize of an average land package. reducing any notion of unnecessary urban sprawl. When developed further this thirddeveloped design iteration will successfully answer the research question and meet the design criteria established.


Affordability



Resilience

Stability



1 8 0 0

5 0 0 0

8 0 0

6 0 0

6600 1800

STORAGE

DECK

SEAT

SINK

DECK

TABLE

TABLE

STOVE

3000

Figure 302 :Private Module Ground Floor Plan

3 0 0 0

4000


BED

W.C

SHOWER

DESK






7.9 TESTING SCALE AT 1:1


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Figure 307 - 315:Living Module Ground Floor Scale Testing

7.10 DEVELOPED AMPHIBIOUS COMMUNITY SIMULATION


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Figures 325 - 330:nnhg Simulation

Key:


7.11 FINAL DEVELOPED DESIGNAfter an extensive iterative design process a resilient amphibious dwelling has been developed which successfully meetscriteria


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7.12 PLANS AND SECTIONS


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Figure 338: Kicdssccs

106

6 8 0 0

18000

1

7 5 0 0

21500

3 4 0 0

6500

7.13 DWELLING CONSTRUCTION


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diagram construction process

108

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Figure 340: Kicdssccs

7.14 USER CUSTOMISATION

Possible Dwelling Arrangements


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We now live in the age of the Iphone, the desire to show how unique we are has placed mass customisation at the forefront ofthe technological, fashion, automotive and now architectural industry (Reference). As a community, Kilbirnie is extremely diverse.Incomes, ages, cultures and household sizes vary dramatically throughout the suburb. Adaptability and user customisation hastherefore been placed as a key aim in the design of this resilient dwelling solution. A household is able to select any number ofmodules with a variety of different component configurations to choose from to suit their dwelling needs, see Figures ##-##. Thesolution is also available in any number of different colour and material options, both externally and internally, to suit the tastes ofthe residents and allow them to represent themselves in their new home, see Figure ##.

Living Module One

Sole Occupant Small Family Medium Family Large Family

Pr iv at e Mod ul e On e Pri vat e Mo dul e Two Pr ivat e Mo du le Thr ee

Living Module Configuration Options

Private Module Configuration Options

Living Module Two Living Module Three

Key:

Cooking

RelaxingEating

SleepingCleaning

7.15 REAPPROPRIATED MARINE TECHNOLOGY


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diagarms sectiosn showing how design changes, tides vs land, incam seas, in rough seas, show the shock absorber action.

114

Figure #:


7.16 DEVELOPING A BRAND


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When developing the resilient dwelling solution as a brand it seemed only appropriate to look to the marine environmentfor name and logo inspiration. Nautilus, greek for sailor, is a pelagic marine mollusk which has survived on our planet sincethe Triassic era. Similarly to my design the animal is able to enclose completely into its shell to protect itself or stretch outto move faster through ocean currents. This ability and given that the mollusk have survived on the planet for millions ofyears despite enormous changes in the global climate may Nautilus a perfect name for this dwelling solution. A logo hasbeen developed from the basic shape of a Nautilus into a circle divided into three sections, land, tide and representing thethree areas in which the dwelling solution has been designed to occupy, see Figures ## - ###.

Figures # - #:Kilbirnie : 2013 - 0m Sea Level Rise

Figures # - #:Key Stages in Logo Development

7.2 REAPPROPRIATING MARINE TECHNOLOGY

Logo Development

7.17 RESILENT DWELLING


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Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Calm EnvironmentFigure ##: Dinning with a View - Calm Environment

Figure #:


7.18 DYNAMIC SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS


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Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Calm Environment Figure ##: Dinning with a View - Storm Environment

7.19 DESIGN CRITIQUE8 Month Design Review - 10th Oct 2013

After eight months of design research my developed resilient solution for sea level rise in the coastal city was formally


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critiqued by, Tom Daniell - Architect and Head of Architecture and Design at the University of Saint Joseph in Macau China,and Professor Diane Brand - Urban Designer specialising in waterfront or Blue Space design, Dean of Creative Arts atAuckland University and former head of school at Victoria University of Wellington Faculty of Architecture and Design.

Positives:- kskssk- sjsjsjs- ssss

Negitives:- kskssk- sjsjsjs- ssss

Moving Forward:sssssxsxxssxsxssxxssxxs

7.20 SUMMARY & REFLECTIONEvent vel exeriti onsedi omnihit, consene ctore, nostis aut quam sequam re omnimust et et mint labo. Ut atqui ommod queperitias imi, to vellam re doloriam int odi volut et vellum ipsae nonseca tquasperiore nihilluptus moluptatest lame audiadoluptaestio in pratiam nust, idipitatur remolup tatempo recaborrum dolupta sitiasp elestotatur autem rereriate eiur? Qui


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p p , p p p p p Qdoluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inus andaeru mquati imil is quiiume dentur? Pid molesserum quature expedisciis eicatur soloreh entiunt aut harum sum illatur sequam int evelibus, nessit et ma sum vellitatem nonsequ asperrum nimenis nonsed mod que pos ut es eat dolum etur? Quis eationem nus, quosdis exere plibus molestius aut excest eat at ab inctectet ex erundam ellaut volupta peresenisqui idit, sitatem estruptatur,ut untur? Fici qui aute esequi antemoluptae doluptasin ped que volest apistiost, cus doloriam, comnimus ratius mos amsequi temfaccusae con cum explabo restisque rescim fugia iusdae volut dem nectia et dolent ullabor epudips andessuntibusc idisquam qui dolorum fuga. Olorum quiant dolorent ut unda plia aceati dit volorum eos ipissumque earuptatautatiuritia sinctate eum qui odit volorio. Rum expe prae non rem et quiantiosam, voluptatem nectatur, officia eos reribus


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4.7 SOMETHIN


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inundated kilbinrnie with dwellingsolution community.

Actually photo from up high


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interior large unit + changes


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energy saving options


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Services

5.14 SUMMARYEvent vel exeriti onsedi omnihit, consene ctore, nostis aut quam sequam re omnimust et et mint labo. Ut atqui ommod queperitias imi, to vellam re doloriam int odi volut et vellum ipsae nonseca tquasperiore nihilluptus moluptatest lame audiadoluptaestio in pratiam nust, idipitatur remolup tatempo recaborrum dolupta sitiasp elestotatur autem rereriate eiur? Quidoluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inus andaeru mquati imil is qui


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doluptur, is atio magnis et evellam dolestios eum exerrunti dolores am nulluptae lab inum inus andaeru mquati imil is quiiume dentur? Pid molesserum quature expedisciis eicatur soloreh entiunt aut harum sum illatur sequam int evelibus, nessit et ma sum vellitatem nonsequ asperrum nimenis nonsed mod que pos ut es eat dolum etur? Quis eationem nus, quosdis exere plibus molestius aut excest eat at ab inctectet ex erundam ellaut volupta peresenisqui idit, sitatem estruptatur,ut untur? Fici qui aute esequi antemoluptae doluptasin ped que volest apistiost, cus doloriam, comnimus ratius mos amsequi temfaccusae con cum explabo restisque rescim fugia iusdae volut dem nectia et dolent ullabor epudips andessuntibusc idisquam qui dolorum fuga. Olorum quiant dolorent ut unda plia aceati dit volorum eos ipissumque earuptatautatiuritia sinctate eum qui odit volorio. Rum expe prae non rem et quiantiosam, voluptatem nectatur, officia eos reribus


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Topics to Discuss,- May not be best solution for all areas, but a solution certainly needs to be found to mitigate impact of climate changedriven sea level rise.

- Focused on the design and technical solution for the residential community, rather than stretching to include wider urbanissue


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issue

- How could research be extended, where would the research go if you had more time. Towards the urban issue, howcould an entire community be protected, not just the dwellings. How would life style change, what would the psychologicaleffects be?

- what issues were discovered, how did you work through them. Working with a exposed littoral environment, adapting todifferent users, actually designing a solution which was as comfortable on sea as on land

- what gaps in the research are there? Very little on accommodation, even less on designing for exposed sea climate andlooking to marine industry for solutions. In general there is a lot of information on sea level rise and the solutions, but veryfew places have actually began implementing any serious changes.

1000 words max..


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List of FiguresChapter 1: Introduction to Research

CoverA th h t (2013)


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Authors own photo (2013)

Chapter 2: Literature Review

CoverAuthors own photo (2013)

Figure 1: Coastal Erosion in East Anglia, Northern IrelandRetrieved from http://www.literarynorfolk.co.uk/norfolk_coast.htm

Figure 2: Thames Estuary Barrier, London, UKRetrieved from http://charltonchampion.co.uk/2011/08/11/is-the-thames-barriers-visitor-centre-good-enough/

Figure 3: Maeslant Barrier, Hoel van Holland, NetherlandsRetrieved from http://www.seacityresearchnet.com/archives/1104

Figure 4: Floation New Orleans, TSI EngineeringRetrieved from http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/37403-mega-engineering-building-a-floating-city-video.htm

Chapter 3: Case Study

CoverCitation text ndnddnn

Figure 1: Describing textCitation text ndnddnn




ReferencesCitation

Citation


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Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation


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OCEAN FLOOR ANALYSIS


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Figure # :Kilbirnie Ocean Floor

EVANS BAY WELLINGTON HARBOUR

WORSER BAY

Key:

< 20m 4 - 7m15 - 20m 1 - 4m10 - 15m >1m7 - 10m

Figure # :Petone Ocean Floor Figure # :Seatoun Ocean Floor


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GEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS


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Figure # :Kilbirnie Geology

Key:

Greywackie SandstoneH ol oc en e Al lu vi um R ec la ma ti on L an df il lPleistocene SedimentsMarginal Marine Sediments

Figure # :Petone Geology Figure # :Seatoun Geology

KILBIRNIE SEA LEVEL RISE


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Figure # :0.75m Sea Level Rise - 2050 Figure # :1.2m Sea Level Rise - 2075 Figure # :2.0m Sea Level Rise - 2100

Key:

ResidentialCommercialInstitutionalSea Level

SEATOUN SEA LEVEL RISE


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Figure # :0.75m Sea Level Rise - 2050 Figure # :1.2m Sea Level Rise - 2075 Figure # :2.0m Sea Level Rise - 2100

Key:

ResidentialCommercialInstitutionalSea Level


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e

Income30

25

20 e

Transport to Work50

40

e

Resident Age30

25

20

KILBIRNIE COMMUNITY STATISTICS COMPARED AGAINST WELLINGTON AND NEW ZEALAND AVERAGES


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Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e

Wellington New Zealand

15

10

5

0$5,000 or Less $5,000-$10,000 $10,000-$20,000 $20,000-$30,000 $30,000-$50,000 $50,000 or More

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Location of Birth90

75

60

45

30

15

0New Zealand Born Overseas Born

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


30

20

10

0P ri va te V eh ic le P ub li c Bu s T ra in W al ke d or B ik ed W or ke d fr om

HomeDid Not go to

WorkCompany Vehicle

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


20

15

10

0

5

0 - 4 0 -1 1 1 2 -1 7 1 8- 2 4 2 5 - 34 3 5 -4 9 5 0 -5 9 6 0- 6 9 7 0 - 84 8 5+

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Type of Household80

60

40

20

0One Family Household Multi Family Household Group Household Sole Resident Household

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Residents per Household40

30

20

10

0One Resident Two Residents ThreeResidents FourResidents FIve Residents Six + Residents

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Bedrooms per Household50

40

30

20

0

10

O n e B ed r oo m T w o B ed r oo m s T h re e B e dr o om s F o ur Be d ro o ms F i ve + B ed r oo m s

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Cultural Diversity80

60

40

0

20

Eu ro pe an Ma ori P ac if ic As ia n O th erM-Est, Latin, African

Kilbinrie

P e r c e n t a g e


Religion20

0

4

8

16

12

Catholic Anglican Hindu Presbyterian Christian Islam Buddhist Methodist Pentecoastal Ratana

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Income

Graph # :Resident Age



michael first draft book

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