metallographic etch

7/25/2019 Metallographic Etch

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Metallographic Etch's Database File

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml cold-saturated (in distilled water) sodiumthiosulfate solution and 1g potassiurn metabisulfite.Procedure:Imersion at room temperature for 40-10 s.Remars:Color etching. !errite colored brown. Carbides" phosphidesand nitrides remain white" nitrides remain white. #hosphorus rich areasoutlined.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g potassium metabisulfite" 1g sulfamic acid"100 ml distilled water.Procedure:Imersion at room temperature for ,0-40 s.Remars:Color etching. !errite colored. Carbides" phosphides andnitrides remain white. &ulfides colored white. #hosphorus rich areasaoutlined.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g potassium metabisulfite and 10 g sodiumthiosulfate" anh'drous" in 100 ml distilled water (use after 4 /-picralpre-etch).Procedure:#re-etch with 4 / picral" 1- min. Imersion at roomtemperature for min (until surface turns bluish red).Remars:Color etching. &pectacular coloration of ferrite grains as afunction of cr'stallographic orientation.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)

Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte): ml h'drochloric acid (,5 /)" 0.5 ml selenicacid and 100 ml eth'l alcohol (5 /).Procedure:fter polishing" immerse for 5- min. If pre-etching in /nital" immersion time is shorter -, min at room temperature.Remars:Color etching. Cementite colored red-bright. !errite remainsbright. #hosphides and silicon colores blue-green.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):1 g sodium mol'bdate in 100 ml distilled water2

acidif' to p3 .5 to , with nitric acid (use after nital pre-etch).Procedure:#re-etch with / nital. Immerse at room temperature for,0-45 s.Remars:Color etching. #hosphides and cementite colored 'elow-orange. &ulfides remains light gra'. !errite remains white.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):1 g sodium mol'bdate and 100-500 mgammonium bifluoride in 100 ml distilled water2 acidif' with nitric acid to

p3 .5 to ,.5 (use after nital pre-etch).Procedure:#re-etch with / nital. Immersion at room temperaturefor ,0-45 s.Remars:Color etching. #hosphides and cementite colored blue-iolet. !errite colored white-'ellow.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml reagent (40 g sodium thiosulfate" 4 glead acetate and ,0 g citric acid in 1000 ml distilled water (use afterammonium persulfate pre-etch)) plus 00 mg sodium nitrite.Procedure:#re-etch in / nital. Immersion at room temperature untilsurface turns blue-iolet.Remars:Color etching. #hosphides colored 'ellow-brown. &ulfidesappear bright. ll other phases colored blue--iolet.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 g sodium thiosulfate" ,0 g citric acid and0-5 g cadmium chloride in 1000 ml distilled water.

Procedure:#re-etch in / nital. Immersion at room temperature(after filtering sulfur particles) for 0-0 s.Remars:Color etching. fter short immersion time (0-40 s)" onl'ferrite is colored (red or iolet). fter longer immersion time" all phasesare colored phosphides" brown-orange2 ferrite" 'ellow or light blue2cementite" red-iolet or blue.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.,+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):1 g sodium metabisulfite2 dilute to 100 ml withdistilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for 0-10 s.

Remars:Color etching. Colors lath-t'pe and plate-t'pe martensite in!e-C allo's.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 g acetone sodium bisulfite2 dilute to 100 mlwith distilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for up to 10 s.Remars:Color etching. Colors the martensite in !e-C allo's.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml cold-saturated (in distilled water) sodiumthiosulfate solution and 1g potassiurn metabisulfite.Procedure:Irnmersion at room temperature for 40-10 s.Remars:Color etching. Colors pearlite and hardened structures ofunllo'ed steels. !errite colored brown-blac (dar red-dar iolet)"carbides" phosphides and nitrides remain white.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

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Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml cold-saturated (distilled water) sodiumthiosulfate solution and 5 g thiosulfate.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature. $tching time depends onind of steel.Remars:Color etching. !or Mn" Mn-C" Mn-Cr steels. $psilonmartensite remains white2 alpha martensite is colored blac. ama ironis colored gra'.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.

4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g potassium metabisultite in 100 ml distilledwater.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for -, min.Remars:Color etching. Colors ferrite grains. 6eeals bandedstructures. sed in carbon and allo' steels.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:Microetching

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g potassium metabisulfite" 1g sulfamic acid"100 ml distilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for ,0-10 s.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon" allo' and manganese steels.Colors ferrite grains. Carbides and phosphides remain white.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g potassium metabisulfite and 10 g sodiumthiosulfate" anh'drous" in 100 ml distilled water (use after 4 /-picralpre-etch).

Procedure:#re-etch with 4 / picral for 1- min. Immersion at roomtemperature for min.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon" allo' and !e-Mn (5-17 / Mn)steels.6eeals Chemical and ph'sical heterogeneit'" ferrite grains" carbides"nitrides" phosphides remain white. Immerse 4-5 min for 8line8 etching.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):&toc solution 15 9 h'drochloric acid (,5 /)and distilled water" 100 ml of the stoc solution plus 0.5-1 g potassiummetabisulfite.

Procedure:100 cc etchants : g ammonium bifluoride : 1 gpotassium metabisulfite. Immersion at room temperature for 5-7 s.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon" allo' and tool steels. Martensiteis colored blue. %ainite is colored red.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte): ml h'drochloric acid (,5 /)" 0.5 ml selenicacid and 100 ml eth'l alcohol (5 /).Procedure:fter polishing" immersion at room temperature for 5-

min. fter nital pre-etching" immerse for shorter time -, min.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon and tool steels. Carbides coloredred to blue. Colors nitrided ;one in nitriding steels. !errite remainsbright.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):1 g sodium mol'bdate and 100-500 mgammonium bifluoride in 100 ml distilled water2 acidif' with nitric acid top3 .5 to ,.5 (use after nital pre-etch).Procedure:#re-etch in nital. Immersion at room temperature for ,0-0s.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon and allo'" steels and some toolsteels. Carbides colored brown-iolet. !errite colored white-'ellow"depending on the amount of ammonium bifluoride.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml reagent (40 g sodium thiosulfate" 4 glead acetate and ,0 g citric acid in 1000 ml distilled water (use after

ammonium persulfate pre-etch)) plus 00 mg sodium nitrite.Procedure:#re-etch in / nital. Immersion at room temperature untilspecimen surface turns blue-iolet.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon and allo' steels and some toolsteels. &ulfides in free-cutting steels colored white. ll other phasescolored blue-iolet.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: Carbon steels" alloy steels" tool steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 g sodium thiosulfate" ,0 g citric acid and0-5 g cadmium chloride in 1000 ml distilled water.Procedure:#re-etch in / nital. Immersion at room temperature

(after filtering sulfur particles) for 0-0 s.Remars:Color etching. !or carbon and allo' steels. &ulfides remainbright. *ther phases colored ferrite" 'ellow or light blue2 carbides" red-iolet-blue.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.4+.

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):!or step 1 (pre-etching) 5 ml nitric acid and+5 ml eth'l alcohol (5 /)" for step 15 to ,5 g sodium metabisulfite2dilute to 100 ml with distilled water.Procedure:&tep 1 #re-etch with 5 ml 3


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and 0.5-1 g ammoniurn bifluoride in 100 ml distilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature until coloration isobtained.Remars:Color etching. $tching of ferritic and martensitic stainlesssteel. eneral color etching for microstructure of ferritic and martensiticstainless steels. 6eeals delta ferrite.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):&toc solution 15 9 h'drochloric acis (,5 /)and distilled water" 100 ml of the stoc or stoc solution 1 or 11 or10.5 9 h'drochloric acid (,5 /) and distilled water. 100 ml of stocsolution plus 0.-1 g potassium metabisuifite. *ptional addition of 1 -,g ferric chloride or 1 g cupric chloride or -10 g ammonium bifluoridesolution plus 0.5-1 g potassium metabisulfite.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for ,0-10 s. ?eepspecimen moing during etching. @hen good coloration is notproduced and when etching heat-resisting steels" use reagent (stocsolution 1 or 11 or 10.5 9 h'drochloric acid (,5 /) and distilledwater" 100 ml of stoc solution plus 0.-1 g potassium metabisulfite.*ptional addtions of 1-, g ferric chloride or 1 g cupric chloride or -10g ammonium bifluoride) (11 or 10.5) and a longer etching time.Remars:Color etching. $tching of austenitic stainless steels. Colorsthe austenitic matri=" leaing carbides and nitrides white (uncolored).

Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):&toc solution 15 9 h'drochloric acis (,5 /)and distilled water" 100 ml of the stoc.Procedure:100 cc of etchant (electrol'te) : g ammonium bifluoride: 1 g potassium metabisulfite. Immersion at room temperature ( : 5C) for 5-7 s.Remars:Color etching. $tching of martensitic stainless steel. Colorsmartensite blue in martensitic and austenitic stainless steel.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.

.

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5-10 ml h'drochloric acid (,5 /)" 1- , mlselenic acid and and 100 ml eth'l alcohol (5 /).Procedure:Immersion at room temperature until coloration isobtained.Remars:Color etching. Color etching of ferritic" austenitic andmartensitic stainless steels.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)

Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0-,0 ml h'drochloric acid (,5 /)" 1-, mlselenic acid and 100 ml eth'l alcohol (5 /).Procedure:Clean and wet specimen. Immerse at room temperaturefor 1-4 min.Remars:Color etching. $tching of stainless steels. Colors carbidesand gamma- prime phase in and heat-resisting steels.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: #tainless steels (Fe)Type:Microetching

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 g ammonium bifluoride and 0.5 g potassiummetabisulfite in 100 ml distilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature. $tching time is 1- min.Remars:Color etching. $tching of austenitic stainless steels andwelds. 6eeals delta ferrite in welds.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: $eat%resisting steels and alloys (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):&toc solution 1 or 11 or 10.5 9h'drochloric acid (,5 /) and distilled water. 100 ml of stoc solutionplus 0.-1 g potassium metabisuifite. *ptional addition of 1-, g ferricchloride or 1 g cupric chloride or -10 g ammonium bifluoride.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for 0-150 s. ?eepspecimen moing during etching. @hen good coloration is notproduced" use 11 or 10.5" and a longer etching time.Remars:Color etching. $tching of !e-


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&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.+4.

Material: &luminum alloys (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):-, g sodium mol'bdate" 5 ml h'drochloric acid(,5 /) and 1- g ammonium bifluoride in 100 ml destilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature until color is obtained(depends on specimenBs chemical compostion).Remars:Color etching. &lightl' colors the Cul phase. l-Cu-!e-Mnscript colored blue2 !e&il, phase colored brown-blue2


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be 1-5 min.Remars:Color etching. ifferentl' colors matri= grains and twins" andgreatl' enhances Chemical contrast. Constituents and inclusions ma'or ma' not be colored.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p..

Material: Titanium alloys (Ti)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):-, g sodium mol'bdate" 5 ml h'drochloric acid(,5 /) and 1- g ammonium bifluoride in 100 ml destilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature until specimen surfaceoccurs.Remars:Color etching. $tching of as-cast titanium allo's.>itaniumalpha matri= is colored blue or green. >iC is colored 'ellow or darbrown.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.111.

Material: Titanium alloys (Ti)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 g ammonium bifluoride in 100 ml distilledwater.Procedure:!or pure titanium" immersion at room temperature for a

few sonds. Aonger etching time reDuired for titanium allo's.Remars:Color etching. >itanium alpha grains and twins aredifferentl' colored according to their cr'stallographic orientation.sondar' phases are eident b' coloring.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.111.

Material: Titanium alloys (Ti)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):, g ammonium bifluoridie and 4 ml h'drochloricacid (5 /) in 100 ml distilled water.Procedure:Immersion at room temperature for a few sonds. (>oobtain good coloring" last polishing stage should be carried out in" orwith" saturated solution of o=alic acid.).

Remars:Color etching. lpha titanium grains are differentl' colored.sondar' alpha and alpha-prime and arious intermetallic phases (suchas >iCu) remain white (uncolored) or are eident b' coloring.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.111.

Material: Titanium alloys (Ti)Type:MicroetchingMethod:#h'sical etching$tchnant >hermal etchingProcedure:>he specimen is polished and tinting remoed frombaelite holder. 3eating is done in a stainless steel or tungsten-filament baset in air. %aset temperature 100 C (1 !) appro=.&pecimen temperature appro=. 400-00 C (+5-111 !). >ime appro=.15-0 s. ir blowing improes both o=idation rate and time and

specimenBs temperature control.Remars:Color etching. ifferent coloring of the matri= and thearious phases is obtained. In titanium-aluminides-based allo's" the>il matri= usuall' appears 'ellow and brown. >he >i,l phase usuall'appears blue or green.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.111.

Material: ranium alloys ()Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 cc glacial acetic acid" 50 g chromic acid" 0cc water.

Procedure:Cathode stainless steel" current densit' 0.-0.7 9cm"oltage ,5 G" time 70 s" temperature 0-5 C (7-++ !).Remars:Color etching. $lectrol'tic polishing with electrol'te.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.11.

Material: ranium alloys ()Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 cc glacial acetic acid" 50 g chromic acid" 0cc water.Procedure:Cathode stainless steel" current densit' 0.-0.5 9cm"oltage ,5 G" time 10-15 s" temperature 0-5 C (7-++ !).Remars:Color etching. $lectrol'tic etching.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.11.

Material: ranium alloys ()Type:Micro etchingMethod:#h'sical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):*=idation in air.Procedure:>emperature 100-00 C (1-, !).Remars:Color etching for uranium allo's.Re!erence:$. %eraha and %. &phigler" Color Metallograph'" merican&ociet' for Metals (&M)" Metals #ar" *hio 4400+," &" 1++. p.11.

Material: #iler (&g)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml methanol (5 /)" 10 ml nitric acid.Procedure:&eeral minutes.Remars:#ure g and low allo' g" grain contrast.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,+.

Material: #iler (&g)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" -11 ml sulfuric acid" gchromium (GI) o=ide (concentration ariable).

Procedure:p to 1 min.Remars:#redominantl' used for g allo's" especiall' g-


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Material: #iler (&g)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml amonia water" 5-10 g potassiumc'anide.Procedure:&eeral seconds.Remars:#ure g and g composites with other metals.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,.

Material: #iler (&g)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml amonia water" 50 ml h'drogen pero=ide(, /).Procedure:p to 11 min. se freshERemars:#ure g" g-


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Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 1- g sodium h'dro=ide.Procedure: 5-10 s" possibl' at 50 C (10 !). se onl' freshE. 6insein mi=ture 5 ml distilled water" 5 ml ntric acid" % $tch 15 min" rinse inwater appro=. 10 min.Remars:#ure l" lllo's of C'-l" Mg-&i-l" Mg-l" and n-l. Ifetching times are short" lCu is not colored. !or shrin etching.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 0.5-5 g sodiumh'dro=ide" 1g ;inc chloride.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:!or most t'pes of l and l allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):+5 ml distilled water" 5 ml nitric acid.Procedure:40 s" +0 C (10 !).Remars:!or most of A and l allo's" especiall' those containing

Cu.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte): ml distilled water" ml nitric acid" mlh'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:15 s.Remars:$speciall' for Cu-l alli's (also useful in macroetching).Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)

Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):70 ml distilled water" 0 ml sulfuric acid.Procedure:,0 s to , min" +0 C (10 !).Remars:ifferentiantion of intermediate phases in l with highcontents of Cu" Mn" Mg" !e" %e" >i" !e,l.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" g phosphoric acid(cr'stal).Procedure:,0 min.Remars:etection of susceptibilit' to intercr'staline corrosion of l-

Mg allo's. istinct grain boundaries in corrosion sensitie allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" g phosphoric acid(cr'stal).Procedure:nneal sample to 100 C (1 !) and slow cool beforeetching.Remars:#recipitates of beta l7Mg5 or Mg" respectiel'. &howsstrain in l-Mg base allo's.

Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 (50) ml methanol (5/)" 5 (,0) ml nitricacid" 5 (0) ml h'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:10-0 s.Remars:#ure l" l-Mg and l-Mg-&i allo's. $tch figures.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 10 g sodium h'dro=ide" 5g potassium ferric'anide.Procedure: min.Remars:#recipitates" grain boundaries" l-&i and l-Cu allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectro etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 10 ml phosphoric acid.

Procedure: 1-, min" 50 C (10 !)" % $lectrol'tic" 5-10 s" 1-7 G dc"stainless steel cathode.Remars:#ure l" l-Cu" l-Mn" l-Mg" l-Mg-&i allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4,.

Material: &luminium (&l)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectro etchingEtchant (electrolyte):00 ml distilled water" 10 ml fluoboric acid (,5/).Procedure:1- min" 0-40 G dc. o not wipe during rinsing. Cathodeand anode fi=tures should be made of high purit' l" #b" or stainlesssteel.Remars:#ure l" l-n" l-Mn" l-Mg-&i" l-n-Mg" l-Mn-Mg allo's.Giew in polari;ed light.

Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4,.

Material: old (&u)" platinum (Pt)" palladium (Pd)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte): ml h'drochloric acid" ,4 ml nitric acid.Procedure:!ew minutes. se hot and freshE.Remars:u" #t allo's and #d allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4,.

Material: Ruthenium (Ru)" osmium (*s)" rhodium (Rh)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml lactic acid (0 /) or h'drochloric acid" 0

ml nitric acid" ,0 ml h'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:!ew minutes.Remars:6u and 6u allo's" *s and *s allo's" 6h and 6h allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p.4,.

Material: Platinum (Pt)Type:MacroetchingMethod:$lectro etchingEtchant (electrolyte):70 ml saturated aDueous solution of sodiumchloride" 0 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:!ew minutes. G dc" #t cathode.Remars:#t and #t allo's.

7


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Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4,.

Material: Pure gold (&u)" palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 (1) ml nitric acid" 0 (10) ml h'drochloricacid.Procedure:!ew seconds to 1 min. Ma' reDuire heating. se onl'freshE.Remars:#ure u and #d. u-#d" #d allo's with more than 0 /concentration of precious metals. 6h allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p.44.

Material: Palladium (Pd)" gold (&u) and platinum (Pt)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 10 g potassium c'anide.Procedure:,0 s to min.Remars:u allo's with less thn 0 / content of precious metals.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: Palladium (Pd)" gold (&u) and platinum (Pt)Type: MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etching

Etchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 10 g ammoniumpersulfate.Procedure:,0 s to min.Remars:!or u allo's with high content of precious metals. @hitegold. #d and #t allo's.Re!erence:.#et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican &ociet'for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: &u%Cu%&g alloys (&u)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 100 ml h'drogenpero=ide (, /)" iron (III) chloride.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:!or u-Cu-g allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican

&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: old (&u)" palladium (Pd)" platinum (Pt)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 (50) ml distilled water" 5 (100) mlh'drochloric acid" 5 (10) ml nitric acid.Procedure:1-5 min. se hot.E. 6emoe precipitate of gold chloridewith ammonia water.Remars:#ure #t and #d. u allo's. #roportions in parenthesesespeciall' useful for #t.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: old (&u)" palladium (Pd)" platinum (Pt)Type:Microetching

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml h'drochloric acid" 1-5 g chromium (GI)o=ide.Procedure:&econds to minutes.Remars:#ure u and u-rich allo's. #d and #d allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: *smium (*s)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):150 ml distilled water" ,.5 g potassiumferric'anide" 1g sodium h'dro=ide.Procedure:!ew minutes.

Remars:*s and *s-@ allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: Ruthenium (Ru)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):70 ml distilled water" 0 ml h'drochloric acid" 1ml h'drogen pero=ide (, /).Procedure:!ew minutes.Remars:6u rich allo's and 6u-Mo allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: Platinum (Pt)" gold (&u)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 g potassium c'anide.Procedure:1- min" 1-5 G ac" 0.5-1.5 9cm" #t cathode.Remars:#t and #t allo's" u and u allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: Rhodium (Rh)" platinum (Pt)" iridium (+r)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml distilled water" 0 ml h'drochloric acid" 5

g sodium chloride.Procedure:5 s" 10 G ac" 1 min" 1.5 G ac" 1- min" 0 G ac" 1 min" G ac" 1 min" 5-0 G ac" graphite or #t cathode.Remars:6h bse allo's" #t-10/ 6h allo's" Ir allo's" pure #t and #tallo's" 6u base allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45

Material: *smium (*s)" palladium (Pd)" iridium (+r)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml ethanol ( /)" 10 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:0 s" 10 G dc." graphite cathode.Remars:*s base allo's" pure #d and #d allo's" #t-u allo's" Ir.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 45.

Material: +ridium (+r)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 5-10 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:,0 min to , h" 0.1 9cm" graphite or #t cathode.Remars:IridiumRe!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4

Material: Platium (Pt)" rhodium (Rh)" iridium (+r)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):70 ml distilled water" 0 ml sulfuric acid.Procedure:p to 1h. 1-5 G ac" 0.05-0. 9cm" graphite cathode.Remars:#t allo's" 6h" Ir.

Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 10 ml h'drochloric acid" 4g ammonium chloride.Procedure:!ew minutes. Immerse or swab.Remars:>echnical t'pes of %e. $speciallt with large grain si;e.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

8


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Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 10 ml h'drochloric acid" g ammonium chloride" g picric acid.Procedure:!ew minutes. Immerse or swab.Remars:>echnical t'pes of %e. $speciall' with large grain si;e. Aowallo' %e.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml sulfuric acid" 500 ml phosphoric acid" 5g chromium (GI) o=ide (possibl' some distilled. water).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes" 45 C (110 !)" to=ic.Remars:rain boundar' etch.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water or ethanol ( /)" -10 mlh'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. >o=ic.Remars:%e allo's.

Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4+.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 ml sulfuric acid.Procedure:1-15 s.Remars:!or most t'pes of %e and %e allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4+.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etching

Etchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 0 ml ammonia water" , mlh'drogen pero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. se onl' fresh.Remars:%e-g and %e-l->i allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4+.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml gl'cerol" 5 ml h'drofluoric acid (40 /)" ,ml nitric acid.Procedure:ppro=. 155 s. 3! content ma' be raised to 15 ml. >o=ic.Remars:%e and %e allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4+.

Material: ,eryllium (,e)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml lactic acid (0 /)" 50 ml nitric acid" 50 mlh'drochloric acid (40 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. >o=ic.Remars:%e-" %e-


10/16

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 g citric acid" 10 gammonium mol'bdate.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Cr'stal arrangement. Casting imperfection in &b and %i.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,ismuth (,i)" antimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):+0 ml distilled water" ,0 ml h'drochloric acid" 5ml h'drogen pero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:!or pure and technicall' pure t'pes of &b. Aow allo' &b.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &ntimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 ml glacial acetic acid" 10 ml h'drogenpero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:&b and &b allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,ismuth (,i)" antimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" ,0 ml h'drochloric acid" g iron (III) o=ide.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:&b and &b allo's. #b-&b" %i-&n and %i-Cd allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &ntimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 ml distilled water" 15 ml h'drochloric acid" 50ml acDueous solution of sodium thiosulfate (1 /)" , ml acDueous

solution of chromium (Gi) o=ide (C;ichralsiBs reagent).Procedure:dd chromium (GI) o=ide shortl' before use. Chromium(GI) o=ide content can be raised.Remars:&b allo's. rain contrast etch. >o=ic.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,ismuth (,i)" antimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 50 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:1-10 min.Remars:&b" %i and their allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,ismuth (,i)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml ethanol ( /)" 5 ml nitric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:%i-&n eutectic" %i-Cd allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: &ntimony (#b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 (100) ml gl'cerol" 5 () ml nitric acid" 5() ml glacial acetic acid. Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.

Remars:&b-#b allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: ,ismuth (,i)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 g siler nitrate.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:%ismuthRe!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 4.

Material: Cadmium (Cd)" thallium (Tl)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):7 ml ethanol ( /)" ml nitric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Cd and Cd allo's" >l.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p.50.

Material: Cadmium (Cd)" thallium (Tl)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilledwater" 10 g chromium (GI) o=ide.Procedure:1-10 min.

Remars:Cd and solder allo's containing Cd. >l. >o=ic.Re!erence:.#et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican &ociet'for Metals)" 1+7" p. 50.

Material: Cadmium (Cd)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 ml h'drochloric acid" 7g iron (III) chloride.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Cd-&n and Cd-n eutectics.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 50.

Material: Cadmium (Cd)" thallium (Tl)" indium (+n)Type:Microetching

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):40 ml distilled water" 10 ml h'drochloric acid (40/)" 10 ml h'drogen pero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:5-10 s.Remars:Cd" In" >l" In-&b and In-s allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 50.

Material: +ndium (+n)Method:MicroetchingType:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml ethanol ( /)" 5 ml h'drochloric acid"1g picric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:In and In rich allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican


Material: Cadmium (Cd)" thallium (TlType:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 00 ml gl'cerol" 00 mlphosphoric acid.Procedure:5-10 min" 7- G dc" Cd cathode.Remars:Cd" In.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 51.

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Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 50 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:,0-0 min" hot. 6inse in hot water.Remars:Co-Cr allo's" also &tellite.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 51.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 10 ml nitric acid" 50 mlh'drochloric acid" 10 g iron (III) o=ide.Procedure:&wab. 6inse in warm water.Remars:Co-5Cr-10o=ic.Remars:#ure and low allo' Co. Co-% allo's. Co->i allo's" and Co-Mn allo's. @C->iC->aC-Co t'pe cemented carbides. rain boundar'etch.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml h'drochloric acid" 5 ml h'drogenpero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:!ew seconds. se onl' fresh. >o=ic.Remars:@ear resistant allo's. llo's used for Co base cutting tools.

&upperallo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 0-,0 g ammoniumpersulfate.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Cemented carbides and other Co base allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 10 g potassiumh'dro=ide" 10 g potassium ferric'anide.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. >o=ic.Remars:@C->iC->aC-Co and @C-o=ic.Remars:@C->iC-


12/16

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 ml h'drochloric acid" 10g iron (III) chloride.Procedure:!ew seconds" G dc" stainless steel cathode.Remars:#ure Co. Co-l allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5,.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water or h'drochloric acid" -10g chromium (GI) o=ide.Procedure:-0 s" , G dc" stainless steel cathode. >o=ic.Remars:&tellite up to +0 / Co. Co base superallo's" Co silicides.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5,.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5-10 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:-10 s" , G dc" graphite cathode.Remars:#ure Co. Co base superallo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5,.

Material: Cobalt (Co)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml h'drochloric acid" 4 ml h'drogenpero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:,-5 s" 4 G dc" stainless steel cathode. >o=ic.Remars:Co base wear resistant allo's and materials used for cuttingtools. &uperallo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5,.

Material: Chromium (Cr)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etching

Etchant (electrolyte):0 ml distilled water" 10 ml sulfuric acid.Procedure:-5 min" boiling.Remars:CrRe!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 54.

Material: Molybdenum (Mo)" tungsten (-)" anadium (.))" niobium(/b)" tantalum (Ta)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 ml h'drochloric acid" 15 ml nitric acid" ,0 mlh'drofluoric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. >o=ic.Remars:Mo" @" G" a" Mo and their allo's. #roportions in perenthses for >aand


13/16

Material: Tantalum (Ta)" niobium (/b)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml glacial acetic acid" 0 ml nitric acid" 5 mlh'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:10-,0 s. >o=ic.Remars:>a base allo's" a-


14/16

Material: Tungsten (-)" molybdenum (Mo)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml methanol (5 /)" 5 ml sulfuric acid" 1 mlh'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:10-0 s" 50-0 G dc" stainless steel cathode. >o=ic.Remars:@ and @ base allo's. Mo and Mo base allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5+.

Material: Tantalum (Ta)" molybdenum (Mo)" anadium (.)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):+5 ml methanol (5 /)" 10 ml sulfuric acid" 5ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:,0 s" ,0 G dc" stainless steel cathode. >o=ic.Remars:> and >a base allo's. Mo and Mo base allo's. G and G baseallo's.Re!erence: #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican &ociet'for Metals)" 1+7" p. 5+.

Material: /iobium (/b)" molybdenum (Mo)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml distilled water" 1+ ml nitric acid" 1+ mlh'drofluoric acid (40 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes" 1-,0 G dc" #t cathode. >o=ic.Remars:#ure


15/16

brass use 1 g potassium meta bisulfite (?lemmBs reagent) and etchingtime , min.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 0.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 100 ml ethanol ( /)"10 g iron (III) nitrate.Procedure:ttac polishing with out adding abrasie on elet.Remars:!ast" good polish and etch for Cu and Cu with o=ide andsulfide inclusions.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 0.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):,0 (100) ml distilled water" 10 (7) mlh'drochloric acid" 10 (5) ml nitric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Multiple constituent &n bron;es. elta phase. #roportions inparentheses for Cu-a allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 0.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):45 ml distilled water" 5 ml cold saturatedacDueous solution of sodium thiosulfate" 5 ml potassiummetabiosulfite.Procedure:,-5 min.Remars:Color etchnat and grain si;e contrast of bron;es.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 0.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 1, ml nitric acid" . mlh'drochloric acid (40 /).

Procedure:!ew minutes.Remars:l bron;es which are difficult to etch otherwise.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 1.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):5 ml distilled water" 5 ml ammonia water" 5-5 ml h'drogen pero=ide (,0 /).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. se onl' fresh. #ossibl' additionof 1-5 ml solution of potassium h'dro=ide (0 /).Remars:Most t'pes of Cu and Cu allo's. Cu-g solder la'ers. Mn" #"%e" l-&i bron;es. Aittle addition of h'drogen pero=ide etch to grainboundaries. More addition of h'drogen pero=ide etch to grain contrast.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican


Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 50 ml nitric acid.Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:Most t'pes of Cu and Cu allo's. !low lines in brass.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 1.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etching

Etchant (electrolyte):Dueous solution of chromium (GI) o=ide (1 /).Procedure:,- s" G dc" l cathode.Remars:l bron;es" Cu-%e allo's.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 1.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 50 ml sulfuric acid" gsodium h'dro=ide" 15 g iron (III) sulfate.Procedure:p to 15 s" 7-10 G dc" Cu cathode.Remars:%eta brasses.erman siler. Monel and Cu-ombac. Munt; metal"$asil' machinable brasses.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 1.

Material: Copper (Cu)Type:MicroetchingMethod:$lectrol'tic etchingEtchant (electrolyte):470 ml distilled water" 0 ml phosphoric acid"15 ml h'drofluoric acid (40 /)" g chromium (GI) o=ide.Procedure:,0 s" 1.1 9cm" 5 G dc" stainless steel cathode. >o=ic.Remars:%rasses.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. 1.

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):0 ml ethanol (/)" 10 ml nitric acid.Procedure:1-5 min" eep etching.Remars:Gersatile" useful for !e and steel. Carburi;ed" or

decarburi;ed ;ones. &egregation. lso useful for microetching.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. .

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml distilled water" 50 ml h'drochloric acid.Procedure:10-,0 min" up to 70 C (170 !). 6emoe film under runningwater. !or corrosion resistant steels" imerse in warm" 0 / acDeoussolution of nitric acid.Remars:Gersatile etchant for allo'ed and unallo'ed steels. eepetchant fot surface control and segregation. #orosit'" hardnessindentations" factures inclusions" dendrites" flow lines" ferrite.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. .

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml h'drochloric acid" 5 ml saturatedsolution of copper (II) sulfate (MarbleBs reagent).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:ustenite and high temperature steels. !e-Cr-


16/16

Method:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 10-170 ml h'drochloricacid" 45-0 g copper (II) chloride (!r'Bs regent).Procedure:5-10 min. #rior etching" heat at 150-00 C (,00-400 !) for5-,0 min. fter etching" immerse in conc. h'drochloric acid" rinse inwater" and neutrali;e in ammonia water.Remars:!low lines in low carbon homas steel.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. .

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml distilled water" 5 ml sulfuric acid(%aumann print).Procedure:&iler bromide paper is satured with solution" and firml'pressed against the prepared surface. fter 1-5 min" rinse fic ( gsodium thiosulfate in 100 ml water)" wash and dr'.Remars:Gerification" arrangemnet" and distribution of !e and Mnsulfide inclusions. &ulfide reacts with sulfuric acid" froming h'drogensulfide which combines to darish siler sulfide with the siler from thesiler bromide in the photographic paper.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,.

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etching

Etchant (electrolyte):500 ml distilled water" 500 ml ethanol ( /)"4 ml h'drochloric acid" ,0 g iron (III) chloride" 0.5 g tin (II) chloride.

dd h'drochloric acid last (*berhofferBs reagent).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes. Microstion must be polished.

fter etching" rinse in a 41 mi=ture of ethanol and h'drochloric acid.Remars:&teels and special steels. !e-enriched areas appear dar.%lowhole segregation. #rimar' structure. !iber orientation.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,.

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):10 ml distilled water" 0 g copper (II)ammonium chloride (3e'nBs reagent).Procedure:-10 min". Cu precipitates wiped with water.

Remars:#hosphorus segregation in low carbon steels. !iberorientation. @elding ;ones. rain contrast. #rimar' structure.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,.

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MacroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):50 ml saturated aDueous solution of thiosulfate"1g potassium metabisulfite (?lemmBs reagent).Procedure:!ew seconds to minutes.Remars:#hosphorus distribution in cat steel and cast iron.Re!erence:. #et;ow" Metallographic $tching" &M (merican&ociet' for Metals)" 1+7" p. ,.

Material: +ron" steels" cast irons (Fe)Type:MicroetchingMethod:Chemical etchingEtchant (electrolyte):100 ml ethanol or methanol (5 /)" 1-10 mlnitric acid (

metallographic etch

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