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Michael Dukakis

65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts

In off ice

January 6, 1983 – January 3, 1991

Lieutenant John Ker ry

Evelyn Murphy

Preceded by Edward King

Succeeded by William Weld

In off ice

January 2, 1975 – January 4, 1979

Lieutenant Thomas O'Neill

Preceded by Francis Sargent

Succeeded by Edward King

Member of the Massachusetts House of 

Representativesfrom the 13th Norfolk district

In office

January 3, 1965 – January 3, 1971

Preceded by Constituency established

Succeeded by Jon Rotenberg

Member of the Massachusetts House of 

Representatives

Michael DukakisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Michael Stanley Dukak is (/dʉˈkɑːk ɨs/; born November 3,

1933; Greek: Μιχαήλ Δουκάκης) served as the 65th and

67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and

1983 to 1991 respectively. He is the longest-serving

Governor in Massachusetts history and only the secondGreek American Governor in U.S. history, after Spiro

Agnew. In 1988, he was the Democratic nominee for 

President, but lost to Republican then–Vice President,

George H. W. Bush.

Contents

1 Early life and education2 Massachusetts governor 

2.1 First governorship (1975–1979)

2.1.1 Cabinet

2.2 Second gover norship (1983–1991)

2.2.1 Cabinet

3 1988 presidential cam paign

4 Post–presidential election

5 Electoral history

6 Family

7 References

8 Further reading

9 External links

Early life and education

Dukakis's father Panos (1896 –1979) was a Greek immigrant

from Adramyttion (Edremit),

[1]

in Turkey, which was then theOttoman Empire, who settled in Lowell, Massachusetts in

1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve

ears later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis'

mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was a Vlach-

Aromanian immigrant from Larissa;[2] she and her family

emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913. She was a

graduate of Bates College.[citation needed ]

 

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from the 10th Norfolk district

In office

January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965

Preceded by Sumner Kaplan

Succeeded by James Wheeler 

Personal details

Born  November 3, 1933

Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.

Political party Democratic

Spouse(s) Kitty Dickson

Alma mater Swarthmore College

Harvard University

Religion Greek Orthodox

Signature

Military service

Allegiance United States

Service/branch United States Army

Years of service 1955–1957

Governor Michael Dukakis at the

1976 Democratic National

Convention in New York City.

Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown.[3]

He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955, served in

the U.S. Army 1955–1957, stationed in Korea, and then

received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1960.

Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the

Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of 

America.[4] Dukakis began his political career as an elected

Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.[5]

Massachusetts governor

First governorship (1975–1979)

 Main article: Massachusetts gubernatorial election,

1974

After winning four 

terms to the

Massachusetts House

of Representatives

 between 1962 and

1970 (and winning the

Democratic

nomination for 

lieutenant governor in

1970[6]), Dukakis was

elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican Francis

Sargent during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to

 be a 'reformer' and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to

 balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking

office. He also had pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District

Commission (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to

hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks

reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own

 police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it

 provided minimal accounting. Dukakis' efforts to dismantle MDC failed in the legislature, where MDC had many

 powerful supporters. The MDC would later withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial

 primary.

Governor Dukakis was an amiable host to President Ford and Britain's Queen Elizabeth II during their visits to

Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States. He gained some notice as the only person i

the state government who went to work during the Blizzard of 1978, during which he went to local TV studios in a

sweater to announce emergency bulletins. Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and

Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world, and who were electrocuted by

Massachusetts 50 years earlier in 1927.

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During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and those of 23

second-degree murderers. Due to controversy engendered by some of these individuals having re-offended,

Dukakis curtailed the practice later, issuing no commutations in his last three years as governor.[7]

However, this performance did not prove enough to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property ta

rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Dukakis, despite being th

incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The state Democratic Party chose to

support Director of the Massachusetts Port Authority Edward J. King in the primary, partly because King rode th

wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in

Dukakis' ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were

unhappy with Dukakis' attempts to dismantle the powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police

and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, it was "a public death", according t

his wife Kitty.

Cabinet

The First Dukakis Cabinet

OFFICE NAME TERM

Governor  Michael Dukakis 1975–1979

Lt. Governor  Thomas P. O'Neill III 1975–1979

Secretary of Transportation Frederick P. Salvucci 1975–1979

Secretary of Communities and Development William G. Flynn 1975–1979

Secretary of Environmental Affairs Evelyn Murphy 1975–1979

Secretary of Consumer AffairsLola Dickerman

Christine Sullivan

1975–1976

1976–1979

Secretary of Human Services

Lucy W. Benson

Jerald Stevens

1975–1975

1975–1979

Secretary of Elder Affairs James H. Callahan 1977–1979

Secretary of Administration & Finance John R. Buckley 1975–1979

Secretary of Public Safety Charles V. Barry 1975–1979

Secretary of Economic Affairs Howard N. Smith 1977–1979

Secretary of Energy Henry Lee 1975–1979

Second governorship (1983–1991)

 Main articles: Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982 and Massachusetts gubernatorial election,

1986 

Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee

unions, Dukakis defeated King in a 're-match' in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his

Republican opponent, John Winthrop Sears in the November election. Future United States Senator and 2004

Democratic Presidential nominee John Kerry was elected lieutenant governor on the same ballot with Dukakis, an

served in the Dukakis administration from 1983–85.

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Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in

Massachusetts and simultaneously getting the reputation for being a 'technocrat'. The National Governors

Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surroundin

areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's mass transit system, especially major renovations

the city's trains and buses. He was known as the only governor who rode the subway to work every day.

In 1988, Dukakis and Rosabeth Moss Kanter, his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a

 book entitled Creating the future: the Massachusetts comeback and its promise for America, an examination

of the Massachusetts Miracle.[8][9]

Cabinet

The Second Dukakis Cabinet

OFFICE NAME TERM

Governor  Michael Dukakis 1983–1991

Lt. Governor John Kerry

Evelyn Murphy

1983–1985

1987–1991

Secretary of Transportation Frederick P. Salvucci 1983–1991

Secretary of Communities and Development Amy S. Anthony 1983–1991

Secretary of Environmental AffairsJames Hoyte

John DeVillars

1983–1988

1988–1991

Secretary of Consumer AffairsPaula W. Gold

Mary Ann Walsh

1983–1989

1989–1991

Secretary of Human ServicesManuel C. Carballo

Philip W. Johnston

1983–1984

1984–1991

Secretary of Elder Affairs Richard H. Rowland

Paul J. Lanzikos

1983–19871987–1991

Secretary of Labor  Paul Eustace 1983–1991

Secretary of Administration & FinanceFrank Keefe

L. Edward Lashman

1983–1988

1988–1991

Secretary of Public Safety Charles V. Barry 1983–1991

Secretary of Economic Affairs

Evelyn Murphy

Joseph Alviani

Grady Hedgespeth

Alden S. Raine

1983–1986

1986–1989

1989–1989

1989–1991

Secretary of Energy Sharon Pollard1983–1989

1988 presidential campaign

 Main articles: United States presidential election, 1988 and Democratic Party presidential primaries,

1988

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Using the phenomenon termed the "Massachusetts Miracle" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the

Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States in the 1988 United States presidential election,

 prevailing over a primary field that included Jesse Jackson, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Gary Hart, Joe Biden and

Al Gore, among others. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used Neil Diamond's ode to immigrants,

"America", as the theme song for his campaign. Famed composer John Williams wrote "Fanfare for Michael

Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under 

the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the Boston Pops) at that year's Democratic National

Convention. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. Dukakis chose Senator

Lloyd Bentsen of Texas to be his vice presidential running mate.

Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was

easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "Zorba the Clerk". Nevertheless,

Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George Bush, but in the second debat

Dukakis had been suffering from the flu and spent quite a bit of the day in bed. His performance was poor and

 played to his reputation as being cold. During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he

refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to The New York Times, "persistent

suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.[10]

Dukakis' general election campaign was subject to several criticism and gaffes on issues such as capital punishmenthe pledge of allegiance in schools, and most famously, the tank incident. During the campaign, Vice President

George H. W. Bush, the Republican nominee criticized him for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues,

calling him "a card-carrying member of the ACLU". Dukakis' support for a prison furlough program was a major 

election subject. During his first term as Governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-

degree murderers.[11] During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer William

"Willie" Horton,[12] who committed a rape and assault in Maryland after being furloughed. George H. W. Bush

mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative political action committee (PAC) affiliate

with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes"

which used a mug shot image of Horton, although the Bush campaign refused to repudiate it. That ad campaign wa

followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "Revolving Door", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program withou

mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term.

The issue of capital punishment came up in the October 13, 1988, debate between the two presidential nominees.

Because she knew the Willie Horton issue would be brought up, Dukakis's campaign manager, Susan Estrich, had

 prepared with Michael Dukakis an answer highlighting the candidate's empathy for victims of crime, noting the

 beating of his father in a robbery and the death of his brother in a hit-and-run car accident. However, when Berna

Shaw, the moderator of the debate, asked Dukakis, "Governor, if Kitty Dukakis [his wife] were raped and

murdered, would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer?" Dukakis replied, "No, I don't, and I think 

ou know that I've opposed the death penalty during all of my life", and explained his stance. After the debate,[13]

many observers felt Dukakis's answer lacked the passion one would expect of a person discussing a loved one'srape and death. Many– including Dukakis himself– believe this in part, cost him the election, as his poll numbers

dropped from 49% to 42% nationally that night. Other commentators thought the question itself was unfair, in that

injected an irrelevant emotional element into the discussion of a policy issue and forced the candidate to make a

difficult choice, while others believed that Dukakis dwelled too much on post-mortem reflections about this inciden

while the election was still in play in a way that was too self-effacing to the point of appearing self-pitying and

defeatist, which only served to demoralize his campaign and reinforce the image of him as a weak leader.

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This publicity image of Michael

Dukakis was taken to combat

criticisms that he would be soft

on issues of defense, but it

 backfired and seriously damaged

his presidential campaign when

many found it silly and unsubtle.

Presidential electoral votes by state.

Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversi

"Star Wars" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would

 become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite

differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988 Dukakis visited

the General Dynamics Land Systems plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan to

take part in a photo op in an M1 Abrams tank. The Prime Minister of the

United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher, had been photographed in a similar 

situation in 1986, riding in a Challenger tank while wearing a scarf.[14]

Compared with Dukakis' results, Thatcher's picture was very successful and

helped her reelection prospects.[15] Footage of Dukakis was used in

television ads by the Bush campaign, as evidence that Dukakis would not

make a good commander-in-chief, and "Dukakis in the tank" remains

shorthand for backfired public relations outings.[16] Although he had served

in the United States Army, Dukakis was widely mocked by his opponents

for what they characterized as martial posturing and a silly image.

The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election in an Electoral College landslide

to George H.W. Bush, carrying only 10 states and the District of Columbia.

Dukakis himself blames his defeat on the time he spent doing gubernatorial

work in Massachusetts during the few weeks following the Democratic Convention. Many believed he should have

 been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared,

his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign.

Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts.

Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford. H

also scored victories in states like Rhode Island, Hawaii, and Dukakis's home state of Massachusetts; Walter 

Mondale had lost all three, and since then, all three states have remained in the Democratic column for each

subsequent presidential election. He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points, an impressive feat in a state that had voted

Republican in the last five presidential elections. He won 43% of the vote in Kansas, a surprising showing in the

home state of 1936 Republican presidential nominee Alf Landon, Republican President Dwight Eisenhower, and

future Republican nominee Bob Dole. In another surprising showing, he received 47% of the vote in South Dakota

in Montana, Dukakis won 46% of the vote in a state that had voted over 60% Republican four years earlier.

Dukakis's relative strength in farm states was no doubt due to the serious economic difficulties these states were

facing in the 1980s, and it was the strongest showing in the Midwest for a Democrat since 1976.

Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed

to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming

since 1964 with a temporary reprieve with Jimmy Carter. He lost most o

the South in a landslide, with Bush's totals reaching around 60% in moststates. He was able to hold Bush to 55% in Texas, though this was mos

likely due to Lloyd Bentsen's presence on the ticket. He also carried

most of the southern-central parishes of Louisiana, despite losing the

state. He held onto the border state of West Virginia, and he captured

48% of the vote in Missouri. He also carried 41% in Oklahoma, a bigge

share than any Democrat since Jimmy Carter.

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Dukakis won 41,809,476 votes in the popular vote. He also received 40% or more in the following states:

Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland,

Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Sout

Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, and Vermont. Overall, the 1988 election showed a marked improvement in the popul

vote for the Democrats. While he lost the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) was narrower than Jimmy

Carter's in 1980 (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in 1984 (18.2%).

In 2008, he reflected on his defeat during an interview with Katie Couric, in which he said he "owe[d] the America

 people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man, we never would have heard of the kid, and we wouldn't

 be in this mess."[17]

Post–presidential election

Dukakis' final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increase

to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 

1990. He did not run for a fourth term in 1990; Boston University President John Silber won the Democratic

nomination, but lost the general election to Republican William Weld.

After the end of his term, he served on the board of directors for Amtrak, and became a professor of political

science at Northeastern University, a visiting professor of political science at Loyola Marymount University, and

visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the School of Public Affairs at UCLA. Along with a numbe

of other notable Greek Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership

 program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its new

Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.

Dukakis has developed a strong passion for grassroots campaigning and the appointment of precinct captains to

coordinate local campaigning activities, two strategies he feels are essential for the Democratic Party to compete

effectively in both local and national elections. In 2006, he and his wife worked to help Democratic candidate Dev

Patrick in his successful effort to become governor of Massachusetts. He did the same in 2012 for Democratic

U.S. Senate candidate Elizabeth Warren. He has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and hig

speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time

initiative in public schools.[18][19]

In August 2009, the 75-year old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim

successor to Ted Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death. [20][21] Instead, Gov. Patrick named Paul G

Kirk, the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special

election, to fill the seat.[22]

Electoral history

Mass achusetts gubernatorial election, 1974[23]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 992,284 53.50%

Republican Francis W. Sargent 784,353 42.29%

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Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1978[24]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Edward J. King 442,174 51.07%

Democratic Michael Dukakis 365,417 42.21%

Democratic Barbra Ackermann 58,220 6.72%

Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1982[25]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 631,911 53.50%

Democratic Edward J. King 549,335 46.51%

Mass achusetts gubernatorial election, 1982[26]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 1,219,109 59.48%

Republican John Winthrop Sears 749,679 36.57%

Mass achusetts gubernatorial election, 1986[27]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 1,157,786 68.75%

Republican George Kariotis 525,364 31.20%

1988 Democratic presidential primaries[28]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 9,898,750 42.51%

Democratic Jesse Jackson 6,788,991 29.15%

Democratic Al Gore 3,185,806 13.68%

Democratic Dick Gephardt 1,399,041 6.01%

Democratic Paul M. Simon 1,082,960 4.65%

Democratic Gary Hart 415,716 1.79%

1988 Democratic National Convention[29]

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Democratic Michael Dukakis 2,877 70.09%

Democratic Jesse Jackson 1,219 29.70%

Democratic Richard H. Stallings 3 0.07%

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Democratic Joe Biden 2 0.05%

Democratic Dick Gephardt 2 0.05%

Democratic Lloyd Bentsen 1 0.02%

Democratic Gary Hart 1 0.02%

US presidential election, 1988 (Popular Vote)

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Republican George H. W. Bush 48,886,597 53.4%

Democratic Michael Dukakis 41,809,476 45.6%

US presidential election, 1988 (Electoral College)

Party Candidate Votes Percentage

Republican George H. W. Bush 426 79%

Democratic Michael Dukakis 111 21%

Family

Dukakis is married to Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis. They have three children: John, Andrea, and Kara. During the

second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had

another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of actress Olympia Dukakis.[30]

The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in Brookline, Massachusetts,

where they both grew up, but live in Los Angeles during the winter while he teaches at UCLA. [31]

References

1. ^ Greek Americans: Struggle and Success (2nd edition), by Charles C. Moskos (page 176). Transaction

Publishers, 1989 (ISBN 0-88738-778-0, ISBN 978-0-88738-778-4). (http://books.google.com/books?

id=mcTvNg77kp4C&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=%22Edremit%22+%2B+%22panos+dukakis%22&source=bl&o

ts=f8Nc_ys9q5&sig=HV-

2HHLLpssqDiSxR9BcrVCd9Us&hl=en&ei=OuSjSZP_IpKWsQOm4cyzAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&c

=result)

2. ^ Bernard Weinraub (October 17, 1988). "Campaign Trail; Tapping Another Ethnic Group"(http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/17/us/campaign-trail-tapping-another-ethnic-group.html). The New York Time

Retrieved August 24, 2008.

3. ^ "Fanfares for Michael Dukakis" (http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/opinion/fanfares-for-michael-

dukakis.html), The New York Times, July 23, 1988. Retrieved February 5, 2008. "And then the candidate, once a

trumpeter in the Brookline High School band, took the podium and performed his own Fanfare for the Common

Man."

4. ^ Townley, Alvin. Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts

(http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531). New York: St. Martin's Press.

 pp. 192–196. ISBN 0-312-36653-1. Retrieved December 29, 2006.

5. ^ http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/

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6. ^ [1] (http://www.hri.org/hri/dukakis.html)

7. ^ "If you thought Duke's commutations were bad, be warned: Patrick's could be so much worse"

(http://news.bostonherald.com/columnists/view.bg?articleid=160964). Boston Herald . October 6, 2006.

8. ^ Butterfield, Fox (May 1, 1988)."What you see is what you get"

(http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all). The New York

Times. Retrieved April 14, 2012.

9. ^ Sheldrake, John (2003). Management theory (http://books.google.com/books?id=59Qi-X9PEgoC&pg=PA231).

London: Thomson Learning. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-86152-963-3.

10. ^ "Dukakis Releases Medical Details To Stop Rumors on Mental Health"(http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html?

 pagewanted=all), The New York Times, August 4, 1988.

11. ^ Oshinsky, David. "What Became of the Democrats" (http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/books/what-became

of-the-democrats.html?pagewanted=all), The New York Times (October 20, 1991): "In 1976 the state legislature

 passed a bill that would have ended the furloughs of first-degree murderers. Governor Dukakis, as the Edsalls po

out, vetoed it. A strong advocate of prisoners' rights, he contended that the bill would 'cut the heart out of efforts

at inmate rehabilitation.'"

12. ^ Crime, Risk and Insecurity" ed. Tim Hope and Richard Sparks, p. 266 

13. ^ "The Debates (http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/9/27/103737.shtml)" Susan Estrich,

September 2004

14. ^ BBC - Radio4 - Today/The Fate of Tanks(http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/tank.shtml)

15. ^ 100 Photographs that Changed the World by Life - The Digital Journalist

(http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm10.html)

16. ^ [2] (http://www.apoliticus.com/tag/george-bush/)

17. ^ "Dukakis Defends Obama Campaign" (http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4386669n). CBS News.

18. ^ "Make the school day a full day (http://www.ocregister.com/articles/school-day-expanded-2015970-children-

massachusetts)", The Orange County Register , April 11, 2008.

19. ^ "[3]

(http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/

20. ^ Lehigh, Scot (August 21, 2009). "Who should fill Kennedy's seat?"

(http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/The Boston Globe.

21. ^ "Kennedy successor to be appointed" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8269945.stm). BBC News Online.

September 22, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2010.

22. ^ "Paul Kirk to fill Kennedy's Senate seat"

(http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/24/kennedy.replacement/index.html). CNN. September 24, 2009.

Retrieved May 12, 2010.

23. ^ Our Campaigns - MA Governor Race - Nov 5, 1974 (http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?

RaceID=51798)

24. ^ Our Campaigns - MA Governor - D Primary Race - Sep 19, 1978

(http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=51795)

25. ^ Our Campaigns - MA Governor - D Primary Race - Sep 14, 1982(http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=51799)

26. ^ Our Campaigns - MA Governor Race - Nov 2, 1982 (http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?

RaceID=24524)

27. ^ Our Campaigns - MA Governor Race - Nov 4, 1986 (http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?

RaceID=24521)

28. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 1, 1988

(http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55210)

29. ^ Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 18, 1988

(http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=58504)

30. ^ IMDb (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/bio) — Biography for Michael Dukakis. Retrieved October 18

7/28/2019 Michael Dukakis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/michael-dukakis-wikipedia-the-free-encyclopedia 11/12

6/25/13 Michael Dukakis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis 1

2009.

31. ^ www.presidency.ucsb.edu (http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17959) The American

Presidency Project, a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California, Sant

Barbara. — Appointment of Katharine D. Dukakis as a Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.

December 19, 1989. Retrieved October 18, 2009.

Further reading

David Nyhan. 1988. Duke: The Inside Story of a Political Phenomenon. ISBN 0-446-35454-6

Stephen J. Ducat. 2004. The Wimp Factor . Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3. pp. 84–99.

Margaret Carlson. June 20, 1988. "A Tale of Two Childhoods"

(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967701,00.html). Time.

External links

Official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governors Biography (http://www.mass.gov/portal/government-

taxes/laws/interactive-state-house/historical/governors-of-massachusetts/commonwealth-of-massachusetts-

1950-present/michael-stanley-dukakis-born-1933.html)

Michael Dukakis (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/) at the Internet Movie Database

Michael S. Dukakis (http://www.polisci.neu.edu/faculty_staff/fulltime_faculty/dukakis/) at the Northeastern

University Department of Political Science

Michael Dukakis (http://www.spa.ucla.edu/dept.cfm?d=up&s=faculty&f=faculty1.cfm&id=59) at UCLA

The Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988)

(http://www.library.neu.edu/archives/collect/findaids/m32find.htm) are located in the Northeastern Universit

Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.

The Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990)

(http://www.lib.neu.edu/archives/collect/findaids/m87find.htm) are located in the Northeastern UniversityLibraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.

Dukakis discusses presidential debates (http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/dukakis-discusses-presidential-

debates-1.577632) as reported in the Harvard Law Record 

Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's Morning Joe: The Scoop on 'Boogie Man'

(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#26901579)

7/28/2019 Michael Dukakis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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6/25/13 Michael Dukakis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Party political offices

Preceded by

Kevin White

Democratic nominee for Governor of 

Massachusetts

1974

Succeeded by

Edward King

Preceded by

Edward King

Democratic nominee for Governor of 

Massachusetts

1982, 1986

Succeeded by

John Silber

Preceded by

Walter Mondale

Democratic nominee for President of the

United States

1988

Succeeded by

Bill Clinton

Political offices

Preceded by

Francis Sargent

Governor of Massachusetts

1975–1979

Succeeded by

Edward King

Preceded by

Edward King

Governor of Massachusetts

1983–1991

Succeeded by

William Weld

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Dukakis&oldid=559875394"

Categories: 1933 births American academics American Civil Liberties Union people American educators

American people of Greek descent People of Aromanian descent

Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Distinguished Eagle Scouts

Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States Governors of Massachusetts Greek Orthodox Christians

Harvard Law School alumni Harvard University alumni Living people Massachusetts Democrats

Massachusetts lawyers Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives

 Northeastern University faculty People from Brookline, Massachusetts Swarthmore College alumni

United States Army soldiers United States presidential candidates, 1988

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