methodology (for ccp techwrite)

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Chapter III



Methodology

Outlines the entire research plan,describing what will be done, how it willbe done, what data will be needed, whatdata-gathering devices will be used, howsamples will be selected, and themethod of analyzing the data



Basic Content of Chapter 3

Research Design and MethodSampling DesignInstrumentationData Gathering ProcedureData Analysis Plan



Research Design

The arrangement of conditions for thecollection and analysis of data that isrelevant and will best address theresearch purpose



Types of Research Design

Descriptive - provides an accuratedescription of a situation or anassociation between variables fromwhich one can make some statementsabout a certain group or population.

e.g. purely descriptive, comparative andcorrelational



Types of Research Design

Experimental - a problem-solving approachthat determines what will be the effectwhen certain variables are controlled or

manipulated. It is a research wherein onemanipulates or controls one or morevariables.

Characteristics:a. Manipulation b. Controlc. Randomization (assigning participants)



Variables

a characteristic or attribute of anindividual or organization that can bemeasured or observed by theresearcher and that varies amongindividuals or organizations studied(i.e. weight, anxiety level, age, height..

Etc.)



Types of Variables

Independent - anything which iscontrolled and manipulated andapplied on another thing (dependentvariable)

Dependent - anything exposed to or

upon which treatments or actions fromthe independent variables are applied



Research Methods

Techniques researchers use to structurea study and to gather and analyzeinformation relevant to a researchquestion.



Types of Research Methods

Quantitative - a research method wherethe researcher decides what to study;asks specific questions; collects

quantifiable data from the participants;analyzes these numbers using statistics;and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased,objective manner.



Types of Research Methods

Qualitative - a research method wherethe researcher relies on the views of theparticipants; asks broad and general

questions; collects data consistinglargely of words (texts) from participants;describes and analyzes these words forthemes; and conducts the inquiry in a

subjective, unbiased manner.



Sampling Design

Includes explanation of how theresearcher selected his sample.

Sampling - process of selectingindividuals who will participate in thestudy.



Population and Sample

Population - a group of individuals whohave the same characteristics. (e.g. allNursing students)

Target population - a group of individualswith some common definingcharacteristics that the researcher can

identify and studySample - is a sub group of the targetpopulation. Any group in whichinformation is obtained.



Sampling Design

Define the population.Describe the size and characteristics ofthe sample that will be drawn from thepopulation.Explain the sampling techniques whichwill be used and the rationale behind

each.Describe the sampling procedure,including the actual computation of the

sample.



Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling - researcherselects individuals from the populationwho are representative of that

population.

Non-probability Sampling - where the

researcher selects individual becausethey are available, convenient andrepresent some characteristics theinvestigator seeks to study.



Types of Probability Sampling

Simple Random - most popular andmost rigorous of all. It is when everyindividual has an equal chance of

being selected from the population assample.Systematic Sampling – where the

researcher chooses every nthindividual until the researcher reachesthe desired sample size.



Types of Probability Sampling

Stratified Sampling - where theresearcher divides the population onsome specific characteristics (e.g.

gender) and then use simple randomsampling on each group.Multistage Cluster Sampling - where

the researcher chooses a sample intwo or more stages because either theresearcher cannot easily identify thepopulation or the population isextremely large.



Types of Non-ProbabilitySampling

Convenience Sampling - the researcherselects participants because they arewilling and available to be studied.

Result will likely be biased. Snowball Sampling - the researcherasks participant to identify others to

become members of the sample(referral).



Types of Non-ProbabilitySampling

Purposive sampling - where theresearcher sets criteria based inselecting sample.



Instrumentation

Includes a detailed explanation andstep by step process the researchertook and underwent to come up with a

valid and reliable instrument forcollecting data.



Data GatheringInstruments

Questionnaire – Free-answer, MultipleChoice or Rating ScaleSet of questions for interview

Checklist Anecdotal recordsCumulative records

Psychological TestsBiophysiological records (results oflaboratory exams)



Instrumentation

Describe the instrument to be used, itsparts and how it will be validated.Indicate whether it’s standardized or

researcher-made/non-standardized.If the instrument is patterned after aninstrument designed by a researcher in

another study, the researcher must beacknowledged and the modificationsmade must be described.



Instrumentation

In case of experimental type ofresearch, the materials and equipmentto be used for the experiment should be

described.If the tool is researcher-made, describehow it was formulated.



Steps in Instrumentation

Identify variables from Statement ofthe ProblemBrainstorm on questions to be asked

to answer minor problems in theStatement of the Problem Arrange questionsDecide on the type of instrument to beused (e.g. whether questionnaire,checklist, etc. )



Steps in Instrumentation

Subject Instrument for Content(Psychologists) and TechnicalValidation (English Expert)

Revise InstrumentConduct Pre-testFinal Revision



Data-Gathering Procedure

Present the steps to be followed in datacollection.Discuss the rationale for choosing themethod.



Data Gathering Procedures

InterviewSurveyBusiness Correspondence (letter)Observation



Data Analysis Plan

Indicate the statistical treatments to beused to answer each research question.Tests of hypothesis must also bespecified.Dummy tables may be included ifdesired.



Criteria for Evaluating Chapter3

The method of research should beappropriate to the problem.The sampling procedure should bedescribed clearly.The sampling design should beappropriate to the problem.

The data analyses plan should beappropriate.



Criteria for Evaluating Chapter3

The researchers should design aninstrument appropriate to the study.The ethical considerations in conductingthe study should be explained.The data gathering procedure should beclearly explained.

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