metabolism of substances and...
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METABOLISM OF
SUBSTANCES AND ENERGY
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• Metabolism of substances and energy
• Metabolism of proteins
• Metabolism of carbohydrates
• Metabolism of fats
• Metabolism of water
• Metabolism of mineral substances
• Metabolism of vitamins
• Metabolism of energy
• The basal metabolism
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Metabolism of substances and energy
The whole complex of biochemical transformations of substances and energies of live organisms which provide vital activity and an exchange with the environment
Parts of the metabolic process are transformations of the macronutrients, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins of the food to energy and other physiological processes.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the major form of energy used for cellular metabolism. 3
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Metabolism
Catabolism
Dissimilation, energy exchange –disintegration, splitting of organic compounds
Anabolism
Assimilation, plastic exchange – synthesis of organic compounds
energy accumulating (АТP)releasing
The thermal Chemical bonds It is used on vital processes
Metabolism consists of anabolism (the constructive phase) and catabolism (the destructive phase, in which complex materials are broken down).
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Catabolism
Receiving О2
(at breath)Receiving Н2О, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (with meal)
BREAKING DOWN, DISINTEGRATION
Receiving low molecular weight
substances
(breaking down products, СО2, Н2О – to the
environment)
excretion of energy
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Anabolism
Synthesis of organic substances which are inherent
to the person
production high molecular substances
Construction and organism growth
Energy absorption
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Metabolism of proteins
Proteins – high-molecular bonds which consist of amino acids
Functions of proteins:
Structural (plastic)
Catalytic (enzymatic)
Protective – formation of antibodies
The transport (Hb – O2)
Transfer of the hereditary(strain) information
Control – maintenance of biological constants
Energetic (during oxidation 1 g the proteins excreted 4,1 kcal of heat)
Daily requirement 100-120 g
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Metabolism of proteinsdestruction 1 g of proteins give 17,6 kdg (4,1 kcal)
Proteins of meal
Peptides
Amino acids Myosin, casein and
etc.
СО2 + Н2О+ urea +
ammonia, etc.
Pepsin in stomach
Tripsin inintestine
Synthesis in organism cells
Destruction with energy formation
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PROTEINS
Vegetable
PROTEINS
complete (proper)
incomplete improper
Contain a full set of essential amino acids (aren't formed in an
organism)
Insufficiency at least one amino
acid
Proteins of milk, eggs, fishes, meat
Proteins of corn, wheat, barley
Essential amino acids: histidine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan
NB! 9
Animal
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The nitric balanceis a correlation of quantity of nitrogen which has
arrived in an organism with meal and was left from it
• Nitric balance – quantity of the nitrogen entered into an organism it is equally to quantity of the nitrogen released from an organism.
• The positive nitric balance – quantity of the released nitrogen is less, than has entered with meal (organism growth, pregnancy, recover after a serious illness, at augmentation of mass of a body)
• Negative nitric balance - the quantity of the released nitrogen more than has etered with meal (albuminous starvation, a fever) 10
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Control of proteins` metabolism
• nervous • humoral
Influence on formation of hormones
•The somatotropic hormone – stimulates protein synthesis
•Thyroxine, triiodtironine -stimulate protein synthesis
•Glucocorticoids – stimulate decomposition of proteins in tissues, protein synthesis in a liver
•Insulin –stimulate protein synthesis in tissues
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Metabolism of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates - bonds which consist of monosaccharides.
Functions of carbohydrates:• The plastic• Energy (at oxidation 1 g
carbohydrates it is releasing 4,1 kcal of heat)
70% is oxidized in tissues to СО2 and Н2О
25-30% - is transformed into fat
2-5% - is synthesized in a glycogen
Daily requirement 450-500 g
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Metabolism of carbohydrates
destruction 1 g of glucose give 17,6 kdg (4,1 kcal)
Carbohydrates of meal
(starch)
Maltose, glucose
Glucose
Glycocalyx, glycogen
СО2 + Н2О
Amylase and maltase in an oral cavity
Amylase in intestine
Synthesis in body and liver cells
Disintegration with energy formation
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Control of carbohydrates` metabolism
• nervous • humoral
VNS Insulin
Hormones which operate opposite to insulin
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Metabolism of fatsUnequal bonds on a chemical structure.
fats
Simple lipids
Complex lipids
Steroids
Neutral fats(The basic part of
an organism)
Waxes
phospholipids glycolipids
Cholesterol
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Metabolism of fats
Functions of fats:• Source of endogenous water (at
oxidation 100 g - 107 ml of water arereleased)
• The plastic
• Thermoregulations
• The protective
• Energic (at oxidation 1 g fats 9,3 kcalof heat are released)
Daily requirement 70-80 g
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Metabolism of fatsdestruction 1 g of fat give 38,9 kilojoule (9,3 kcal)
Fats of meal
Particulary Glycerol +
fat acid
glycerol + fat acid
Lipoids
СО2 + Н2ОLipase in duodenum
Lecitinase, lipasein intestin
Synthesis in body cells
Destruction with energy formation
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Control of fats` metabolism
• nervous • humoral
Sympathetic division of
VNS(destruction of
fat)
Syntesis
Decomposition
Parasympathetic division of VNS(synthesis of fat)
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Metabolism of water(70-75% from body mass)
Water functions:Dissolvent of foodstuff and
metabolism
Environment for all chemical-physicalprocesses
Reduces a friction between adjoiningsurfaces
Regulates body temperature byevaporation
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Water in organismDaily requirement
1,5-2,0 L
30%
70%
The extracellular water
The intracellular
water•Plasma
•Intercellular liquid
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Metabolism of mineral substances
• Macroelements (g)
Ca, S, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg
• Microelements (mkg)
Fe, Cu, Mn, F, Br, Al, I, Zn
Are a part some enzymes, vitamins, hormones, hemoglobin
Provide osmotic pressure, the acid-basic balance, ionic structure of tissues, excitability, a plastic exchange
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• Vitamins are organic substances,which one needs to provide theorganism’s life activity.• They are biologically active evenin small quantities.• More than 30 vitamins andvitamin-like substances are known.Some of them can be formed in thehuman body from the vitaminprecursors (pro-vitamins) or can besynthesized by the intestinalmicroflora. Humans receivevitamins mainly with food products.22
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• Depending on the extent ofthe vitamin deficiency in anorganism avitaminosis orhypovitaminosis may develop.Hypovitaminoses may be both: absolute (the lack of vitamins infood, disorders in vitaminabsorption, diseases of thegastrointestinal tract and liver) relative (a daily need forvitamins increases duringpregnancy, lactation, fever) ones.23
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Classification of Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins and their water-soluble analogues
Retinol (A)
Ergocalciferol (D)
Tocoferol acetate (E)
Menadion (K)
Thiamine chloride (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Pantothenic acid (B5) Pyridoxine hydrochloride(B6)
Cyanocobalamine (B12)
Pangamic acid (B15)
Folic acid (Bc)
Ascorbic acid (C)
Nicotinic acid (PP)
Rutin (P)
Pyridoxalphosphate
Lipoic acid24
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Water-soluble vitamins Very good soluble in water and easy excreted from organism Safe (just using hight doses of nicotinic acid and pyridoxine h/chl can touch off overdose) Necessary use this group of vitamins every day Unstable Prepare food on vapour or microwave
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Thiamine chloride (Vitamin B1)
(antineuritic)Contain in: beer yeast, bread, liver,
eggs yelk, meat, fish
• Not syntetize in human body
• Action: participates in process of conduction of excitation in CNS,metabolism of proteins and nucleinic acids synthesis
• Insufficiency: violation of carbohydrates, heart failure, nevritis, anorexia, “beri-beri “(polyneuritis)
• Daily requirement: 1,5 mg (children), 2-3 mg (elderly)
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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)• Contain in: liver, kidney, milk products, meat, eggs, vegetables, fish, beer yeast, bread
• Not syntetize in human body
• Action: participates in oxidation-reduction reactions; as co-enzyme for different enzymes
• Insufficiency: crack in corner of mouth, stomatitis, anemia, dermatitis
• Daily requirement: 2,5-3 mg
• Minimum toxic (from all B group vitamins)
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Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B3)
•Contain in: beer yeast, liver, kidney, eggs yelk, meat, bread, grain, pea, milk, caviar of fish
•Insignificantly syntetize in human body (by microflora of intestine)
•Action: as a part of co-enzyme A, that participate in metabolism
•Insufficiency: saldom neuritis
•Daily requirement: 5-20 mg28
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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)• Contain in: beer yeast, carrot, pea, maize,
pepper, bread, potatoes, less - in liver, eggs yelk, milk
• Insignificantly synthesize in human body (by microflora of intestine)
• Action: participates in metabolism and synthesis of amino acids, their transport through cell membrane; metabolism of fats and carbohydrates
• Insufficiency: neuritis, conjunctivites, stomatitis, anemia
• Daily requirement: 2-2,5 mg29
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Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12)
(anti-anaemic, hemopoietic)
• Contain in: meat, liver, kidney, oysters, fish, milk, yelk of egg
• Insignificantly synthesize in human body (by microflora of intestine)
• Action: participates in the process of hemopoesis (red blood cells)
• Insufficiency: anemia, anorexia, constipations, diarhea, neuritis
• Daily requirement: 1,5-5 mkg
• Contraindications: hypercoagulation, thrombosis 30
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Folic acid (Vitamin Bc)
• Contain in: fresh fruits, vegetables, greens, mashrooms, liver, kidney, beer yeast
• Insignificantly is synthesized by human body (by microflora of intestine)
• Action: increases amount of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes in blood
• Insufficiency: anemia, decrease of immunity
• Daily requirement: 180 - 200 mkg31
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Nicotinic acid (Vitamin PP, B5) (antipellagric)
• Contain in: rice bran, seed-oil, liver, milk, eggs, meat, mashrooms, beer yeast, less – in potatoes and vegetables
• Not syntetize in human body • Action: part of co-enzymes NAD and
NADPh; participates in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, fat acids, phospholipids and amino acids
• Insufficiency: pellagra, gastritis
• Daily requirement: 15-30 mg• Side effects: hepatotoxity• Contraindications: Peptic (stomach and
duodenal) ulcer, hepatitis, hyperuricemia, gout
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Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (antiscorbutic)
• Contain in: needles, citrus, fruts of briar, currant, fruits, spinech, cranberry, leaf vegetables
• Not syntetize in human body• Action: component of the oxidation-
reduction systems; it is necessary for collagen formation; activates enzymes
• Insufficiency:• Daily requirement: 60-100 mg• Side effects: in high doses• exacerbation of hyperuricemia, gout• Contraindications: Peptic (stomach
and duodenal) ulcer, hyperglicemia, hypercoagulation 33
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Rutin (Vitamin P)
• Contain in: citrus, fruits of briar, berry of currant, rowan berry, green leaves of tea
• Not synthesize in human body
• Action: decreases permeability of capillaries, increases action of vitamin C
• Insufficiency:
• Daily requirement: 0,06-0,15 g34
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Fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
• Agglomeration in fat depo
• Slowly eliminate
• Conservation in body for a long time
• Can provocate hypervitaminosis
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Retinol (Vitamin A) (antixerophthalmic)
• Contain in: liver, fish fat, yelk of egg cheese, milk, sour cream, butter. Like provitamin (carotinoids) in green vegetables, carrot, yellow and red fruits, pea, goose-grass
• Syntetize in human body from β-carotin in thin intestin and in the liver
• Action: necessary for growth and vision; participates in metabolism of phosphorus, cholesterin formation
• Insufficiency: skin problems, gemeralopia
• Daily requirement: 10 000 – 20 000 mkg36
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Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D) (antirachitic)
• Contain in: liver, fish fat, caviar, milk products, yelk of egg
• Syntetize in human skin uner influence of sun rays
• Action: regulates absorption of calcium in digestive system and kidneys, it is important for bone formation
• Insufficiency: Rickets, osteoporosis
• Daily requirement: 5 mg37
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Tocoferol (Vitamin E) (antisterile)
• Contain in: seed-oil, milk, nuts, pear, yelk of egg, groats
• Not syntetize in human body
• Action: tissue respiration, inhibits lipid peroxydation, regulates reproductive processes
• Insufficiency: dysfunction of sexual glands, hemolysis of red cells, edemas, neurosis
• Daily requirement: 30-100 mg38
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Vitamin K (antihemorrhagic) Menadion, Vikasol
• Contain in: spinach, color cabbage, fruits of briar, green tomatoes, neddls. In small amount – in milk, green vegetables, eggs, meat, fruits, pig‘s liver
• Syntetize in thin intestin
• Action: increases biosynthesis of proteins that participate in process of blood coagulation, promotes muscle activity
• Insufficiency: Hemorrhagic diathesis (bleedings)
• Daily requirement: 30-80 mkg 39
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Metabolism of energy
Energy formation = Energy of work+ Energy of heat loss + Energy of stock
Levels of intensity of a cell`s power exchange :
1. Level of support of cell`s integrity – 15 %
2. Level of a cell`s functional readiness – 5 %
3. Level of a cell`s functional activity – 100 %
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Metabolism of energy• Power value or caloric factor of substance is
a quantity of heat which is formed at combustion 1 g substances in atmosphere of pure oxygen
• Fats – 9,3 kcal;
• Proteins and carbohydrates – 4,1 kcal
• Caloric equivalent of oxygen – quantity of heat which is liberated in an organism at combustion 1 g substances at consumption of 1 l oxygen:– Fats – 4,69 kcal/l;
– Proteins – 4,46 kcal/l;
- Carbohydrates – 5,05 kcal/l.
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Metabolism of energy
1 calory – Quantity of thermal energy which is necessary for rise in temperature 1 г waters on 10С.
1 cal = 4,19 kJoule
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Methods of determination of an organism`s power
inputs
Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry
Determination of quantity of heat which was
liberated by an organism for 1 hour or days
Calculation of quantity of the consumed oxygen and carbon dioxide which was allocated,
calculation of respiratory factor and caloric factor of oxygen
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Estimation of size of warming of water which circulates in a floor, walls and a roof of the special chamber
The relation used О2 to allocated СО2 in a definite time – respiratory factor –displays character of the oxidized substances. Under tables define caloric equivalent О2 - quantity of energy which is liberated at combustion 1 g substances at the use of oxygen of 1 l.
Direct calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry
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The basal metabolism
The minimum power losses of an organism which are necessary for maintenance of its vital activity.
Conditions determination of basal
metabolism:In the morning after a dream
In rest, lying
On an empty stomach (in 10-12 hours after meal takes)
Temperature comfort (Environment`s temperature 180С)
Emotional rest
Quantity :
1 kcal/h/kg
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Depends on:
Age (children - have more)
Growth (at high - it is more)
Body masses (at thin - it ismore)
Sex (women – have lessbecause the mass and bodysurfaces is less)
The basal metabolism
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Control of metabolism
nervous humoral
Hypothalamus
Control of metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, waters, salts, metabolism of heat and meal consumption
Endocrine glands
Hormones take part in metabolism and energy regulation, influencing permeability of membranes, activating fermental systems of an organism
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Thermoregulation
Association of processes thermogenesis and heat loss which are regulated by neuroendocrinal mechanisms.
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Thermoregulation
chemical physical
Exchange of thermogenesis level,
intensifying or weakening of intensity of a
metabolism in organism cells.
Exchange of intensity of return
of heat
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Thermoregulation
• Thermogenesis (Heat formation)
1. Basic
2. Regulatory
– Contraction
• Muscular tremor
• Muscle tone
• Consensual reduction
– Uncontraction
• Oxidation activation
• Dissociation of oxidation and phosphorylation
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Thermoregulation
Thermolysis
• Wet (evaporation)– The noticeable
– The imperceptible
• The dry– Thermal radiation
– Thermal conductivity
– Convection• The forced
• The natural
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NUTRITION
Main principles of a separate food
Determination of a daily metabolic cost
In a daily ration there should be enough of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral substances and water
It is necessary to adhere to a certain regimen of nutrition, correctly to organize it
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Balanced diet theories
Vegetarianism
Uncooked
plants diet
A separate
food
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Literature
• Anatomy and physiology. - The McGraw−Hill, Companies, 2003
• www.mhhe.com/seeley6
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•Thank you!
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