methods of classifying into a certain kingdom: 1 ... · methods of classifying into a certain...
TRANSCRIPT
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CH. 22
PROTISTS
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METHODS OF CLASSIFYING
INTO A CERTAIN KINGDOM:
1. prokaryote OR eukaryote
2. single OR multi celled
3. autotroph OR heterotroph
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6 Kingdoms
1. Eubacteria—prokaryotes; single cell; heterotroph
2. Archaebacteria—prokaryote; single; hetero or auto
3. Protist– eukaryote; single; hetero or auto
4. Fungi—eukaryote; multi; hetero (by decomposing)
5. Plants—eukaryote; multi; auto
6. Animals—eukaryote; multi; hetero (by ingesting)
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Bozeman Video--Eukarya
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bo0QHAS-x8A
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3 types of PROTISTS:
1. animal-like (protozoans)
2. plant-like (algae)
3. fungal-like (slime molds)
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Fig. 22-1, p.350
Tiny Critters, Big Impacts
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Protistans are Unlike Prokaryotes
Have a nucleus and organelles
Have proteins associated with DNA
Use microtubules in a cytoskeleton,
spindle apparatus, and cilia and flagella
May contain chloroplasts
May divide by mitosis and meiosis
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Difficult to Classify
Historically a catch-all kingdom
Differ enormously from one another in morphology
and life-styles
Molecular and biochemical comparisons are
clarifying the evolutionary picture
Protistans are not a monophyletic group
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Giardia (a Diplomonad)
Internal parasite of humans, animals
Survives outside of body as cysts
Ingested cysts release trophozoites that attach to intestinal lining
Causes giardiasis
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Fig. 22-3b, p.353
Giardia
(a Diplomonad)
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Euglenoids:
Evolutionary Puzzle
Some heterotrophs
Most have chloroplasts like green algae and plants
Have flagella like flagellated protozoans
Related to flagellated protozoans
Acquired chloroplasts by endosymbiosis
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Figure 22.4a
Page 354
Euglenoid Body Plan
pellicle mitochondrion Golgi body
ER
nucleus
eyespot
long flagellum
contractile vacuole chloroplast
nucleus
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Fig. 22-4a, p.354
Euglenoid Body Plan
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Trypanosomes (Kinetoplastids)
free flagellum
basal body
of flagellum
nucleus
mitochondrion
undulating
membrane
Trypanosoma brucei causes African
sleeping sickness
T. cruzi causes Chagas disease
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Amoeboid Protozoans (Sarcodina)
Move by means of cytoplasmic streaming and pseudopods
Naked amoebas
Foraminiferans
Heliozoans
Radiolarians
Rhizopods
Actinopods
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Ciliates (Ciliphora)
All heterotrophs
Arrays of cilia allow
movement and direct
food into oral cavity
Diverse life-styles
Hypotrich
Paramecium
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Body Plan of Paramecium
food vacuole
food residues being ejected gullet cilia trichocysts (“harpoons”)
contractile vacuole filled micronucleus
macronucleus
contractile vacuole emptied
Fig. 22-7a, p. 356
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Ciliate Conjugation
Most ciliates have two different nuclei
Large macronucleus
Smaller micronucleus
Micronucleus participates in sexual reproduction
(conjugation)
Partners exchange micronuclei
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Fig. 22-9b, p.358
Flagellated
Protozoans
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Dinoflagellates
Most are single photosynthetic cells
Important component of phytoplankton
Each has two flagella
Algal bloom is population explosion of dinoflagellates
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Apicomplexans Parasitic
Complete part of the life cycle inside specific
cells of a host organism
Many have elaborate life cycles that require
different hosts
Many cause serious human disease
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Malaria
Most prevalent in tropical and subtropical parts
of Africa
Kills a million Africans each year
Caused by four species of Plasmodium
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes
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sporozoite
sporozoites
merozoite
male gametocyte in red blood cell Fig. 22-11, p.359
Plasmodium Life Cycle
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Chrysophytes (Chrysophyta)
Mainly free-living photosynthetic cells
Contain chlorophylls a, c1, and c2
Four groups:
- Golden algae - Diatoms
- Yellow-green algae - Coccolithophores
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Fig. 22-12a, p.360
Chrysophytes (Chrysophyta)
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Diatoms
Fig. 22-12, p. 360
Major component of
the phytoplankton
Silica shell of two
overlapping parts
Sediments rich in
diatom remains
quarried for many
uses
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Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
1,500 species
Most abundant in temperate
seas
Contain chlorophylls a and c,
and fucoxanthin
Range in size from tiny
filaments to giant kelps
Macrocystis
Fig. 22-13, p. 361
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Fig. 22-13b, p.361
Brown Algae
(Phaeophyta)
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Oomycotes
Large egg cell forms inside oogonium
Saprobic decomposers, parasites, pathogens
• Water molds
• Downy mildews
• White rusts
• Phytophthora
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Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
4,100 species
Most abundant in tropical seas
Can grow at great depths (phycobilins)
Complex life cycles may include very different forms
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Fig. 22-18, p.363
Red Algae
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Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
7,000 species
Resemble plants
Chlorophylls a and b
Starch grains in chloroplasts
Cell walls of cellulose,
pectins
Ulva
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Fig. 22-19b, p.364
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
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Fig. 22-19c, p.364
Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
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Fig. 22-21, p.366
Amoeba
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