1

METABOLISM OF SOME MINERALS IN

CATTLE AND BUFFALOES BY

HAMED MOHAMED ABD EL-MAGID GAAFAR

B. Sc. Agric. (Animal Production)

1985

THESIS

SUNMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN

ANIMAL PRODUCTION

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,

KAFR EL-SHEIKH,

TANTA UNIVERSITY

1994

2

ADVISOR'S COMMITTEE

PROF. DR. SAID A. MAHMOUD

Agent of the Faculty and

Prof. of Animal Nutrition

Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh

Tanta University

PROF. DR. MOHAMED K. MOHSEN

Head of Animal Production Department and

Prof. of Animal Nutrition

Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh

Tanta University

PROF. DR. EL-SAYED M. ABD EL-RAOUF

Lecturer of Animal Nutrition

Fac. of Agric. Kafr El-Sheikh

Tanta University

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In actual fact the prayerful thanks are due to our merciful ALLAH. My

special gratitude to Professor Dr. Said A. Mahmoud, agent of the Faculty for

concerning of the environment and service of society development and Professor

of Animal Nutrition. Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture

Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for his supervision, continuous help, advice

throughout this work and continuous encouragements.

Deep gratitude and special thanks for Professor Dr. Mohamed K. Mohsen

Professor of Animal Nutrition and Head of Animal Production Department,

Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for kind supervision,

continuous support, advising and valuable assistance throughout the course of

the study. His constructive suggestions, criticisms and comment to revising the

manuscript are deeply appreciated.

I wish to express my guidance and appreciation to Dr. El-Sayed M. Abd

El-Raouf Lecturer of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Production, ,

Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for his close

supervision and his appreciable help and valuable guidance throughout the

course of this study and his help in the statistical analysis.

My thanks to Dr. Mahmoud M. Bendary Senior Researcher of Animal

Nutrition and all the staff of the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Sakha Animal

Production Research Station for helpful in the determination of sodium and

potassium.

Thanks also are extended to all the staff of the Department of Animal

Production, , Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta University for their

great help and sincere cooperation.

At least, my deep appreciate to my parents and my wife for their

continuous encouragement, patience and support.

4

CONTENTS Page I- INTRODUCTION 9 II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10 1- Mineral utilization 10 1-1- Macro minerals 10 1-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 10 1-1-2- Magnesium 11 1-1-3- Sodium and potassium 12 1-2- Micro minerals 13 1-2-1- Copper 13 1-2-2- Zinc 14 1-2-3- Manganese 15 1-2-4- Iron 16 2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status 17 2-1- Mineral concentration in hair 17 2-1-1- Macro minerals 17 2-1-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 17 2-1-1-2- Calcium/phosphorus ratio 17 2-1-1-3- Magnesium 18 2-1-1-5- Sodium and potassium 18 2-1-2- Micro minerals 19 2-1-2-1- Copper 19 2-1-2-2- Zinc 19 2-1-2-3- Manganese 20 2-1-2-4- Iron 20 2-1-3- Ash percent of hair 21 2-2- The effect of dietary calcium on mineral concentration in hair 21 2-3- The critical and normal concentrations of mineral in hair 22 3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma 22 3-1- Macro minerals 22 3-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 22 3-1-2- Magnesium 23 3-1-3- Sodium and potassium 25 3-2- Micro minerals 26 3-2-1- Copper 26 3-2-2- Zinc 27 3-2-3- Manganese 28 3-2-4- Iron 28 4- Mineral concentration in milk 29 4-1- Macro minerals 29 4-1-1- Calcium and phosphorus 29

5

4-1-2- Magnesium 30 4-1-3- Sodium and potassium 31 4-2- Micro minerals 32 4-2-1- Copper 32 4-2-2- Zinc 32 4-2-3- Manganese 33 4-2-4- Iron 34 5- The effect of high dietary calcium level on mineral utilization 34 5-1- Macro minerals 34 5-1-1- Calcium 34 5-1-2- Phosphorus 35 5-1-3- Magnesium 36 5-1-4- Sodium and potassium 37 5-2- Micro minerals 38 5-2-1- Copper 38 5-2-2- Zinc 38 5-2-3- Manganese 39 5-2-4- Iron 39 III- MATERIAL AND METHODS 40 1- Mineral metabolism 40 1-1- Experimental animals and rations 40 1-2- Collection of samples 41 1-1-1- Feedstuffs 41 1-1-2- Faeces 41 1-1-3- Urine 42 1-3- Chemical analysis 42 2- Mineral concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk 42 2-1- Experimental animals 42 2-2- Experimental rations 43 2-3- Collection of samples 44 2-3-1- Hair 44 2-3-2- Blood plasma 44 2-3-3- Milk 44 2-3-4- Feedstuffs 45 3- Mineral determination 45 4- Statistical analysis 45 IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 46 1- Mineral utilization by sheep 46 1-1- Macro mineral 46 1-1-1- Calcium 46 1-1-2- Phosphorus 48 1-1-3- Magnesium 49 1-1-4- Sodium 50

6

1-1-5- Potassium 52 1-2- Micro mineral 53 1-2-1- Copper 53 1-2-2- Zinc 53 1-2-3- Manganese 55 1-2-4- Iron 56 2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status of Friesian and buffalo cows

and their growing heifers

58 2-1- Macro mineral 58 2-1-1- Calcium 58 2-1-2- Phosphorus 59 2-1-3- Magnesium 60 2-1-4- Sodium 61 2-1-5- Potassium 61 2-2- Micro mineral 62 2-2-1- Copper 62 2-2-2- Zinc 62 2-2-3- Manganese 63 2-2-4- Iron 64 2-3- Ash percent 64 3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma and milk of Friesian and

buffalo cows and their growing heifers

66 3-1- Macro mineral 66 3-1-1- Calcium 66 3-1-2- Phosphorus 68 3-1-3- Magnesium 69 3-1-4- Sodium 69 3-1-5- Potassium 70 3-2- Micro mineral 71 3-2-1- Copper 71 3-2-2- Zinc 71 3-2-3- Manganese 72 3-2-4- Iron 72 V- CONCLUSION 74 VI- SUMMARY 75 VII- REFERENCES 78

7

LIST OF TABLES

page

1- Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by sheep. 41

2- Chemical composition of ingredients of winter and summer rations. 41

3- Mineral concentration of ingredients of winter and summer rations. 42

4- Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by Friesian and buffaloes.

43

5- Calcium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 47

6- Phosphorus balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 48

7- Magnesium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 50

8- Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 51

9- Potassium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 52

10- Copper balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 54

11- Zinc balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 54

12- Manganese balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 56

13- Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. 57

14- Effect of macro mineral intake during winter and summer rations on macro mineral concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

60

15- Effect of micro mineral intake during winter and summer rations on micro mineral concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

65

16- Average concentration of mineral in hair of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

66

17- Dietary mineral intake and mineral concentration in blood plasma of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

67

18- Mineral concentration in milk of Friesian and buffalo cows. 68

8

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Symbol Word Symbol Word

BC Buffalo cows L Litre

BH Buffalo heifers Mg Magnesium

Co Degree Celsius (centigrade) mg Milligram (s)

Ca Calcium ml Millilitre

CF Crude fiber Mn Manganese

Cu Copper Na Sodium

d Day NFE Nitrogen free extract

DM Dry matter OM Organic matter

EE Ether extract P Phosphorus

FC Friesian cows ppm Part per million

Fe Iron ug Microgram (s)

FH Friesian heifers Zn Zinc

g Gram (s) kg 1000 g

hr Hour (s) g 1000 mg

K Potassium mg 1000 ug

Kg Kilogram (s) ppm 1/106 = 10-6

9

I- INTRODUCTION

Although minerals are needed only in a very small amount in animals

feeds, they are very essential for normal health condition, production and all

vital metabolic functions of the body.

Mineral level in hair can reflect the condition and/or activity of the

elements in other parts of the body and reflect mineral status to be stored and

have several characteristics, so it may be useful biopsy material. Hair acts as a

recording filament because elements are deposited in the hair matrix within a

short time and removed from active metabolism as the hair shaft grows from

the follicle. Thus hair may reflect concentration of minerals that were in the

hair follicle at the time the hair was formed.

Concentration of blood plasma minerals have been studied as an

adjunct to investigations of mineral metabolism or quantitative dietary

minerals requirements.

Milk contains significant amount of all minerals (except for iron) being

5-8% of DM. Minerals are an essential part of the ration of lactating animals,

which the variations in the levels of mineral constituents in milk is of a

profound importance from the nutritional stand point.

The objective of the present study was to throw some light on the

relationship between dietary minerals under practical feeding condition during

winter and summer seasons and mineral metabolism, mineral concentration in

hair, blood plasma and milk for dairy Friesian and buffalo cows and their

growing heifers.

10

II- REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1- Mineral utilization:

1-1- Macro mineral:

1-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):

Increasing dietary P level to 0.50% resulted in increased P absorption

and retention as g/day or percent of intake (Miller et al., 1964). They also

found that increasing dietary P level beyond 0.50% did not increased P

retention (g/day) but decreased the percentage of P absorption and retention.

Dietary P level below 0.50% resulted in reduced Ca absorption and retention

(g/day) whereas increasing dietary P level above 0.50% did not affect Ca

balance. Stevenson and Unsworth (1978) reported that Ca intake, absorption

and retention were significantly higher for lambs fed high roughage than

those fed high cereal, but P intake, absorption and retention were not

significantly different. Harmon and Britton (1983) stated that Ca intake,

absorption and retention increased with increasing dietary concentrate to 50%

and then decreased till 90% concentrate, afterwards increased again. But P

intake, absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary concentrate

till 90% and then increased.

Dietary P absorption and retention of calves increased significantly as

dietary P intake increased from 2.5 g/day in deficient P diets to 6 g/day in

adequate P diets (Challa and Braithwaite, 1988a). Also, dietary Ca absorption

and retention increased significantly on the adequate and excess P diets.

Challa and Braithwaite (1988b) found that both Ca and P absorption and

retention increased significantly with increasing dietary P supply from 0 to 9

g/day infused abomasally. Challa and Braithwaite (1989) reported that dietary

P absorption increased but P retention decreased with increasing P

11

supplementation. However, Ca absorption remained fairly constant, but Ca

retention decreased with increasing P supplementation from 0 to 4.8 g/day.

Apparent Ca absorption and retention (g/day) were significantly higher

in steers fed 0.6% Ca, but Ca absorption and retention (% of intake) were

significantly lower (Kegly et al., 1991). The same authors also found that

dietary Ca 0.6% level increased P retention as percentage of both P intake and

absorption. Fredeen (1990) showed that sheep fed high Ca diet led to

significant increase in the efficiency of Ca absorption than low Ca diet.

Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) reported that increasing dietary Ca resulted in

lowering the percent of apparent Ca absorption and retention, but the amount

of Ca absorbed and retained was constant. Also, increasing dietary P resulted

in inconsistent change in the percent of the absorption and retention of P but

the amount of P absorbed and retained was higher. Abd El-Raouf (1987)

stated that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43% led to increase Ca

absorption and retention and slight increase in P absorption and retention.

1-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):

Magnesium intake was higher when sheep fed high roughage diets, but

Mg absorption and retention was higher when sheep fed high cereal diets

(Stevenson and Unsworth, 1978). Harmon and Britton (1983) found that Mg

balance was enhanced by feeding high concentrate diet in response to

increasing Mg intake. The animals retained 20-25% of Mg intake for

concentrate diets. Davenport et al. (1990) and Hurley et al. (1990) reported

that Mg absorption (g/day) was significantly higher when ruminants fed

dietary Mg supplementation. On contrast, chester-Jones et al. (1989) stated

that apparent absorption and retention of Mg (g/day) were lowest in lambs fed

high Mg diets (2.4% Mg).

12

Magnesium absorption and retention (% of intake) decreased with

increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.43 to 1.43% (Abd El-Raouf, 1987).

Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) stated a reduction in the percent of Mg

absorption and inconstant differences in Mg retention indicated that feeding

more Ca-P may adversely affect only the Mg absorption but not retention.

Greene et al. (1983a, b) found that increasing dietary K levels resulted in a

linear increase in fecal Mg excretion and a linear decrease in Mg absorption.

Also, lambs fed the high level of Mg absorbed and retained more total Mg

compared with feeding low level of Mg. Poe et al. (1985) and Johanson and

Powley (1990) reported that dietary Na and K supplementation resulted in

significant depression of Mg balance in sheep and cows.

1-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):

Feeding high level of salt (NaCl) resulted in a small but significant

increase in the retention of Na in ruminant (Nelson et al., 1955). Newton et al.

(1972) and Greene et al. (1983a) found that feeding high K ration led to a

linear increase in urinary and fecal K excretion and also K absorption and

retention. However, apparent absorption and urinary excretion of Na

increased, but Na excreted in feces and retained decreased. Greene et al.

(1983b) reported that increasing dietary K level did not affect fecal K

excretion, but increased urinary K excretion and K absorption and retention.

Feeding an increasing amount of K or K plus Na did not alter

significant fecal K excretion, but increased apparent K absorption and

retention (Poe et al., 1985). Also, found that Na absorption increased by

addition of Na, but Na retention was not significantly affected by dietary

intake of K or Na as a result of increasing urinary Na excretion. Johanson and

Powley (1990) reported that high dietary K level led to small increase in fecal

K excretion, large increase in urinary K excretion and positive K balance of

13

goats. However, high dietary Na level led to small increase in fecal Na

excretion, large increase in urinary Na excretion and negative Na balance.

Patience et al. (1987) showed that increasing dietary Na intake resulted in

increased fecal and urinary Na excretion and apparent Na absorption and

retention, but decreased fecal K excretion and increased urinary K excretion.

Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Na absorption and retention and K retention

decreased as a result of increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Grandhi

and Ibrahim (1990) noticed that K absorption and retention were reduced by

feeding more Ca-P diets.

1-2- Micro mineral:

1-2-1- Copper (Cu):

Apparent absorption and retention of Cu were 1.1, 1.0; 13, 1.1 or 0.5,

0.4 mg/day, when dietary Cu intake was 4.0; 4.0 or 5.8 mg/day for sheep fed

perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).

Stevenson and Unsworth (1978) found that apparent absorption and retention

of Cu increased from -0.60 and -0.69 to 0.20 and 0.12 mg/day by decreased

dietary Cu intake from 4.0 mg/day in high roughage diet to 3.1 mg/day in

high cereal diet. Greger and Snedeker (180) reported that fecal Cu excretion

was higher for animals fed low protein diets than high protein diets. Urinary

Cu loss was small and not affected by dietary protein levels. Apparent

absorption and retention of Cu was significantly greater when animal fed high

protein rather than low protein diets. On contrast, Colin et al., (1983) showed

that fecal excretion and apparent absorption of Cu was not affected by dietary

protein intake. Absorption of Cu was 0.29, 0.30, 0.20 and 0.12 mg/day, when

dietary Cu intake was 2.04, 2.06, 1.87 and 1.90 mg/day, respectively.

The amount of Cu excreted in urine was not influenced by dietary Cu

intake, while apparent absorption and retention of Cu increased significantly

14

by feeding low Cu diets (Cymbaluk et al., 1981). Sendeker et al. (1982) found

that fecal Cu excretion was higher and apparent absorption of Cu was lower

when animals fed high Ca-P diets than moderate Ca-P diets. Urinary Cu

excretion was not significantly affected by the different levels of dietary Ca

and P. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) reported that feeding more Ca-P reduced

the percent absorption of Cu which may create marginal deficiency. Abd El-

Raouf (1987) showed that fecal Cu excretion tended to increase, but urinary

Cu excretion and Cu absorption did not alter with increasing dietary Ca from

0.43 to 1.43%.

1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

Apparent absorption and retention of Zn were 1.6, 0.7; 1.9, 1.2 or 0.6,

0.4 mg/day, when dietary Zn intake was 11.8; 12.7 or 16.3 mg/day for sheep

fed perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).

Gomaa et al. (1993a) found that Zn retention increased with increasing

dietary Zn intake, which Zn retention prepartum was 30.0, 107.0, 37.9, 17.3

and 31.8 mg/day when dietary Zn intake by goats was 59.3, 156.9, 75.8, 52.1

and 70.8 mg/dau. However, post-partum Zn retention was 42.3, 114.8, 54.3,

35.7 and 44.0 mg/day, when dietary Zn intake was 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2 and

79.5 mg/day, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that fecal and

urinary Zn excretion increased from 22.17 and 1.48 to 190.22 and 2.42

mg/day, while apparent Zn absorption and retention increased from 7.33 and

5.85 to 35.88 and 33.46 mg/day with increasing dietary Zn intake from 29.5

to 226.1 mg/day. Also, who revealed that fecal and urinary Zn excretion

increased, while apparent Zn absorption and retention tended to decrease with

increasing level of dietary Ca. Sendeker et al. (1982) showed that the different

levels of dietary Ca-P had no effect on fecal and urinary Zn losses nor on

apparent Zn absorption and retention. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990) stated that

15

feeding more Ca-P reduced the percent absorption and retention of Zn which

can create Zn deficiency if diets were inadequately supplemented.

Fecal Zn excretion was less, but urinary Zn excretion and apparent Zn

absorption was significantly greater when animals were fed high protein diets

rather than low protein diets (Greger and Snedeker, 1980). Colin et al. (1983)

found that urinary Zinc excretion was significantly greater in animals

consuming high protein diets, but fecal Zn paralleled Zn intake and not

affected by protein intake. Apparent Zn absorption was not significantly

affected by dietary protein and it was 0.43, 1.86, 1.60 and 0.11 mg/day, when

dietary Zn intake was 9.51, 19.98, 10.05 and 18.43 mg/day, respectively.

Sawnson and King (1982) reported that approximately 98% of excreted Zn

was of fecal origin and 2% was in urine. Urinary and fecal Zn excretion and

differences in Zn balance was not significantly altered by diets.

1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

Manganese supplementation for calves resulted in high feces Mn and

low urine Mn excretion, which indicated that Mn supplementation was not

readily absorbed (Howes and Dyer, 1971). Mcleod and Robinson (1972)

found that fecal Mn excretion ranged from 103 to 162 mg/kg DM and urinary

Mn excretion ranged from 0.2 to 0.7% of Mn intake. So Mn intake was

constant and urinary Mn excretion was negligible, Mn balance was dependent

upon fecal output. Watson et al. (1973) reported that fecal and urinary Mn

excretion of lambs increased by increasing dietary Mn intake, but there were

no significant differences in apparent Mn absorption and retention when

expressed as percent of intake.

Apparent Mn absorption and retention were 1.8, 1.5; 2.3, 2.2 or 0.4, 0.3

mg/day, when dietary Mn intake was 34.6; 14.9 or 18.8 mg/day for sheep fed

perennial ryegrass; white clover or red clover, respectively (Grace, 1975).

16

Greger and Snedeker (1980) found that different dietary protein levels did not

have statistically significant effect on fecal Mn losses or apparent Mn

absorption and retention. A urinary Mn loss was less than 0.02 mg/day. Abd

El-Raouf (1987) reported that fecal and urinary Mn excretion increased from

15.65 and 0.10 to 18.60 and 0.15 mg/day, but apparent Mn absorption and

retention decreased from 4.35 and 4.25 to 1.65 and 0.05 mg/day with

increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.43 to 1.43%. Grandhi and Ibrahim (1990)

stated that Mn absorption was reduced by feeding more Ca-P which may

create Mn deficiency with inadequately supplemented diets.

1-2-4- Iron (Fe):

Absorption of Fe was greater when body Fe stores was reduced,

average Fe excretion was 86-98% in feces and 0.09% in urine as percent of Fe

intake for ruminants (Ammerman et al., 1967). Standish et al. (1971) found

that the absorption of Fe was not significantly affected by dietary Fe levels.

Numerical decrease in the percent of Fe absorption occurred when dietary Fe

level increased. Hitchcock et al. (1974) reported that Fe balance indicated

greater fecal Fe excretion and thus poorer Fe absorption, but no difference in

urinary Fe excretion. Snedeker et al. (1982) showed that apparent Fe

absorption decreased from 4.1 to 1.2% of intake with change from feeding

moderate Ca-P to high Ca-P diets. Apparent retention of Fe was positive

when animals consumed moderate Ca-P diet, but was negative when animals

consumed high Ca-P diet. Fecal Fe excretion was greatest when animals

consumed high Ca-P diet.

17

2- Hair as an indicator of mineral status:

2-1- mineral concentration in hair:

2-1-1- macro mineral:

2-1-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):

Dietary supplementation with Ca and P increased significantly the

concentration of Ca and P in hair (Anke, 1966). Narsimhalu et al. (1986)

found that Ca and P contents in black hair of Hereford were 1790 and 281

ppm when dietary Ca and P level were 0.5 and 0.3%, respectively. Kornegay

et al. (1981) reported that Ca and P contents in hair increased from 382 and

143 to 431 and 172 ppm with increasing both Ca and P levels in diet from

100% to 125%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that Ca and P contents in hair

of Friesian cows and heifers increased from 1679, 241 and 2512, 276 to 2964,

251 and 3417, 307 ppm by increasing dietary Ca and P intake from 108.8,

39.2 and 38.2, 13.9 to 156.8, 41.8 and 57.4, 14.6 g/day, respectively. On

contrast, Wysocki and Klett (1971) found that Ca and P contents in hair

decreased from 1500 and 390 to 1380 and 350 ppm as a result of increasing

dietary Ca and P level from 0.43 and 0.39 to 2.05 and 1.72%, respectively.

The use of hair analysis as a monitor of dietary mineral intake was not

likely to be precise indicator of mineral status in animals (Combs et al.,

1982). Also, who found that Ca and P contents in hair are not affected by

dietary Ca and P intake. Combs (1987) reported that the correlations between

the contents of Ca and P in hair and diet are not strong enough to make hair

analysis a sensitive indicator of Ca and P status.

2-1-1-2- Calcium/ phosphorus ratio:

Calcium to phosphorus ratio in hair ranged from 2:1 to 5:1 when

dietary Ca to P ratio was 1.1:1 indicated that hair had a tendency to

concentrate Ca to greater degree than P (Wysocki and Klett, 1971). Abd El-

18

Raouf (1987) found that Ca to P ratio in black hair of Friesian cows and

heifers was 10:1 when dietary Ca to P ratio was 3.5:1. Goldblum et al. (1953)

reported that Ca to P ratio in brown and black hair was 27:1 and 35:1,

respectively. O'mary et al. (1969) showed that Ca to P ratio in red hair of

Hereford calves and cows were 17: and 15:1, respectively.

2-1-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):

Magnesium level of hair was higher when cattle fed dietary Mg

supplementation (Anke, 1966). Narsimhalu et al. (1986) found that Mg

content in hair of Hereford cows was 394 ppm when dietary Mg level was

0.2%. Wegner and Schuh (1983) reported that Mg content in hair of Holstein

heifers was 640 ppm. O'mary et al. (1969) showed that Mg contents in red

and white hair of cows and calves were 550, 267 and 452, 325 ppm,

respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Mg content in hair of Friesian

cows and heifers increased from 902 and 1471 to 1244 and 1492 ppm with

increasing dietary Mg intake from 22.1 and 10.0 to 27.0 and 11.4 g/day,

respectively.

2-1-1-4- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):

Sodium and potassium levels were higher in black hair from cattle

when the diet was supplemented with Na and K (Anke, 1966 and Regiusne et

al., 1974). Kornegay et al. (1981) found that Na and K contents in hair were

131 and 149 ppm, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that Na

contents in hair of Friesian cows and heifers increased from 492 and 452 to

752 and 985 ppm with decreasing dietary Na intake from 26.5 and 10.2 to

22.5 and 8.5 g/day, while K contents increased from 2722 and 2461 to 2943

and 4937 ppm by increasing dietary K intake from 361.2 and 190.2 to 386.8

and 200.0 g/day, respectively.

19

2-12- Micro mineral:

2-1-2-1- Cooper (Cu):

The diet supplemented with Cu did not influence Cu concentration in

hair (Anke, 1966 and Combs et al., 1982). Narasimhalu et al. (1966) found

that Cu content in hair of Hereford cows was 4.92 ppm, when dietary Cu level

was 19 mg/kg. Ali (1984) reported that Cu contents in hair of buffalo calves

were 8.21, 10.93, 9.48 and 9.61 ppm, when dietary Cu intake was 16.25,

34.38, 36.67 and 30.25 mg/kg DM, respectively. Reinhold et al. (1967)

showed that Cu concentration in hair of rats was 13.5 ppm. O'mary et al.

(1969) stated that Cu contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were

13.18 and 12.31 ppm, respectively.

Copper content in hair of pig increased from 12.1 to 23.8 ppm with

increasing dietary Cu from 7 to 257 ppm (Hedges and Kornegay, 1973). Abd

El-Raouf (1987) found that Cu contents in hair of Friesian cows and heifers

increased from 7.8 and 15.2 to 8.5 and 16.4 ppm by increasing dietary Cu

intake from 154 and 93 to 174 and 103 mg/day, respectively.

2-1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

Zinc concentration in hair increased linearly by increasing dietary Zn

intake (Anke, 1966 and Combs et al., 1982). Ali (1984) found that Zn

contents in hair of buffalo calves 177.04, 100.00, 105.10 and 118.30 ppm,

when dietary Zn contents were 105.50, 86.63, 166.92 and 91.38 mg/kg DM.

Narasimhalu et al. (1986) reported that Zn content in black hair of Hereford

cows was 127 ppm when dietary Zn intake was 55 mg/kg. O'mary et al.

(1969) showed that Zn contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were

115, 120 and 131, 137 ppm, respectively.

Zinc content in hair of rats increased from 204 to 254 ppm with

increasing dietary Zn intake from 10.3 to 52.9 ppm (Combs et al., 1983).

20

Babatunde and Fetuga (1972) found that increasing dietary Zn

supplementation from 0 to 500 ppm resulted in increased Zn content in hair of

pigs from 164.1 to 256.8 ppm. Hedges et al. (1976) reported that increasing

dietary Zn from 33 to 83 ppm led to increase Zn content in hair of pigs from

163 to 218 ppm. Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that Zn content in hair of

Friesian heifers increased from 123.5 to 171.1 ppm as a result of increasing

dietary Zn intake from 218 to 231 mg/day, while Zn content in hair of

Friesian cows has not been affected by increasing dietary Zn intake. Beeson et

al. (1977) noticed that Zn content in hair of beef cattle increased from 115 to

156 ppm by increasing Zn supplementation from 0 to 80 mg/kg.

2-1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

The dietary supplementation with Mn increased significantly the

concentration of Mn in hair (Anke, 1966). O'mary et al. (1969) found that Mn

contents in red and white hair of cows and calves were 104.19 and 64.30 ppm,

respectively. Kornegay et al. (1981) reported that Mn content in hair of swine

ranged from 6.7 to 7.4 ppm. Hidiroglou and Spurr (1975) showed that Mn

content in hair of Shorthorn cattle dropped from 8.0 to 3.4 ppm as a result of

change from feeding grass contained 70 ppm Mn to winter feed containing

20-35 ppm Mn. Ali (1984) found that Mn contents in hair of buffalo calves

were 9.96, 17.00, 7.75 and 4.72 ppm, when dietary Mn intake were 85.75,

94.63, 112.83 and 177.50 mg/kg DM, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987)

reported that Mn content in hair of Friesian cows and heifers increased from

8.4 and 16.3 to 8.7 and 22.5 ppm with increasing dietary Mn intake from 525

and 255 to 553 and 261 mg/day, respectively.

2-1-2-4- Iron (Fe):

Iron content in hair did not affect by dietary Fe intake (Anke, 1966 and

Combs, 1987). O'mary et al. (1969) found that Fe contents in red and white

21

hair of cows and calves were 47, 33 and 19, 42 ppm, respectively. Narsimhalu

et al. (1986) reported that Fe content in hair of Hereford cows was 77 ppm,

when dietary Fe intake was 112 mg/kg DM. Hedges and Kornegay (1973)

found that Fe content in hair of pigs decreased from 70.9 to 61.7 ppm as a

result of increasing dietary Fe intake from 101 to 312 ppm.

The mean Fe concentration in hair of rats ranged from 8.5 to 39.9 ppm

(Reinhold et al., 1967). Kornegay et al. (1981) found that Fe content in hair of

swine ranged from 31 to 43 ppm. Combs et al. (1983) reported that Fe content

in hair of rats was 38 ppm. Burger (1974) stated that Fe content in human hair

ranged from 28.67 to 30.21 ppm. Taha and El-Katcha (1989) noticed that Fe

concentration in hair of buffalo calves ranged from 27.08 to 28.32 ppm.

2-1-3- Ash percent of hair:

Ash percents of red and white hair of cattle were 1.8 and 3.38,

respectively (Washburn et al., 1953). O'mary et al. (1969) found that ash

percent in red hair of Hereford cows and calves were 1.17-1.22 and 0.75-

1.05%, but in white hair were 0.29-0.40 and 0.25-0.58%, respectively.

Wysocki and Klett (1971) reported that ash percent in hair of ponies ranged

from 0.92 to 1.05%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that ash percent in hair of

Friesian cows and heifers was 1.70 and 2.19%, respectively.

2-2- The effect of dietary calcium on mineral concentration in hair:

Dietary Ca had an antagonistic effect on the contents of P and Zn in

hair (Anke, 1966). Hedges et al. (1976) found that Zn content of hair was

lower when a higher dietary Ca level was fed. Kornegay et al. (1981) reported

that the negative correlation between Ca and Zn content of hair is further

evidence of the antagonism between Ca and Zn. The content of Mg, Na, K,

Cu and Fe did not affected by dietary Ca. abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that

dietary Ca level influence Mn metabolism through effect on Mn content in

22

hair and the correlation between Mn content in hair and dietary Ca was

negative (r = - 0.56).

2-3- The critical and normal concentrations of mineral in hair:

Hair Cu concentration below 8 ppm was associated with Cu deficiency

(Vankoestveld, 1958). Brigitte et al. (1981) found that the minimum

concentration of hair Cu with sufficient supply was 6 ppm. Anke (1967)

reported that contents of 750-800 ppm Mg, 200 ppm P, 600 ppm Na, 115 ppm

Zn, 4 ppm Mn and 7 ppm Cu in black hair of dairy cows may be regarded as

the limiting values of minerals supply. With low concentration, deficiency

symptoms are expected to occur. Neseni (1970) showed that intensively

reared heifers with hair P levels less than 200 ppm exhibited P deficiency.

Szentmihalyi et al. (1981) stated that the critical value of both Cu and Mn was

5 ppm in pigmented hair. Fisher et al. (1985) revealed that hair Mg levels

below 25 to 35 ppm in white hair and 100-125 ppm in black hair of cattle are

indicative of Mg deficiency in cattle.

Anke et al. (1981) found that normal Mn and Zn content in hair of

cows were 12 and 129 ppm, respectively. Hidiroglou and Spurr (1975)

reported that normal levels of Cu, Mn and Zn in hair were 8, 8 and 110 ppm,

respectively.

3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma:

3-1- Macro mineral:

3-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):

The normal level of Ca in plasma of goats ranged from 10.65 to 11.0

mg/100 ml (Papenheimer et al., 1962). Underwood (1966) stated that the

normal levels of Ca and P in serum of sheep and cattle were 9-12 and 4.5-6.5

mg/100 ml, respectively. McDowell et al. (1988) found that the normal levels

of Ca and P in serum of buffaloes were 9.2 and 4.7 mg/100 ml, respectively.

23

Dua et al. (1989) reported that normal levels of serum Ca and P were 9.88 and

6.76 mg/100 ml, respectively. McDowell and Conrad (1977) stated that the

critical levels in serum of cattle for Ca <8 and P<4.5 mg/100 ml.

The concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of lambs were 9.76-10.66

and 5.72-7.52 mg/100 ml, respectively (Harmon and Britton, 1983). El-

Halawany et al. (1988) found that serum Ca and P concentrations of Friesian

calves were 8.0-11.8 and 5.5-5.8 mg/100 ml, respectively. Bukhair and Ali

(1988) reported that the concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of buffaloes

were 7.58-9.56 and 5.11-6.05 mg/100 ml, respectively. Merkel et al. (1989)

showed that serum P levels of cattle and buffaloes were 5.24 and 3.92 mg/100

ml, respectively.

The concentrations of Ca and P in plasma of cows ranged from 7 to 10

and 3.6 to 5.5 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P levels ranged from 0.52 to

1.10 and 0.48% of DM, respectively (Beitz et al., 1973). Kincaid et al. (1981)

found that plasma Ca and P concentrations of cows were 8.9-9.6 and 5.32-

6.44 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P levels were 1.0-1.8 and 0.30-0.54%

of DM. Oluokun and Bell (1985a) reported that plasma Ca of cows were 9.92,

9.70 and 10.22 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca intake were 5.13, 4.09 and 4.87

g/kg DM. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that serum Ca and P concentrations

of Friesian cows were 9.72 and 5.40 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P intake

was 140.8 and 40.9 g/day, respectively. Gomaa et al. (1993c) stated that

plasma Ca and P concentrations of goats ranged from 8.97 to 11.04 and 5.73

to 7.55 mg/100 ml, when dietary Ca and P intake ranged from 7.3 to 11.4 and

6 to 10 g/day, respectively.

3-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):

The normal level of Mg in plasma of cattle and sheep ranged from 1.2

to 3.8 mg/100 ml (Rook and Storry, 1962). Georgievskii (1982) and Combs

24

(1987) found that the normal level of Mg in plasma of most animals ranged

from 1.8 to 3.2 mg/100 ml. McDowell et al. (1988) reported that the normal

level of Mg in serum of buffaloes was 2.3 mg/100 ml. Dua et al. (1989)

showed that the normal level of serum Mg was 2.12±0.16 mg/100 ml.

McDowell and Conrad (1977) stated that the critical level in cattle serum for

Mg <2 mg/100 ml.

Plasma Mg concentration of cows ranged from 2.2 to 2.9 mg/100 ml

(Beitz et al., 1973). Kincaid et al. (1981) found that plasma Mg concentration

of cows ranged from 2.4 to 2.8 mg/100 ml. Harmon and Britton (1983)

reported that plasma Mg concentration of lambs ranged from 2.05 to 2.47

mg/100 ml. Merkel et al. (1989) showed that Mg concentration in serum of

cattle and buffaloes were 1.99 and 2.39 mg/100 ml, respectively.

The concentrations of Mg in plasma of sheep were 2.02 and 2.48

mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg levels were 0.067 and 0.387%, respectively

(Chicco et al., 1973). Mclean et al. (1984) found that plasma Mg

concentration of ewes ranged from 0.64 to 1.18 mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg

intake ranged from 1.29 to 4.21 g/day. Oluokun and Bell (1985a) reported

that plasma Mg concentrations of cows were 1.74, 1.54 and 2.09mg/100 ml,

when dietary Mg levels were 0.25, 0.20 and 0.18% of DM, respectively. Abd

El-Raouf (1987) showed that serum Mg concentration of Friesian cows 3.43

mg/100 ml when dietary Mg intake was 25.4 g/day. Bacon et al. (1990) stated

that the concentration of Mg in plasma of Holstein calves fed deficient-Mg

diet (0.04%) was reduced below 1 mg/100 ml but remained near 2 mg/100 ml

in calves fed the same diet supplemented with Mg (0.24%). Johanson and

Powley (1990) revealed that plasma Mg concentrations were 1.05 and 1.10

mg/100 ml, when dietary Mg intake was 1.29 and 2.28 g/day, respectively.

25

3-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):

The normal levels of Na and K in plasma of cows were 176.00 and

11.78 mg/100 ml, respectively (Georgievskii, 1982). Dua et al. (1989) found

that normal levels of Na and K in serum were 146.17 and 9.58 mg/100 ml,

respectively. Ullrey et al. (1967) reported that the concentrations of Na and K

in serum ranged from 336 to 360 and 17.80 to 21.40 mg/100 ml, respectively.

Erdman et al. (1980) showed that plasma Na and K concentrations ranged

from 338.3 to 351.7 and 16.2 to 20.5 mg/100 ml, respectively. Hopkinson et

al. (1991) noticed that plasma Na and K concentrations were 160.6 and 7.79

mg/100 ml, respectively.

The concentrations of K in plasma of cows were 7.52, 7.18 and 7.49

mg/100 ml, when fed dietary K contents were 19.85, 18.79 and 17.55 g/kg

DM, respectively (Oluokun and Bell, 1985a). Pradhan and Hemeken (1968)

found that plasma Na and K concentrations of cows were 317, 20.7 and 321,

19.1 mg/100 ml, when fed K-deficient diet (0.06-0.15%) and K-adequate diet

(0.80%), respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported that the concentrations

of Na and K in serum of Friesian cows were 360.09 and 49.59 mg/100 ml,

when dietary Na and K intake were 23.8 and 378.3 g/day, respectively.

Waterman et al. (1991) showed that plasma Na and K concentrations of cows

were 159.72, 10.07 and 17.17, 10.07 mg/100 ml, when dietary Na and K

levels were 0.35, 1.09 and 0.52, 1.38% of DM, respectively. Shalit et al.

(1991) reported that plasma Na and K concentrations were 157.3, 7.41 and

152.9, 7.6 mg/100 ml, when dietary Na and K levels were 0.71, 4.08 and 0.32,

1.83% of DM, respectively.

26

3-2- Micro mineral:

3-2-1- Copper (Cu):

The normal level of Cu in healthy cows was 76.8 Ug/100 ml in whole

blood and 89.1 Ug/100 ml in plasma and the critical level was 60 Ug/100 ml

in plasma (Vankoestveld and Boagertdt, 1960). Underwood (1966) found that

the normal level of Cu in serum of sheep and cattle was 80-120 Ug/100 ml.

Georgievskii (1982) reported that the normal levels of Cu in plasma of cattle

and sheep were 91 and 115 Ug/100 ml, respectively. McDowell et al. (1988)

showed that the normal level of plasma Cu of buffaloes was 67 Ug/100 ml.

Auer et al. (1989) stated that normal level of Cu in plasma was 88-130

Ug/100 ml. McDowell and Conrad (1977) noticed that the critical level of

cattle serum for Cu <65 Ug/100 ml.

The concentration of Cu in serum ranged from 123 to 198 Ug/100 ml

(Ullery et al., 1967). El-Gindy (1976) stated that plasma Cu concentration of

buffaloes was 78.6-100.0 Ug/100 ml. Anderson et al. (1976) found that

plasma Cu concentration of rats ranged from 143 to 200 Ug/100 ml. Parshad

et al. (1979) reported that the concentration of Cu in plasma of buffaloes was

77.30-87.61 Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and Altinmo (1985) showed that plasma Cu

levels ranged from 115.6 to 129.0 Ug/100 ml. Charmley and Ivan (1989)

found that plasma Cu level ranged from 92 to 117 Ug/100 ml. Merkel et al.

(1989) reported that serum Cu concentrations of cattle and buffaloes were 59

and 79 Ug/100 ml, respectively.

The concentrations of Cu in plasma of pigs were 250, 272 and 213

Ug/100 ml, when dietary Cu intake were 13, 258 and 499 ppm (Klinekorne et

al., 1972). Ali (1984) found that serum Cu concentrations of buffalo calves

were 39, 34, 35 and 26 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Cu levels were 1.96, 16.25,

34.38, 36.67 and 30.25 mg/kg DM, respectively. Abd El-Raouf (1984)

27

reported that serum Cu concentration of Friesian cows was 95.68 Ug/100 ml,

when dietary Cu intake was 167 mg/day.

3-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

The normal level of Zn in serum of cattle and sheep was 80-120

Ug/100 ml (Underwood, 1966). Georgieveskii (1982) found that the normal

level of Zn in plasma was 100-200 Ug/100 ml. McDwell and Conrad (1977)

reported that critical level in cattle blood serum for Zn <80 Ug/100 ml. Ullrey

et al. (1967) showed that serum Zn concentration ranged from 54 to 141

Ug/100 ml. Fahmey et al. (1979) stated that plasma Zn concentration of

buffaloes ranged from 78.57 to 98.80 Ug/100 ml. Parshad et al. (1979)

noticed that plasma Zn concentration of buffaloes ranged from 147 to 179

Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and Atimo (1985) revealed that plasma Zn level was

66.6-112.0 Ug/100 ml. McDowell et al. (1988) found that serum Zn

concentration was 86 Ug/100 ml. Auer et al. (1980) reported that plasma Zn

level ranged from 51 to 119 Ug/100 ml.

The concentrations of Zn in plasma of cows were 210, 320, 400 and

750 Ug/100 ml when fed ration with 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm of Zn

supplementation (Miller et al., 1965a). Wilkins et al. (1972) found that

plasma Zn were 211, 107 and 110 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn content were

1, 10 and 60 ppm, respectively. Ali (1984) reported that serum Zn

concentrations were 58, 68, 43, 58 and 26 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn

contents were 5.76, 105.50, 86.63, 166.92 and 91.18 mg/kg DM. Abd El-

Raouf (1987) showed that serum Zn of Friesian cows was 115.10 Ug/100 ml,

when dietary Zn intake was 529 mg/day. Gomaa et al. (1993c) stated that

plasma Zn were 430, 680, 630 and 430 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Zn intake by

goats were 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2 and 79.5 mg/day, respectively.

28

3-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

Plasma Mn concentration was 1 ppm (Cotzias, 1958). Vanderhorst

(1960) found that mean values of Mn in blood of cattle ranged from 10 to 28

Ug/100 ml. Rojas et al. (1965) reported that Mn concentration in whole blood

was 2.78 Ug/100 ml. Sullivan et al. (1979) found that serum Mn

concentration ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 Ug/100 ml. Georgievskii (1982) showed

that the concentration of Mn in whole blood averages 5-10 Ug/100 ml.

Majewski et al. (1990) reported that blood Mn levels varied from 3.15 to 3.35

Ug/100 ml.

The concentrations of Mn in plasma of sheep were 16 and 22 Ug/100

ml, when dietary Mn levels were 30 and 430 ppm, respectively (Watson et al.,

1973). Ali (1984) found that Mn concentration in serum of buffalo calves

were 3.4, 4.8, 5.0, 2.8 and 4.9 Ug/100 ml, when dietary Mn contents were 0,

85.75, 94.63, 112.83 and 177.51 mg/kg DM, respectively. Black et al. (1985)

reported that serum Mn concentrations of sheep were 4.43, 5.77, 8.30, 7.60

and 16.10 Ug/100 ml, with added Mn oxide 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000

ppm, while were 4.33, 7.07, and 14.40 Ug/100 ml, when added Mn carbonate

2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm, respectively.

3-2-4- Iron (Fe):

The normal level of plasma Fe ranged from 49 to 197 Ug/100 ml

(Furugouri, 1970). Furugouri (1972) found that plasma Fe concentration of

pigs ranged from 70 to 81 Ug/100 ml. Hidiroglou (1983) reported that plasma

Fe concentration of sheep ranged from 34 to 111 Ug/100 ml. Mbofung and

Atinmo (1985) showed that plasma Fe ranged from 73 to 89 Ug/100 ml. Sehr

(1989) stated that plasma Fe concentration ranged from 68 to 188 Ug/100 ml.

Drew et al. (1990) found that plasma Fe concentration of pigs was 298

29

Ug/100 ml. Bosted et al. (1991) reported that plasma Fe concentration of

calves was 72 Ug/100 ml.

The concentration of Fe in plasma ranged from 115 to 153 Ug/100 ml,

while in serum ranged from 110 to 200 Ug/100 ml (Georgievskii, 1982).

Pathak an Janakiraman (1989) found that serum Fe concentration of buffaloes

ranged from 185.60 to 274.47 Ug/100 ml. Prabowo et al. (1988) reported that

serum Fe concentration were 188, 194, 203 and 207 Ug/100 ml, when dietary

Fe intake were 154, 454, 754 and 1354 ppm, respectively.

4- Mineral concentration in milk:

4-1- Macro mineral:

4-1-1- Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P):

The contents of Ca in milk ranged from 1.34 to 1.47 g/kg for cows and

from 1.78 to 1.85 g/kg for buffaloes (Moneeb, 1957). Salama (1969) found

that Ca contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes were 1.34 and 1.99 g/kg,

respectively. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) reported that Ca concentrations in

cow's milk were 1.79, 1.79 and 1.62 g/kg, when dietary Ca contents were

4.11, 3.66 and 5.35 g/kg DM, respectively. Brodison et al. (1989) showed that

P content in milk of cows ranged from 0.91 to 0.97 g/kg.

The contents of Ca and P in milk of cattle ranged from 1.33 to 1.37 and

0.95 to 0.99 g/kg, respectively (Nickerson, 1960). Kamal et al. (1961) found

that Ca and P concentrations in milk of cows ranged from 1.30 to 1.36 and

0.86 to 0.98 g/kg, respectively. Akinsoyinu and Akinyele (1979) reported that

Ca and P contents in milk of cows were 2.01 and 1.18 g/kg, respectively.

Akinsoyinu (1981) showed that the level of Ca and P in milk of cows was

1.30 and 0.93 g/kg, respectively. Barabanshchikov et al. (1982) showed that

Ca and P contents in milk of cows ranged from 1.23 to 1.29 and 1.05 to 1.12

g/kg, respectively. Kume et al. (1987) stated that Ca and P contents in cow's

30

milk were 1.18 and 0.93 g/kg, respectively. Joshi and Singh (1983) noticed

that Ca and P concentrations in milk of cows and buffaloes were 1.28, 0.95

and 2.05, 1.25 g/kg, respectively. Merkel et al. (1990) found that Ca and P

contents in cows and buffaloes milk were 0.9, 0.7 and 2.0, 1.1 g/kg,

respectively. Farag et al. (1992) reported that Ca and P contents in milk of

cows and buffaloes were 1.25, 1.10 and 1.75, 1.24 g/kg, respectively.

The concentrations of Ca and P in milk of goats ranged from 1.05 to

1.50 and 0.85 to 0.90 g/kg, respectively (Muschen et al., 1988). Gomaa et al.

(1993b) reported that Ca and P contents in milk of goats ranged from 1.36 to

1.59 and 0.67 to 0.87 g/kg, respectively.

4-1-2- Magnesium (Mg):

The content of Mg in milk ranged from 0.12 to 0.18 g/kg (Kamal et al.,

1961). Nickerson (1960) found that Mg content in cow's milk ranged from

0.07 to 0.10 g/kg. Rook and Storry (1962) reported that cow's milk contained

on the average 0.12 g/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Mg content in milk

of cattle was 0.22 g/kg. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) stated that Mg contents in

cow's milk were 0.08, 0.09 and 0.08 g/kg, when dietary Mg levels were 2.60,

1.80 and 1.58 g/kg DM, respectively.

The contents of Mg in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.22 to

0.25 and 0.26 to 0.29 g/kg, respectively (Moneeb, 1957). Salama (1969)

found that Mg contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.13 and 0.21

g/kg, respectively. Kume et al. (1987) reported that the contents of Mg in

milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.13 and 0.17 g/kg, respectively. Merkel et

al. (1990) showed that Mg contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.07

and 0.14 g/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) found that Mg contents in

milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.14 and 0.22 g/kg, respectively.

31

Ychroniadou and Vafopoulou (1985) reported that Mg content in goat's milk

was 0.09 g/kg.

4-1-3- Sodium (Na) and potassium (K):

The contents of Na and K in milk were 0.50 and 1.44 g/kg, respectively

(Nickerson, 1960). Kamal et al. (1961) found that Na and K contents of milk

ranged from 0.44 to 0.57 and 1.73 to 1.85 g/kg, respectively. Sasser et al.

(1966) reported that K content in cow's milk ranged from 1.50 to 1.74 g/kg.

Akinsoyinu and Akinyele (1979) stated that Na and K contents in milk of

cows were 0.65 and 1.57 g/kg, respectively. Salih et al. (1985) showed that K

content in cow's milk was 1.0 g/kg. Salih et al. (1987) noticed that K content

in cow's milk was 1.10 g/kg.

The contents of Na and K in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.63,

1.25 and 0.36, 0.95 g/kg, respectively (Lampert, 1975). Merkel et al. (1990)

found that Na and K contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes were 0.7, 1.0 and

0.4, 0.6 g/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) found that Na and K contents in

milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.50, 1.73 and 0.49, 1.32 g/kg, respectively.

Haenlein (1980) reported that Na and K contents in goat's milk ranged from

0.35 to 0.42 and 1.62 to 2.28 g/kg, respectively. Migdal et al. (1990) showed

that Na and K contents in goat's milk were 0.32 and 0.96 g/kg, respectively.

The concentrations of Na and K in cow's milk were 0.59, 1.45 and 0.75,

1.28 g/kg, when cows fed adequate K (0.86%) and deficient K (0.08-0.15%),

respectively (Pradhan and Hemeken, 1968). Dennis et al. (1976) found that

Na and K contents in cow's milk were 0.57, 1.59; 0.61, 1.60 and 0.62, 1.59

g/kg, when dietary K levels were 0.45; 0.55 and 0.66% of DM, respectively.

Dennis and Hemeken (1978) reported that Na and K contents in cow's milk

were 0.50, 1.31; 0.45, 1.51 and 0.49, 1.40 g/kg, when dietary K levels were

0.46; 0.69 and 0.97%, respectively. Oluokun and Bell (1985b) showed that K

32

contents in cow's milk were 0.68, 0.69 and 0.62 g/kg, when dietary K contents

were 23.66, 28.73 and 18.04 g/kg DM, respectively.

4-2- Micro mineral:

4-2-1- Copper (Cu):

The range and average content of Cu in milk were 0.044-0.190 and

0.086 mg/kg (Murthy et al., 1972). Murphy et al. (1977) found that Cu level

of milk ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) reported that Cu

content in cow's milk was 0.32 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Cu

concentration in cow's milk was 0.34 mg/kg. Ali (1984) indicated that Cu

content in buffalo's milk was 0.28 mg/kg. Lampert (1975) found that Cu

content in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.05 to 0.20 mg/kg.

Merkel et al. (1990) reported that Cu contents in milk of cattle and buffaloes

were 0.30 and 0.40 mg/kg, respectively. Farag et al. (1992) reported that Cu

contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.19 and 0.22 mg/kg,

respectively.

The content of Cu in goat's milk was 0.60 mg/kg (Akinsoyinu et al.,

1979). Haenlen (1980) found that Cu concentration in goat's milk ranged from

0.10 to 0.70 mg/kg, while Migdal et al. (1990) reported 1.27 mg/kg in goat's

milk.

4-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

The average level of Zn in milk was about 4 mg/kg (Miller et al.,

1965a). Parkash and Jenness (1967) found that Zn content in cow's milk

ranged from 3-6 mg/kg. Murthy et al. (1972) reported that the range and

average contents of Zn in cow's milk were 2.40-5.10 and 3.28 mg/kg,

respectively. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Zn content in cow's milk was 4.2

mg/kg. Salih et al. (1987) stated that the concentration of Zn in cow's milk

33

ranged from 3.75 to 4.51 mg/kg. Ali (1984) concluded that Zn concentration

in buffalo's milk was 8.4 mg/kg.

The concentration of Zn in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 3-5

mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Merkel et al. (1990) found that Zn contents in milk

of cattle and buffaloes were 2.96 and 3.91 mg/kg, respectively. Akinsoyinu et

al. (1979) reported that the concentration of Zn in goat's milk ranged from

3.10 to 4.86 mg/kg. Migdal et al. (1990) showed that Zn level in goat's milk

was 7.92 mg/kg.

Decreasing dietary Zn from atypical 40 to 17 ppm reduced milk Zn

content from 4.2 to 2.3 mg/kg, whereas increasing dietary Zn from 44 to 1279

ppm elevated milk Zn from 4.2 to 8.4 mg/kg (Miller et al., 1965b and Miller,

1975). Neathery et al. (1973) found that Zn content of milk decreased from

8.0 to 5.2 mg/kg as dietary Zn intake decreased from 695 to 295 mg/day.

Gomaa et al. (1993b) reported that Zn contents in goat's milk were 3.6, 5.0,

4.8, 5.3 and 5.0 mg/kg, when dietary Zn intake were 74.0, 166.4, 84.8, 65.2

and 79.5 mg/day, respectively.

4-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

The concentration of Mn in bovine milk was 0.010-0.015 mg/kg

(Thomas, 1970). Murthy et al. (1972) found that the range and average of Mn

contents in cow's milk were 0.033-0.211 and 0.091 mg/kg, respectively. Salih

et al. (1985) reported that Mn content in cow's milk was 0.09 mg/kg.

Moreover, Salih et al. (1987) showed that cow's milk contained 0.089 mg/kg.

The content of Mn in milk of cows and buffaloes ranged from 0.02 to

0.05 mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Farag et al. (1992) found that Mn contents in

milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.038 and 0.042 mg/kg, respectively.

Akinsoyinu et al. (1979) found that Mn content in goat's milk was 0.05

34

mg/kg. Haenlein (1980) reported that Mn concentration in goat's milk ranged

from 0.07 to 0.09 mg/kg.

4-2-4- Iron (Fe):

Iron concentration in milk of cows and goats was about 0.5 mg/kg

(Thomas, 1970). Merthy et al. (1972) found that the range and average of Fe

contents in milk of cows were 0.20-1.31 and 0.64 mg/kg, respectively.

Murphy et al. (1977) reported that Fe content in cow's milk ranged from 0.10

to 0.30 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1985) showed that Fe content in cow's milk was

0.51 mg/kg. Salih et al. (1987) noticed that Fe concentration in cow's milk

ranged from 0.89 to 1.20 mg/kg.

The concentration of Fe in milk of cattle and buffaloes ranged from

0.20 to 0.40 mg/kg (Lampert, 1975). Farag et al. (1992) found that Fe

contents in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.48 and 1.22 mg/kg,

respectively. Akinsoyinu et al. (1979) found that Fe level in goat's milk

ranged from 0.30 to 0.67 mg/kg. Haenlen (1980) reported that the

concentration of Fe in goat's milk ranged from 0.10 to 0.70 mg/kg. Migdal et

al. (1990) showed that Fe content in goat's milk was 7.42 mg/kg.

5- The effect of high dietary calcium level on mineral utilization:

5-1- Macro mineral:

5-1-1- Calcium (Ca):

The efficiency of Ca utilization depended on Ca intake and Ca

absorption appears to be a function of need for Ca in relation to Ca supply in

the ration (Ward et al., 1972). Ammerman and Godrich (1983) and Richter et

al. (1990) found that high dietary Ca intake led to decrease apparent Ca

absorption and balance. Chicco et al. (1973) reported that Ca absorpation by

sheep decreased with increasing dietary Ca level from 0.13 to 0.42%.

Szyszkowska and Pres (1988) stated that Ca retention decreased from 7.2 to

35

6.5 g/day due to increasing dietary Ca level from 0.85 to 1.10%. On contrast,

Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that Ca absorption by wethers increased from

1.01 to 3.83 g/day as a result of increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to

1.43%.

The concentration of Ca in serum of pigs increased from 7.52 to 13.42

mg/100 ml by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.4 to 1.6% (Miller et al.,

1962). Chicco et al. (1973) found that increasing dietary Ca intake from 0.13

to 0.42% led to increase plasma Ca concentration of sheep from 10.10 to

10.73 mg/100 ml. On contrast, Beitz et al. (1973) reported that plasma Ca

concentration of dairy cows decreased from 7.0 to 6.5 mg/100 ml by

increasing dietary Ca level from 0.52 to 1.10%. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed

that plasma Ca concentration of Merino wethers decreased from 9.86 to 8.88

mg/100 ml with increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. Also,

Szyszkowska and Pres (1988) stated that increasing dietary Ca level from

0.85 to 1.10% led to decrease plasma Ca concentration from 12.2 to 10.5

mg/100 ml. Moreover, Crookshank et al. (1966) noticed that serum Ca

concentration of lambs increased from 9.00 to 10.48 mg/100 ml by increasing

dietary Ca level from 0.17 to 0.33% and decreased again to 10.40 mg/100 ml

with increasing dietary Ca level to 0.47%. However, Kincaid et al. (1991)

shown that increasing dietary Ca level did not influence the concentration of

Ca in plasma or serum. Oluekun and Bell (1985b) found that increasing

dietary Ca level from 3.66 to 5.35 g/kg led to decrease milk Ca content from

57.74 to 52.15 meq/liter.

5-1-2- Phosphorus (P):

High dietary Ca level had an inhibitory effect on P absorption (Durand

et al., 1982). Field et al. (1984) reported that the addition of Ca to the diet

reduced the efficiency of the absorption of P supplement. Forbes (1963) found

36

that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.40 to 0.80% depressed P gain in

animals fed the low P diets. Abd El-Raouf (1987) showed that P absorption

and retention were slightly increased by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43

to 1.43.

Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.4 to 1.6% led to decrease serum P

concentration of pigs from 11.38 to 8.02 mg/100 ml (Miller et al., 1962).

Crookshank et al. (1966) found that increasing dietary Ca level from 0.17 to

0.47% resulted in decreased serum P concentration of lambs from 10.28 to

7.62 mg/100 ml. Also, Chicco et al. (1973) reported that plasma P

concentration of lambs decreased from 9.20 to 8.37 mg/100 ml as a result of

increasing dietary Ca level from 0.14 to 0.42%. On contrast, Abd El-Raouf

(1987) found that plasma P of sheep increased from 4.77 to 5.27 mg/100 ml

by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. However, Kincaid et al.

(1981) stated that serum P concentration of cows was not affected by

increasing dietary Ca level from 1.0 to 1.8%.

5-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):

Magnesium deficiency is exacerbated by a diet high in Ca (Tufts and

Greenberg, 1938). Toothill (1962) found that there is a good evidence that

high level of Ca in the diet of animals interfere with Mg absorption. Alcock

and Mac Intyre (1962) reported that there is a reciprocal compensatory

absorption of Ca or Mg from a diet deficient in the other element. Abd El-

Raouf (1987) stated that Mg retention decreased from 0.48 to 0.44 g/day with

increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%, respectively.

Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.40 to 0.80% led to decrease serum

Mg concentration in the rats from 1.63 to 1.30 mg/100 ml (Forbes, 1964).

Crookshank et al. (1966) found that serum Mg concentration of lambs

decreased from 2.96 to 2.62 mg/100 ml with increasing dietary Ca level from

37

0.17 to 0.47%. Also, Chicco et al. (1973) reported that serum Mg

concentration of sheep decreased from 2.34 to 2.16 mg/100 ml as a result of

increasing dietary Ca level from 0.13 to 0.43%. Moreover, Abd El-Raouf

(1987) that plasma Mg concentration of sheep decreased from 3.30 to 3.06

mg/100 ml due to increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43%. However,

Kincaid et al. (1981) reported that increasing dietary Ca level from 1.0 to

1.8% did not affect plasma Mg concentration of cows, which was about 2.5

mg/100 ml. Oluckun and Bell (1985a,b) stated that plasma Mg concentration

in cows increased from 1.28 to 1.74 meq/ liter, but milk Mg content decreased

from 7.53 to 6.57 meq/ liter as a result of increasing dietary Ca level from

3.66 to 5.35 g/kg.

5-1-4- Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K):

Increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to 1.43% resulted in decreased

Na and K retention from 0.50 and 1.31 to 0.02 and 0.62 g/day and decreased

plasma Na and K concentration in sheep from 375.67 and 34.70 to 347.89 and

34.33 mg/100 ml, respectively (Abd El-Raouf, 1987). Kegley et al. (1991)

reported that plasma Na and K concentration decreased from 287 and 14.9 to

284 and 14.6 mg/100 ml by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.35 to 0.71%.

On contrast, Ha et al. (1985) found that lambs received 2% limestone had

higher plasma Na and K. Olukun and Bell (1985a) reported that plasma K

concentration of dairy cows increased from 3.78 to 3.96 meq/liter with

increasing dietary Ca level from 3.66 to 4.11 g/kg. Olukun and Bell (1985b)

showed that K content in milk of dairy cows decreased from 36.06 to 32.72

meq/liter as a result of increasing dietary Ca level from 3.66 to 5.35 g/kg.

38

5-2- Micro mineral:

5-2-1- Copper (Cu):

The development of Cu deficiency in ruminant animals can usually be

attributed to the high level of dietary Ca which reduce the availability of Cu

(Bremner and Davis, 1980). Dick (1954) reported that in experiments with

sheep receiving 30 mg Cu/ day, diets containing about 90 g CaCo3/ kg halved

the hepatic retention of Cu. In study with cattle, Kirchgessner (1965) found

that an increase in dietary Ca from 7.0 to 9.5 g/kg reduced Cu retention.

Hansard (1983) showed that high levels of Ca reduced the absorption of Cu.

However, Hemingway et al. (1962) found no adverse effect on Cu utilization

of drenches providing 35 g CaCo3/day to grazing sheep. Other have failed to

found an influence on Cu status of cattle by wider adjustments of dietary Ca

e.g. 6.14 g/kg, Hartmans, 1970; 9.28 g/kg, Huber and Price, 1971).

Increasing dietary Ca intake from 780 to 2382 mg/day resulted in

reducing Cu retention from 0.06 to 0.01 mg/day and also reduced plasma Cu

from 105 to 100 Ug/100 ml (Sendeker et al., 1982). However, Abd El-Raouf

(1987) found that apparent Cu absorption and plasma Cu level was not

influenced by increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Kegley et al. (1991)

reported that increasing dietary Ca from 0.35 to 0.71% did not affect plasma

concentration and was 75 Ug/100 ml.

5-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

The studies by Tucker and Salman (1955) suggested that Ca and Zn

exhibit an antagonism. Hoekstra (1964) stated antagonism between Ca and Zn

in animal which has demonstrated that Ca interferes with the absorption of Zn

from the intestine. Moreover, Hoekstra et al. (1956) reported that diets high in

Ca prevented the utilization of Zn by swine. Persack et al. (1958), Heth and

Hoekstra (1965) and Kincaid (1979) found that increasing dietary Ca level

decreased the absorption of Zn. Also, the addition of Ca to the diet of

experimental animals has been reported to decrease the absorption of Zn

(Hoekstra, 1964 and Robertson and Burrs, 1963). Forbes (1964) found that

39

increasing dietary Ca from 0.57 to 0.91% led to reduce Zn absorption from 83

to 51%. Perry et al. (1968) reported that increasing the level of supplemental

Ca (0.56%) resulted in significant decrease in levels of serum Zn in beef

cattle. Abd El-Raouf (1987) stated that high dietary Ca (1.43%) intake by

sheep led to slight decrease in Zn absorption and retention and plasma Zn

levels. Sendeker et al. (1982) showed that plasma Zn level tended to decrease

from 89 to 88 Ug/100 ml with increasing dietary Ca intake from 780 to 2382

mg/day. Kegley et al. (1991) found that plasma Zn decreased from 91 to 87

Ug/100 ml by increasing dietary Ca from 0.35 to 0.71%.

5-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

Calcium was antagonistic to Mn in ruminants (Wilson, 1966). Lassiter

et al. (1970) found that dietary Ca level in sheep influence Mn metabolism

through effects on absorption and retention. Abd El-Raouf (1987) reported

that Mn absorption and retention decreased from 21.53 and 21.04 to 8.15 and

0.25% with increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Blockemore et al.

(1937) recorded a reduction in Mn level in serum of dairy cattle grazing on

pasture high in Ca content. Hawkins et al. (1955) showed that the need for

dietary Mn by calves was extremely low and that increased amount of Ca

intensively the need for dietary Mn supplements. The high dietary Ca intake

reduced Mn concentration in the blood.

5-2-4- Iron (Fe):

Human subjects retained less Fe when fed high dietary Ca level

(Hansard, 1983). Forbes (1964) found that increasing dietary Ca from 0.57 to

0.91% led to reduce Fe absorption from 27 to 23%. Snedeker et al. (1982)

reported that increasing dietary Ca intake from 780 to 2382 mg/day resulted

in decreased Fe retention from 0.56 to -0.44 mg/day, but was unaffected

plasma Fe which was 146 Ug/100 ml. Kegley et al. (1991) showed that

plasma Fe concentration decreased from 332 to 318 Ug/100 ml with

increasing dietary Ca from 0.35 to 0.71%.

40

III- MATERIALS AND METHODS

The current work was carried out at the experimental farm of the

Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh,

Tanta University.

This work consisted of two parts:

1- Mineral metabolism of traditional winter and summer rations by sheep.

2- Mineral concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk of both Friesian and

buffalo cows and their growing heifers as affected by feeding traditional

winter and summer rations and high dietary calcium level.

1- Mineral metabolism:

1-1- Experimental animals and rations:

Two mineral metabolism trials conducted to investigate mineral

balance of traditional winter and summer rations using three barky rams in

each trial with average body weight of 50 kg and average age of 3 years. Each

of winter and summer rations was fed for rams housed individually in

metabolism stalls for fifteen days preliminary period followed by seven days

collection period. Metabolism carts permitted total collection and separation

of feces and urine. Winter and summer rations were offered to cover

maintenance requirements according NRC (1978) in almost two equal parts at

8 a.m. and 4 p.m. The water was available all the day round in plastic buckets.

Winter and summer rations fed to rams successively in two digestion

trials as follows:

1- Winter ration (concentrate mixture + berseem + rice straw).

2- Summer ration (concentrate mixture + rice straw).

Daily feed intake, chemical composition and mineral concentration are

presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

41

1-2- Collection of samples: 1-2-1- Feedstuffs:

Samples of concentrate mixture, berseem and rice straw were taken at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment. Samples were dried, ground and prepared for both chemical analysis and mineral determinantion.

1-2-2- Faeces: Fresh faeces from each ram was weighed daily and sample of about

25% of the weight was taken and dried in a forced air oven at 70 oC for 24 hours. Dried samples were composted for each ram. The representative samples were taken at the end of experiment and ground, then prepared for

chemical analysis and mineral determination.

Table (1). Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by sheep.

Feedstuffs* Winter ration Summer ration

Concentrate mixture** (g) 500 1160

Berseem (g) 3400 - Rice straw (g) 260 240 * as fed. ** Concentrate mixture consisted of 35% undecorticated cotton seed cake, 22% yellow

corn grain, 33% wheat bran, 4% rice bran, 3% molasses, 2% limestone (calcium carbonate) and 1% common salt (sodium chloride).

Table (2). Chemical composition of feedstuffs of winter and summer rations.

Ingredients DM OM CP CF EE NFE Ash

………………………... % ………………………… Concentrate mixture

as fed 9138 82.96 14.78 13.30 2.60 52.28 8.42 as DM 100.00 90.79 16.17 14.55 2.84 57.23 9.21

Berseem

as fed 14.30 12.58 2.27 3.48 0.33 6.50 1.72 as DM 100.00 87.97 15.87 24.34 2.32 45.44 12.03

Rice straw as fed 85.70 73.56 2.15 32.11 1.79 37.53 12.12 as DM 100.00 85.86 2.51 37.47 2.09 43.79 14.14

42

Table (3). Mineral concentration in feedstuffs of winter and summer rations.

Ingredients Ca P Mg Na K Cu Zn Mn Fe

…………....g/kg..………….. ……...mg/kg……… Concentrate mixture

as fed 12.70 4.19 5.28 6.42 26.18 12.78 65.17 62.13 442.84 as DM 13.90 4.58 5.78 7.03 28.65 13.99 71.32 67.99 484.61

Berseem

as fed 2.20 0.51 0.52 1.01 4.99 1.65 9.02 8.09 71.69 as DM 15.40 3.55 3.60 7.08 34.90 11.54 63.07 56.57 501.34

Rice straw as fed 6.83 1.05 2.34 4.96 21.81 5.08 28.01 8.86 54.72

as DM 7.92 1.22 2.73 5.79 25.45 5.93 32.68 10.34 63.85

1-2-3- Urine:

Urine from each ram was collected in plastic bucket containing 20 ml

of H2SO4 (10%). Daily urine volume was measured and sample of about 10%

of the volume was taken in glass bottle during the collection period and

prepared for mineral determination.

1-3- Chemical analysis:

Analysis of feedstuffs and faeces samples were carried out for

determining dry matter, crude protein (kjeldahl nitrogen x 6.25), crude fiber,

ether extract and ash according to the methods of AOAC (1980).

2- Mineral concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk:

2-1- Experimental animals:

Dairy Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers were used to

study the effect of feeding traditional winter and summer rations on minerals

concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk. Age of dairy cows and their

growing heifers were about 4-5 and 1-2 years, respectively. The number of

43

Friesian cows, buffalo cows, Friesian and buffalo heifers were 14, 17, 12 and

16, respectively.

2-2- Experimental rations:

The animals were fed concentrate mixture, berseem and rice straw

during winter season and concentrate mixture and rice straw only during

summer season. Daily feed intake per head was fed in calculated amounts to

cover energy and DCP recommended requirements (NRC 1978) as shown in

Table (4).

Dairy Friesian and buffalo cows were fed individually. The growing

heifers were fed in group feeding. Ration was offered in almost two equal

parts at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Dairy animals were watered three times daily at 10

a.m., 12 and 4 p.m., while fresh water was available to the growing heifers all

the day round. Chemical composition and mineral content of feedstuffs in the

different rations are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table (4). Daily feedstuffs intake of winter and summer rations by dairy

Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

Ingredients* Winter ration Summer ration

Dairy cows

Concentrate mixture (kg) 5.50 9.0

Berseem (kg) 20.0 -

Rice straw (kg) 3.50 6.0

Growing heifers

Concentrate mixture (kg) 3.5 6.0

Berseem (kg) 10.0 -

Rice straw (kg) 3.0 4.0

* as fed.

44

2-3- Collection of samples:

2-3-1- Hair:

The hair samples were collected from the upper right or left cage for

each animal, cutting (full hand) by a clean shaving tackle to the skin surface

of the animal in clean first use nylon bag separately. Each sample was

separately cut into small portions and extracted for crude fat. The sample was

thoroughly washed by tap water, then rinsed by distilled and boiled distilled

water until both the filter and filtrate appeared clear. Hair samples were dried

in the oven at 60 oC for 72 hours, then weighed into crucibles and ashed for 5

hour at 500 oC. Ash was weighed and taken up into 10 ml HCl (10%) and

diluted by 15 ml distilled water, then placed on hot plate until the solution

completely evaporated. Thereafter, 10 ml HCl (10%) was added and the

solution was heated to observe ascending vapours (about 80-90 oC).

Following filtration in volumetric flask (50 ml), transferred into bottles and

kept for mineral determination.

2-3-2- Blood plasma:

Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein by clean sterile

needle in a clean dry plastic centrifuge tubes using heparin as an

anticoagulant, then centrifuged at 4000 rotation per minute for 15 minutes to

obtain plasma. One ml of each plasma sample was wet ashing by using 5 ml

pure sulphuric acid and 2.5 ml pure nitric acid, diluted to 50 ml by distilled

water and kept for mineral determination.

2-3-3- Milk:

Milk samples from the morning and evening milkings for each cow

were thoroughly mixed. Afterwards, sample of 50 ml was weighed and dried

at 60 oC for 72 hours, ashed and solubilized in a similar manner to hair

samples and kept for mineral determination.

45

2-3-4- Feedstuffs:

Samples of feedstuffs were taken from the traditional winter and

summer rations. Samples of concentrate mixture, berseem and rice straw were

dried and ground, then ashed and solubilized as previously described in hair

and kept for mineral determination.

3- Mineral determination:

1- Calcium was determined according to the method of Baron and Bell

(1957).

2- Phosphorus was determined by Hydroquinone reagent using

spectrophotometer Milton Roy Company Spectronic 20 D.

3- Magnesium was determined according to the method of Orange and Rhein

(1951) using spectrophotometer Milton Roy Company Spectronic 20 D.

4- Sodium and potassium were determined by Flame photometer Jenway

PFP7.

5- Trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese and iron) were determined by

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Perkin-Elmer 2380.

4- Statistical analysis:

The data obtained from chemical analysis and minerals determination

were statistically analyzed according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980).

Significance was determined by multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).

46

IV- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1- Mineral utilization by sheep:

1-1- Macro mineral:

1-1-1- Calcium (Ca):

Data presented in Table (5) indicated that Ca consumption by sheep

during winter and summer rations was 15.60 and 16.37 g/day, respectively.

Results revealed that Ca intake appears to be affected by the ration intake

(Table 1) and Ca content in the components of the ration (Table 3). Dietary

Ca intake from both rations was higher than the recommended requirements

for sheep (0.40-0.55%, Georgievskii, 1982).

Calcium excreted in feces during feeding winter and summer rations

were 9.70 and 10.28 g/day, respectively, which increased with increasing

dietary Ca intake. These results agree with that obtained by Abd El-Raouf

(1987) who found that fecal Ca excretion by sheep increased by increasing

dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%. Moreover, Martin and Deluca (1969)

indicated that a large amount of Ca was re-secreted into the intestinal lumen

and mostly lost in feces while urinary Ca excretion remained relatively

constant. However, fecal Ca varies widely in response to diet, suggesting that

Ca levels are well controlled at the level of absorption.

Although dietary Ca intake (g/day) by sheep of both rations was high,

yet Ca absorption and retention increased as a result of increasing dietary Ca

intake, which increased from 5.90 and 3.75 g/day in winter ration to 6.09 and

3.82 g/day in summer ration, respectively. Similar results obtained by Abs El-

Raouf (1987) who found that Ca absorption and retention increased from 1.01

and 0.87 to 3.83 and 3.59 g/day by increasing dietary Ca level from 0.43 to

1.43%. Wasserman and Taylor (1969) proposed that total Ca absorption was

47

regulated by passive diffusion process independent of intestinal concentration

and also regulated by Ca requirement of the body. This may be due to the

regulation of blood Ca level, which controlled by two hormones, parathyroid

hormone and calcitonin. When blood Ca level drops parathyroid hormone is

produced and stimulates the production of 1, 25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol,

the active form of vitamin D (Deluca, 1974). 1, 25- dihydroxy cholecalciferol

increased blood Ca level by increasing intestinal absorption of Ca and in

conjunction with parathyroid hormone decreases loss of Ca in urine. When

high level of Ca in the blood occurs, the production of parathyroid hormone,

thus reducing absorption of Ca from the intestines and resorption from bone

(Ammerman and Goodrich, 1983).

Table (5). Calcium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

g/day

Intake 15.60 16.37 Excretion

Feces 9.70 10.28 Urine 2.15 2.27 Total 11.85 12.55

Apparent absorption 5.90 6.09 Net retention 3.75 3.82

% of intake Excretion

Feces 62.18 62.80 Urine 13.78 13.87 Total 75.96 76.66

Apparent absorption 37.82 37.20 Net retention 24.04 23.34 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

48

1-1-2- Phosphorus (P):

The effect of traditional winter and summer rations on P metabolism by

sheep is shown in Table (6). There was significant difference (P<0.05) for P

intake between winter and summer rations, which was 4.08 and 5.13 g/day,

respectively. Fecal P excretion was higher, which was ranged from 110.14 to

131.62% of P intake. It may be due to increasing dietary Ca intake (1.29-

1.34%) or wide Ca: P ratio (3.2-3.8: 1) and the major route of P excretion

occurs through feces. Similar results obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who

found that fecal P excretion was higher when sheep fed high dietary Ca level

(1.43%). Phosphorus absorption and retention were -1.29 and -1.59 d/day and

-0.52 and -0.87 g/day in winter and summer rations, respectively.

Table (6). Phosphorus balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

g/day

Intake 4.08a 5.13b Excretion

Feces 5.37 5.65 Urine 0.30 0.35 Total 5.67 6.00

Apparent absorption -1.29a -0.52b Net retention -1.59a -0.87b

% of intake Excretion

Feces 131.62 110.14 Urine 7.35 6.82 Total 138.97 116.96

Apparent absorption -31.62 -10.14 Net retention -38.97 -16.96 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

49

The present results may be due to increasing dietary Ca, Mg, K and Fe

level or wide Ca: P ratio in both rations, which have adverse effect on P

absorption or retention. These results was in agreement with that obtained by

Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that P absorption and retention tended to

decrease in sheep fed high dietary Ca level (1.43%). Georgievskii (1982) and

Durand et al. (1982) observed an inhibitory effect of dietary Ca, Mg, K and

Fe on the absorption and retention of P owing to the formation of insoluble

phosphorus.

1-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):

Dietary Mg intake during winter ration was significantly (P<0.05)

lower than during summer ration as shown in Table (7), being 5.00 and 6.73

g/day, respectively. Fecal Mg excretion increased significantly (P<0.05) from

2.88 g/day in winter ration to 3.38 g/day in summer ration. The present results

agree with that obtained by Chester-Jones et al. (1989) who found that

increasing dietary Mg linearly increased Mg excretion in feces. Apparent Mg

absorption and retention were significantly (P<0.05) higher for sheep fed

summer ration (3.35 and 3.04 g/day) than those fed winter ration (2.12 and

1.87 g/day). Similar results were obtained by Chester-Jones et al. (1989) who

reported that apparent Mg absorption expressed as g/day increased as dietary

Mg increased to 1.2%. Magnesium excreted in feces was higher than Mg

absorption (% intake) as a result of increasing dietary Ca intake. These results

agreed with that obtained by Geogievskii (1982) who found an antagonism

effect of dietary Ca on Mg absorption.

50

Table (7). Magnesium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

g/day Intake 5.00a 6.73b

Excretion Feces 2.88a 3.38b Urine 0.25 0.31

Total 3.13a 3.69b Apparent absorption 2.12a 3.35b

Net retention 1.87a 3.04b

% of intake

Excretion Feces 57.60 50.22 Urine 5.00 4.61

Total 62.60 54.83 Apparent absorption 42.40 49.78

Net retention 37.40 45.17 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

1-1-4- Sodium (Na):

Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations are presented

in Table (8). Sodium intake during winter and summer rations by sheep was

7.95 and 8.69 g/day, respectively. Fecal and urinary Na excretion increased

with increasing dietary Na intake, being 0.24 and 3.00 g/day in winter ration

and 0.30 and 3.50 g/day in summer ration, respectively. These results agree

with that obtained by Nelson et al. (1955) who reported that fecal and urinary

Na excretion was higher when steers fed high salt diets. Moreover, increasing

dietary Ca intake resulted in increased excretion of Na in both feces and urine.

Similar results have also been reported by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who

observed that fecal and urinary Na excretion of sheep was increased by

51

increasing dietary Ca up to 1.43%. Sodium retention by sheep significantly

increased (P<0.05) with increasing dietary Na intake, which increased from

4.71 g/day in winter ration to 4.89 g/day in summer ration. These results are

in accordance with that obtained by Nelson et al. (1955) who reported feeding

the high level of salt led to a significant increase (P<0.05) in the retention of

Na. Moreover, Na retention (% of intake) decreased from 59.25% in winter

ration to 56.27% in summer ration. This may be due to increasing dietary Ca

intake in summer ration than in winter ration. The present result agreed with

that obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who stated that Na retention decreased

from 46.30 to 31.91% of Na intake with increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to

1.43%.

Table (8). Sodium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

g/day

Intake 7.95a 8.69b Excretion

Feces 0.24 0.30 Urine 3.00a 3.50b Total 3.24a 3.80b

Apparent absorption 7.71a 8.39b Net retention 4.71a 4.89b

% of intake Excretion

Feces 3.02 3.45 Urine 37.74 40.28 Total 40.76 43.73

Apparent absorption 96.98 96.55 Net retention 59.25 56.27 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

52

1-1-5- Potassium (K):

Potassium absorption and balance data are presented in Table (9). The

excretion of K in feces slightly increased from 0.50 to 0.58 g/day, while K

excretion in urine significantly increased (P<0.05) from 6.50 to 7.27 g/day as

a result of significant (P<0.05) increase in K intake by sheep from 35.77

g/day during winter ration to 37.80 g/day during summer ration. Moreover, K

absorption and retention increased with increasing dietary K intake, which

increased from 35.27 and 28.77 g/day in winter ration to 37.22 and 29.95

g/day in summer ration, respectively. The previous results are in agreement

with those obtained by Greene et al. (1983a) who found that feeding high K

ration resulted in a linear increase in fecal and urinary K excretion and also K

absorption and retention.

Table (9). Potassium balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

g/day

Intake 35.77a 37.80b

Excretion

Feces 0.50 0.58

Urine 6.50a 7.27b

Total 7.00a 7.85b

Apparent absorption 35.27a 37.22b

Net retention 28.77a 29.95b

% of intake

Excretion

Feces 1.40 1.53

Urine 18.17 19.23

Total 19.57 20.77

Apparent absorption 98.60 98.47

Net retention 80.43 79.23 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

53

However, K absorption and retention (% of intake) decreased from

98.60 and 80.43% in winter ration to 98.47 and 79.23% in summer ration with

increasing dietary Ca intake from 15.60 to 16.37 g/day. Similar results were

obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who stated that K retention (% of intake)

decreased by increasing dietary Ca.

1-2- Micro mineral:

1-2-1- Copper:

The absorption and retention of Cu for sheep fed traditional winter and

summer rations are shown in Table (10). Copper intake by sheep significantly

increased (P<0.05) from 13.32 mg/day in case of winter ration to 16.04

mg/day in summer ration. Fecal Cu excretion increased from 7.51 mg/day in

winter ration to 8.20 mg/day in summer ration and also, Cu absorption

increased from 5.81 mg/day by using winter ration to 7.84 mg/day in summer

ration as a results of increasing dietary Cu intake. The present results are in

accordance with that found by Cymbaluk et al. (1981) who reported that fecal

Cu excretion and absorption increased by increasing dietary Cu intake.

Moreover, fecal Cu excretion was higher than Cu absorption (as percent of

intake) due to that dietary Ca had antagonism effect on Cu absorption.

1-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

The effect of winter and summer rations on Zn absorption is presented

in Table (11). Dietary Zn intake by sheep significantly increased (P<0.05)

from 70.49 mg/day in winter ration to 82.80 mg/day in summer ration. The

excretion of Zn in feces and urine increased significantly (P<0.05) from 77.96

and 4.02 mg/day in winter ration to 88.08 and 4.79 mg/day in summer ration

due to increasing dietary Zn intake. Moreover, apparent Zn absorption and

retention showed negative balance, which were -7.47 and -11.49 mg/day in

winter ration and -5.28 and -10.07 mg/day in summer ration, although dietary

Zn intake was covered the recommended requirements for sheep (50-60 ppm,

ARC, 1980).

54

Table (10). Copper balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. Item Winter ration Summer ration

mg/day Intake 13.32a 16.04b Excretion

Feces 7.51a 8.20b Urine 0.73a 0.84b Total 8.24a 9.04b

Apparent absorption 5.81a 7.84b Net retention 5.08a 7.00b % of intake Excretion

Feces 56.38 51.12 Urine 5.48 5.24 Total 61.86 56.36

Apparent absorption 43.62 48.88 Net retention 38.14 43.64 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

Table (11). Zinc balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations. Item Winter ration Summer ration

mg/day Intake 70.49a 82.80b Excretion

Feces 77.96a 88.08b Urine 4.02a 4.79b Total 81.98a 92.87b

Apparent absorption -7.47a -5.28b Net retention -11.49a -10.07b % of intake Excretion

Feces 110.60 106.38 Urine 5.70 5.79 Total 116.30 112.16

Apparent absorption -10.60 -6.38 Net retention -16.30 -12.16 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

55

These results may be due to the higher concentrations of Ca (1.29-

1.34%), Na (0.68%), K (3%) and Fe (410-418 ppm) in winter and summer

rations more than the recommended requirements, which may be effect on Zn

absorption or retention. The previous results are in accordance with that

obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that fecal and urinary Zn

excretion increased with increasing dietary Ca and Zn intake, while Zn

absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca intake.

Georgievskii (1982) and Abd El-Raouf and El-Leithi (1992) reported that

increasing dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe intakes reduced Zn absorption and

retention in ruminants, which had antagonism effect on Zn absorption.

1-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

Data presented in Table (12) indicated that dietary Mn intake by sheep

significantly increased (P<0.05) from 60.76 mg/day in winter ration to 74.90

mg/day in summer ration. The excretion of Mn in feces and urine increased

from 68.98 and 2.66 mg/day in winter ration to 83.61 and 2.95 mg/day in

summer ration, respectively as a result of increasing dietary Mn intake. These

results agreed with that obtained by Watson et al. (1973) who found that fecal

and urinary Mn excretion of lambs increased with increasing dietary Mn

intake. Although dietary Mn intake by sheep was within the recommended

requirements of sheep (40-60 ppm, ARC, 1980), the apparent absorption and

retention of Mn was negative, which was -8.22 and -10.88 mg/day in winter

ration and -8.71 and -11.66 mg/day in summer ration. These results were

probably due to increasing the level of dietary Ca (1.29-1.34%), Mg (0.43-

0.53%) and Na (0.68%), which reduced the availability of Mn. Similar results

were observed by Abd El-Raouf (1987), which revealed tthat Mn absorption

and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%.

56

Geogrievskii (1982) reported an antagonism effects of dietary Ca, Mg and Na

on Mn absorption.

Table (12). Manganese balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

mg/day

Intake 60.76a 74.90b

Excretion

Feces 68.96a 83.61b

Urine 2.66a 2.95b

Total 71.64a 86.56b

Apparent absorption -8.22 -8.71

Net retention -10.88 -11.66

% of intake

Excretion

Feces 113.53 111.63

Urine 4.38 3.94

Total 117.91 115.57

Apparent absorption -13.53 -11.63

Net retention -17.91 -15.57 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

1-2-4- Iron (Fe):

Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations are presented in

Table (13). Iron intake by sheep increased significantly (P<0.05) from 478.70

mg/day in winter ration to 529.48 mg/day in summer ration, which resulted in

a significant (P<0.05) increase in fecal and urinary Fe excretion from 266.85

and 3.38 mg/day in winter ration to 288.45 and 4.76 mg/day in summer

ration, respectively. These results are in agreement with that obtained by

Hitchcock et al. (1974) who found that fecal Fe excretion increased with

57

increasing dietary Fe intake. Drew et al. (1990) reported that urinary Fe

excretion increased by Fe supplementation.

Table (13). Iron balance for sheep fed winter and summer rations.

Item Winter ration Summer ration

mg/day

Intake 478.70a 529.48b

Excretion

Feces 226.85a 288.45b

Urine 3.38a 4.76b

Total 270.23a 293.21b

Apparent absorption 211.85a 241.03b

Net retention 208.47a 236.27b

% of intake

Excretion

Feces 55.75 54.48

Urine 0.71 0.90

Total 56.45 55.38

Apparent absorption 44.26 45.52

Net retention 43.55 44.62 *Values in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

Apparent Fe absorption and retention increased significantly (P<0.05)

from 211.85 and 208.47 mg/day in winter ration to 241.03 and 236.27 mg/day

in summer ration as resulted by increasing dietary Fe intake, respectively.

Similar results obtained by Hitchcock et al. (1974) who found that Fe

absorption and retention increased with increasing Fe intake. Although dietary

Fe intake being 6-8 times higher than the requirements of sheep (50-70 ppm,

ARC, 1980), contributing to the increased Fe intake, Fe absorption (% of

intake) was nearly similar and did not influence by increasing dietary Fe

58

intake. The percent of Fe absorption decreased when dietary Fe level

increased (Standish et al., 1971). Increasing amount of dietary Fe is prevented

from entering the body by a regulating mechanism mediated by the mucosal

cells of gastro-intestinal tract and that Fe absorption is therefore controlled by

body Fe stors and requirements (Ammerman et al., 1967). It has long been

held that the absorption of Fe is to a large extent independent of the dietary

source, the efficiency of absorption being increased during periods of Fe need

and decreased during the periods of Fe overload (McDoland et al., 1987). Iron

absorption was lower than fecal Fe excretion (% of intake), it may be due to

the high dietary Ca level (1.29-1.34%). These results agreed with that

obtained by Georgievskii (1982) who found an antagonism effect of dietary

Ca on Fe absorption.

2- Hair as an important indicator of mineral status of Friesian and

buffalo cows and their growing heifers:

2-1- Macro mineral:

2-1-1- Calcium (Ca):

The content of Ca in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by

dietary Ca intake in winter and summer rations is presented in Table (14).

Calcium content in hair of Friesian cows (FC) and heifers (FH) increased

from 2147 and 2154 to 2221 and 2393 ppm, while in hair of buffalo cows

(BC) and heifers (BH) significantly increased (P<0.05) from 1455 and 1581

to 1729 and 1958 ppm, when dietary Ca intake by cows and heifers increased

from 137.76 and 86.94 g/day in winter ration to 155.28 and 103.52 g/day in

summer ration, respectively. These results confirmed by increasing Ca

absorption by sheep with increasing dietary Ca intake (Table 5). Moreover,

the present results agreed with the finding of Hedges et al. (1976) who found

that increasing dietary Ca level (1.4% of DM) resulted in higher Ca content in

59

hair. The correlation between dietary Ca intake and Ca content of hair was

0.38, thus it may be concluded that Ca content of hair was more sensitive

indicator of Ca intake.

2-1-2- Phosphorus (P):

Phosphorus content in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by P

intake is presented in Table (14). The concentration of P in hair of FH and BH

significantly increased (P<0.05) from 168 and 140 to 184 and 151 ppm, but in

hair of FC and BC increased from 165 and 140 to 175 and 149 ppm as dietary

P intake by heifers and cows increased from 22.92 and 36.92 g/day in winter

ration to 29.34 and 44.01 g/day in summer ration, respectively. The present

results are in accordance with that of Kornegay et al. (1981) who stated that P

content in hair of pigs was higher when fed high P diet. Obviously hair P

content (Table 16) in the present study is lower than the critical level in black

hair of Friesian cows (200 ppm, Anke, 1967). It may be due to high levels of

dietary Ca (1.16-1.27%), Mg (0.43-0.46%), K (2.74-2.94%) and Fe (323-373

ppm) than the recommended requirements for animals (NRC, 1978), or wide

Ca: P ratio (3.5-3.8: 1) than the optimum ratio (1.5-2.0: 1). These results are

in accordance with those obtained by Field et al. (1984) who reported that the

addition of Ca to the diet reduced the efficiency of P absorption. Durand et al.

(1982) and Georgieveskii (1982) also observed an inhibitory effect of dietary

Ca, Mg, K and Fe on P absorption. Moreover, results in Table (6) showed a

negative P absorption and retention in rams fed the same diets of Friesian and

buffaloes. Hair P content is therefore a good indicator of P status in Friesian

and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

60

Table (14). Effect of macro mineral intake during winter and summer rations

on macro minerals concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo

cows and their growing heifers.

Elements Ration* Intake

g/day FH* BH*

Intake

g/day FC* BC*

Calcium 1 86.94 2154b 1581a 137.76 2147b 1455a

ppm 2 103.52 2393d 1958b 155.28 2221c 1729ab

Phosphorus 1 22.92 168c 140a 36.92 165c 140a

ppm 2 29.34 184d 151b 44.01 175cd 149b

Magnesium 1 30.70 1346d 850ab 47.63 1144c 720a

ppm 2 41.04 1478e 899b 61.56 1289d 870b

Sodium 1 47.45 1684ab 1678ab 72.87 1705b 1546b

ppm 2 58.36 2096d 1947c 87.54 1925c 1925c

Potassium 1 206.96 4977c 4210a 320.13 4431b 4384ab

ppm 2 244.32 5654d 4749c 366.48 5447d 4594bc

* Ration 1= winter ration (concentrate mixture + berseem + rice straw).

Ration 2= summer ration (concentrate mixture + rice straw).

** FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows.

*** Values for each element in the same horizontal or vertical line not followed by the

same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level.

**** Recommended requirements of cattle for macro minerals (% of DM) Ca= 0.43-0.60,

P= 0.26-0.40, Mg= 0.20, Na= 0.18 and K= 0.80 (NRC, 1978).

2-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):

The effect of diet on Mg content in hair of Friesian and buffaloes is

presented in Table (14). The concentration of Mg in hair of FH, BH, FC and

BC significantly increased (P<0.05) from 1346, 850, 1144 and 720 to 1478,

899, 1289 and 870 ppm by increasing dietary Mg intake by heifers and cows

from 30.70 and 47.63 g/day in winter ration to 41.04 and 61.56 g/day in

61

summer ration, respectively. Results in the present study agreed with those

obtained by Anke (1966) who found that moderate increase in dietary Mg

resulted in increasing Mg content in hair of cattle. Moreover, hair Mg content

(Table 16) was higher than the critical level (750-800 ppm, Anke, 1967) for

black hair of Friesian. These results were supported by the positive Mg

balance (Table 7). In the present study the correlation between Mg intake and

hair Mg content was 0.38. So, it could be concluded that Mg content of hair is

a better indicator of Mg supply in diet.

2-1-4- Sodium (Na):

Data in Table (14) indicated that Na content in hair of Friesian and

buffaloes were affected by both winter and summer rations. Increasing dietary

Na intake by heifers and cows from 47.45 and 72.78 g/day in winter ration to

58.36 and 87.54 g/day in summer ration resulted in significant increase

(P<0.05) in the content of Na in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC from 1684, 1678,

1705 and 1546 to 2096, 1947, 1925 and 1925 ppm, respectively. Similar

results were reported by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that Na content in

hair of cattle increased by increasing dietary Na intake. Moreover, it clear

from Table (8) that Na retention increased by increasing dietary Na intake.

Hair Na content (Table 16) was higher than the critical level of Na in black

hair of cattle (600 ppm, Anke, 1967) as a result of the high level of dietary Na

intake. The correlation between Na intake and Na content of hair was positive

(r = 0.45). This result illustrated that Na content of hair is more sensitive

indicator of dietary Na intake.

2-1-5- Potassium (K):

The contents of K in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by the

winter and summer rations are revealed in Table (14). The concentration of K

in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC significantly increased (P<0.05) from 4977,

62

4210, 4431 and 4384 to 5654, 4749, 5447 and 4594 ppm with increasing

dietary K intake by heifers and cows from 206.96 and 320.13 g/day in winter

ration to 244.32 and 366.48 g/day in summer ration, respectively. Similar

results were found by Anke (1966) who reported that hair K content of cattle

increased with dietary K supplementation. Moreover, the retention of K by

sheep was positive and increased with increasing dietary K intake (Table 9).

The correlation between K intake and K content of hair was 0.64, which may

explain that K concentration in hair is more sensitive indicator for dietary K

intake of Friesian and buffaloes.

2-2- Micro mineral:

2-2-1- Cooper (Cu):

Copper contents in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by dietary

Cu intake are presented in Table (15). The content of Cu in hair of FH, BH,

FC and BC slightly increased from 8.91, 9.02, 8.31 and 8.69 to 9.19, 9.46,

8.71 and 9.00 ppm as a result of increasing dietary Cu intake by heifers and

cows from 76.47 and 121.07 mg/day in winter ration to 97.00 and 145.50

mg/day in summer ration, respectively. Hedges and Kornegay (1973) found

linear increase in Cu content of hair by feeding high dietary Cu level.

Moreover, it is obvious from Table (16) that Cu content of hair was higher

than the critical level (7 ppm, Anke, 1967), which Cu balance by sheep was

positive (Table 10). The positive correlation between Cu intake and Cu

content of hair was 0.42. So, hair Cu content is a better indicator of dietary Cu

intake.

2-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

The concentration of Zn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as affected by

dietary Zn intake is shown in Table (15). Zinc content in hair of FH and BH

increased significantly (P<0.05) from 107.53 and 104.29 to 110.11 and

63

108.24 ppm, while in hair of FC and BC increased from 104.23 and 103.63 to

105.27 and 104.31 ppm with increasing dietary Zn intake by heifers and cows

from 402.33 and 636.87 mg/day in winter ration to 503.06 and 754.59 mg/day

in summer ration, respectively. Beeson et al. (1977) found that hair Zn

content increased linearly by increasing dietary Zn intake. The content of Zn

in hair of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 16) was lower than the critical level

(115 ppm, Anke, 1967). The higher levels of dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe (Tables

14 and 15) may have resulted in a decreased Zn content of hair. These results

are confirmed by the negative correlation between Ca intake and Zn content

of hair (r = -0.71). Moreover, Zn balance was negative in rams fed the same

rations as Friesian and buffaloes (Table 11). The present results are in

agreement with those obtained by Hedges et al. (1976) who found that pigs

fed high Ca diets had lower Zn content in hair. Kornegay et al. (1981)

reported that there was a negative correlation between Ca and Zn contents in

hair of pigs. Geovgievskii (1982) stated that high dietary Ca, Na, K and Fe

resulted in reduced Zn absorption. Hair Zn content is therefore a good

indicator of Zn status in Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

2-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

The content of Mn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes as influenced by

diet is presented in Table (15). The content of Mn in hair of FH, BH and FC

significantly increased (P<0.05) from 6.58, 6.15 and 6.10 to 7.27, 6.92 and

6.90 ppm while in hair of BC increased from 6.02 to 6..40 ppm as a result of

increasing dietary Mn intake by heifers and cows from 324.94 and 543.53

mg/day in winter ration to 408.22 and 612.33 mg/day in summer ration,

respectively. These results agreed with the findings of Anke (1966) who

found that hair Mn content increased by increasing dietary Mn intake. The

64

content of Mn in hair of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 16) was lower than the

critical level of Mn in black hair of cattle (12 ppm, Anke et al., 1981).

Increasing dietary Ca, Mg and Na levels (Table 14) led to a decrease in

hair Mn content. Also, the negative correlation between Ca intake and Mn

content of hair was – 0.64. These results agreed with that obtained by Abd El-

Raouf (1987) who found that high dietary Ca level in cattle affects on Mn

metabolism through effect on Mn content in hair and the correlation between

Mn content in hair and dietary Ca intake was negative (r = -0.56). Also,

confirmed by negative absorption and retention of Mn by sheep (Table 12).

Lassiter et al. (1970) and Georgievskii (1982) stated that dietary Ca, Mg and

Na levels have antagonism effect on Mn metabolism through its effect on Mn

absorption and retention. It may be concluded that Mn content of hair is more

sensitive indicator for dietary Mn status in Friesian and buffalo cows and their

growing heifers.

2-2-4- Iron (Fe):

The effect of dietary Fe on the content of Fe in hair of Friesian and

buffaloes is presented in Table (15). Iron content in hair of FH, BH, FC and

BC tended to increase from 26.99, 22.76, 37.34 and 25.38 to 27.18, 23.51,

38.14 and 25.77 ppm by increasing Fe intake by heifers and cows from

2431.00 and 4060.94 mg/day in winter ration to 2875.92 and 4313.88 mg/day

in summer ration, respectively. This result agreed with those obtained by

Hedges and Kornegay (1973) who reported that increasing dietary Fe intake

did not significantly affect the level of Fe in hair of pigs.

2-3- Ash percent:

Ash percent in hair of Friesian and buffaloes were not significantly

(P<0.05) influenced by the different rations as shown in Table (15). Ash

percent in hair of FH, BH, FC and BC tended to increase from 2.30, 2.00,

65

2.10 and 1.90 in winter ration to 2.38, 2.03, 2.18 and 1.95 in summer ration,

respectively. This conclusion is supported by results obtained by Wysocki and

Klett (1971).

Table (15). Effect of micro mineral intake during winter and summer rations

on micro minerals concentration in hair of Friesian and buffalo

cows and their growing heifers.

Elements Ration

*

Intake

mg/day FH* BH*

Intake

mg/day FC* BC*

Copper 1 76.47 8.91b 9.02bc 121.07 8.31a 8.69ab

ppm 2 97.00 9.19cd 9.46d 145.50 8.71ab 9.00bc

Zinc 1 402.33 107.53b

104.29a 636.87 104.23a 103.63a

ppm 2 503.06 110.11c

108.24b

c

754.59 105.27a

b

104.31a

Manganes

e

1 324.94 6.58ab 6.15a 543.53 6.10a 6.02a

ppm 2 408.22 7.27c 6.92bc 612.33 6.90bc 6.40ab

Iron 1 2431.0

0

26.99 22.76 4060.9

4

37.34 25.38

ppm 2 2875.9

2

27.18 23.51 4313.8

8

38.14 25.77

Ash 1 2.30c 2.00ab 2.10b 1.90a

% 2 2.38c 2.03ab 2.18b 1.95a

* Ration 1= winter ration (concentrate mixture + berseem + rice straw). Ration 2= summer ration (concentrate mixture + rice straw). ** FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows. *** Values for each element in the same horizontal or vertical line not followed by the

same letter are significantly differ at the 5% level. **** Recommended requirements of cattle for trace minerals (ppm) Cu= 10, Zn= 40, Mn=

40 and Fe= 50 (NRC, 1978).

66

Table (16). Average concentration of minerals in hair of Friesian and buffalo

cows and their growing heifers.

Elements FH* BH* FC* BC*

Calcium ppm 2274d 1770b 2184c 1592a

Phosphorus ppm 176b 146a 170b 145a

Magnesium ppm 1412c 875a 1217b 795a

Sodium ppm 1890c 1813b 1815b 1736a

Potassium ppm 5316d 4480b 4939c 4489a

Copper ppm 9.05 9.24 8.51 8.85

Zinc ppm 108.82 106.27 104.75 103.97

Manganese ppm 6.93 6.54 6.50 6.21

Iron ppm 27.09 23.14 37.74 25.58

Ash % 2.37d 2.02b 2.14c 1.93a

* FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows.

** Values for each element in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are

significantly differ at the 5% level.

3- Mineral concentration in blood plasma and milk of Friesian and

buffalo cows and their growing heifers as affected by high dietary

calcium level:

3-1- Macro mineral:

3-1-1- Calcium (Ca):

The concentration of Ca in plasma of FH, BH, FC and BC were 9.24,

9.42, 9.58 and 9.66 mg/100 ml, respectively (Table 17). These values were

within the normal level of Ca in plasma (9-12 mg/100 ml, Georgievskii,

1982). Plasma Ca concentration was not affected by the high dietary Ca level.

Regulation of plasma Ca level is controlled by parathyroid hormone and

calcitonin, which increased Ca absorption from the intestine and Ca

resorption from bone in the case of drop the level of Ca in plasma and vice-

67

versa (Ammerman and Goodrich, 1983). Since blood Ca in plasma

concentrations are regulated by such a sensitive system, measurement of

blood Ca is a poor indicator of Ca nutritional status.

The content of Ca in milk of FC and BC were 1.27 and 1.75 g/kg,

respectively (Table 18). These values were within the values obtained by

Farag et al. (1992) who found that Ca content in milk ranged from 1.20 to

1.30 g/kg for cows and from 1.72 to 1.78 g/kg for buffaloes. It was obvious

that Ca content of milk was not affected by the high dietary Ca level. This

result agreed with those obtained Barabanshchikov et al. (1982) who found

that Ca content in milk of cows was not significantly affected by dietary Ca

intake.

Table (17). Dietary mineral intake and minerals concentration in blood

plasma of Friesian and buffalo cows and their growing heifers.

Elements Intake** FH* BH* Intake** FC* BC*

Calcium mg/100 ml 95.23 9.24a 9.42ab 146.62 9.58ab 9.66b

Phosphorus mg/100 ml 26.13 5.60b 4.59a 40.47 5.51b 4.44a

Magnesium mg/100 ml 35.87 2.18ab 2.46a 54.60 2.06a 2.40b

Sodium mg/100 ml 52.91 376.35ab 375.49a

80.21 377.35b

376.62ab

Potassium mg/100 ml 225.64 33.42ab 34.00b 343.31 32.64a 33.42ab

Copper Ug/100 ml 86.74 83.46ab 87.91c 133.29 80.46a 85.29bc

Zinc Ug/100 ml 452.70 68.08a 80.18b 695.73 75.80ab 88.92c

Manganese Ug/100 ml 366.58 2.15a 2.23ab 577.93 2.22ab 2.30b

Iron Ug/100 ml 2653.46 119.25a 182.17b 4187.41 120.66a 184.19b

* FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows.

** Macro mineral g/day and micro mineral mg/day.

*** Values for each element in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are

significantly differ at the 5% level.

68

Table (18). Minerals content in milk of Friesian and buffalo cows.

Elements FC* BC*

Calcium g/kg 1.27a 1.75b

Phosphorus g/kg 0.62a 0.93b

Magnesium g/kg 0.13a 0.22b

Sodium g/kg 0.61a 0.38b

Potassium g/kg 1.70a 1.43b

Copper mg/kg 0.24a 0.31b

Zinc mg/kg 2.62a 3.75b

Manganese mg/kg 0.025a 0.037b

Iron mg/kg 0.65a 1.07b

Ash % 0.69a 0.93b

* FH= Friesian heifers, BH= Buffalo heifers, FC= Friesian cows and BC= Buffalo cows.

** Values for each element in the same horizontal line not followed by the same letter are

significantly differ at the 5% level.

3-1-2- Phosphorus (P):

Although dietary P level (0.33%) cover the recommended requirements

(0.26-0.40%, NRC, 1978), phosphorus concentrations in plasma of FH, BH,

FC and BC as presented in Table (17) were 5.60, 4.59, 5.51 and 4.44 mg/100

ml, respectively. These values were below the normal level of P in plasma (7

mg/100 ml, Georgievskii, 1982). Moreover, P content in milk of FC and BC

were 0.62 and 0.93 g/kg, respectively (Table 18). These figures were lower

than the normal level of P in milk of cattle (0.70 g/kg) and buffaloes (1.10

g/kg) obtained by Merel et al. (1989). The present results may be due to the

higher dietary Ca level (1.20%) than the recommended requirements (0.43-

0.60%, NRC, 1978) and also wide Ca:P ratio (3.6:1) than the optimum ratio

(1.5-2.0:1). These results are in agreement with that obtained by Chicco et al.

(1973) who found that plasma P decreased by increasing dietary Ca. Joshi and

69

Singh (1963) reported that P content of milk decreased as a result of

increasing dietary Ca. The present results are supported by the negative

balance of P by sheep (Table 6) fed the same rations of Friesian and

buffaloes. The negative correlation between Ca intake and P levels of plasma

and milk were -0.32 and -0.40, respectively.

3-1-3- Magnesium (Mg):

In spite of the high dietary Mg level (0.45%) of winter and summer

rations was higher than the recommended requirements (0.20%, NRC, 1978).

Plasma Mg concentrations of FH, BH, FC and BC were 2.18, 2.46, 2.06 and

2.40 mg/100 ml, respectively (Table 17) which was within the normal level of

Mg in plasma (1.8-3.2 mg/100 ml, Georgievskii, 1982). Also, Mg content in

milk of FC and BC were 0.13 and 0.22 g/kg, respectively (Table 18). Similar

results were obtained by Salama (1969) who reported that Mg contents in

milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.13 and 0.21 g/kg, respectively. A negative

correlation between Ca intake and Mg levels of plasma and milk were -0.57

and -0.69, respectively, which was due to the high dietary Ca level (1.20%).

The present results supported by those of Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found

that plasma Mg concentration decreased by increasing dietary Ca. Also,

Oluokun and Bell (1985b) reported that the content of Mg in milk of cows

decreased by increasing dietary Ca content.

3-1-4- Sodium (Na):

Although, increasing dietary Na level (0.65%) of winter and summer

rations than the recommended requirements (0.18%, NRC, 1978). Plasma Na

concentration of FH, BH, FC and BC was 376.35, 375.49, 377.35 and 376.62

mg/100 ml, respectively (Table 17). These values were within the normal

level of Na in plasma of cows (376 mg/100 ml, Georgievskii, 1982).

Moreover, the content of Na in milk of FC and BC was 0.61 and 0.38 g/kg,

70

respectively (Table 18). The present values were slightly higher than the

normal level of Na in milk of cows (0.59 g/kg) and buffaloes (0.36 g/kg)

obtained by Pradhan and Hemken (1968). A negative correlation was found

between Ca intake and Na levels of plasma and milk (r = -0.54 and -1.20,

respectively). Similar results was obtained by Kegley et al. (1991) who found

that plasma Na concentration decreased with increasing dietary Ca level. Abd

El-Raouf (1987) reported that Na retention was low in wethers fed high

dietary Ca level (1.43%).

3-1-5- Potassium (K):

The concentration of K in plasma of FH, BH, FC and BC as shown in

Table (17) were 33.42, 34.00, 32.64 and 33.42 mg/100 ml, respectively.

These values were within the values of K in plasma (34.70 mg/100 ml, Abd

El-Raouf, 1987). Moreover, K contents in milk of FC and BC were 1.70 and

1.43 g/kg, respectively (Table 18). The present values were within the values

obtained by Farag et al. (1992) who found that K content in milk ranged from

1.69 to 1.77 g/kg for cows and from 1.29 to 1.35 g/kg for buffaloes.

Although, dietary K level (2.80%) was higher than the recommended

requirements (0.80%, NRC, 1978), yet, it did not affect K concentration of

plasma and milk. These results may be due to increasing dietary Ca level,

which caused the negative correlation between dietary Ca and the levels of K

in plasma and milk (r = -0.27 and -0.30, respectively). The present results are

in accordance with that obtained by Kegley et al. (1991) who found that

plasma K level decreased by increasing dietary Ca. Oluokun and Bell (1985b)

reported that K content of milk decreased with increasing dietary Ca level.

71

3-2- Micro mineral:

3-2-1- Copper (Cu):

In spite of dietary Cu (11 ppm) was cover the recommended

requirements (10 ppm, NRC, 1978), the concentrations of Cu in plasma of

FH, BH, FC and BC were 83.46, 87.91, 80.46 and 85.29 Ug/100 ml,

respectively (Table 17). These values were slightly lower than the normal

level of Cu in plasma of cattle (91Ug/100 ml, Georgievskii, 1982). Copper

concentration in milk of FC and BC as presented in Table (18) were 0.24 and

0.31 mg/kg, respectively. The present values were lower than the

concentration in milk of cows and buffaloes were 0.30 and 0.40 mg/kg,

respectively. It may be due to increasing dietary Ca level (1.20%), which

showed that the negative correlations between dietary Ca and Cu levels of

plasma and milk were -0.22 and -0.52, respectively. These results agreed with

that obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who reported that that plasma Cu

concentration decreased from 80.19 to 78.00 Ug/100 ml with increasing

dietary Ca from 0.43 to 1.43%.

3-2-2- Zinc (Zn):

However, dietary Zn (57 ppm) was cover the recommended

requirements (40 ppm, NRC, 1978), the concentration of Zn in plasma of FH,

BH, FC and BC were 68.08, 80.18, 75.80 and 88.91 Ug/100 ml, respectively

(Table 17). These values were lower than the normal levels of Zn in plasma of

cattle and buffaloes (77 and 108 Ug/100 ml, respectively, Merkel et al.,

1990). Zinc contents in milk of FC and BC as shown in Table (18) were 2.62

and 3.75 mg/kg, respectively, which were lower than the normal levels of Zn

in milk of cattle and buffaloes (2.96 and 3.91 mg/kg, respectively, Merkel et

al., 1989). The previous results may be attributed to increasing dietary Ca

level (1.20%), which supported by the negative correlation between dietary

72

Ca and the levels of Zn in plasma and milk being -0.52 and -0.31,

respectively. These results confirmed also by the negative balance of Zn by

sheep fed the same ration of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 11). The present

results agreed with that found by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who reported that

apparent Zn absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca.

Perry et al. (1968) showed that serum Zn level decreased by increasing

dietary Ca.

3-2-3- Manganese (Mn):

Although dietary Mn (45.5-47.5 ppm) covered the recommended

requirements (40 ppm, NRC, 1978), the concentrations of Mn in plasma of

FH, BH, FC and BC were 2.15, 2.23, 2.22 and 2.30 Ug/100 ml, respectively

(Table 17), which were lower than the normal level of Mn in plasma (2.78

Ug/100 ml, Rojas et al., 1965). Moreover, Mn contents in milk of FC and BC

were 0.025 and 0.037 mg/kg, respectively (Table 18). These values were

lower than the normal levels of Mn in milk of cattle and buffaloes (0.030 and

0.050 mg/kg, respectively, Lampert, 1975). The present results may be due to

the high dietary Ca level (1.20%). The negative correlation between dietary

Ca and Mn levels of plasma and milk were -0.23 and -0.12, respectively.

These results were supported by the negative Mn balance by sheep fed the

same rations of Friesian and buffaloes (Table 12). The previous results are in

agreement with that obtained by Abd El-Raouf (1987) who found that Mn

absorption and retention decreased with increasing dietary Ca. Blockemore et

al. (1937) reported that serum Mn reduced with increasing dietary Ca.

3-2-4- Iron (Fe):

In spite of the high dietary Fe (330-335 ppm) than the recommended

requirements (50 ppm, NRC, 1978), plasma Fe concentration of FH, BH, FC

and BC were 119.25, 182.17, 120.66 and 184.19 Ug/100 ml, respectively

73

(Table 17). The values tended to be higher than the normal level of Fe in the

blood plasma of cattle and buffaloes (87 and 166 Ug/100 ml, respectively,

Merkel et al., 1990). Iron contents in milk of FC and BC as presented in

Table (18) were 0.65 and 1.07 mg/kg, respectively, which were within the

normal level of Fe in milk (0.51 – 1.31 mg/kg, Salih et al., 1985). The present

results may be also attributed to the high dietary Ca level (1.20%), confirmed

by the negative correlation between dietary Ca level and the level of Fe in

plasma and milk being -0.57 and -0.44, respectively. These results agreed

with that obtained by Snedeker et al. (1982) who reported that Fe absorption

decreased with increasing dietary Ca level.

74

V- SUMMARY

The current work was carried out at the experimental farm of the

Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh,

Tanta University. Two experiments were conducted in the present

investigation. The first experiment was included three Barky rams with

average body weight of 50 kg to investigate the effect of feeding traditional

winter and summer rations on mineral utilization. The second experiment was

carried out on 14 dairy Friesian cows (FC), 17 dairy buffalo cows (BC), 12

Friesian heifers (FH) and 16 buffalo heifers (BH) to study the effect of dietary

mineral levels of the traditional winter and summer rations on mineral

concentration in hair, blood plasma and milk. Mineral concentration in hair as

an indicator of mineral status of farm animals was also investigated.

The experimental rations fed to animals consist of:

1- Winter ration (concentrate mixture + berseem + rice straw).

2- Summer ration (concentrate mixture + rice straw).

Results obtained from the present study could be summarized as follows:

1- The first experiment:

1-1- The apparent absorption and net retention of Ca; Mg; Na; K; Cu and Fe

as a percent of intake for winter ration were 37.82, 24.04; 42.40, 37.40;

96.98, 59.25; 98.60, 80.43; 43.62, 38.14 and 44.26, 43.55, respectively.

The corresponding figures for summer ration were 37.20, 23.34; 49.78,

45.17; 96.55, 56.27; 98.47, 79.23; 48.88, 43.58 and 45.52, 44.62,

respectively.

1-2- The apparent absorption and net retention of P, Zn and Mn as a percent

of intake were -31.62, -38.97; -10.60, -16.30 and -13.53, -17.91 for

75

winter ration and -10.14, -16.96; -6.38, -12.16 and -11.63, -15.57 for

summer ration, respectively.

2- The second experiment:

2-1- The concentration (average of winter and summer seasons) of Ca; P; Mg;

Na; K; Cu; Zn; Mn and Fe (ppm) and ash (%) in hair of FH and BH were

2274, 1770; 176, 146; 1412, 875; 1890, 1813; 5316, 4480; 9.05, 9.24;

108.82, 106.27; 6.93, 6.54; 27.09, 23.14 and 2.37, 2.02, respectively. The

corresponding figures for BF and BC were 2184, 1592; 170, 145; 1217,

795; 1815, 1736; 4939, 4489; 8.51, 8.85; 104.75, 103.97; 6.50, 6.21;

37.74, 25.58 and 2.14, 1.93, respectively.

2-2- The concentration of P, Zn and Mn in hair of these animals was below

the critical level of these elements in hair.

2-3- The concentration of mineral in hair increased by increasing the intake of

mineral in summer ration than winter ration.

2-4- The concentration of mineral in blood plasma and milk of Friesian and

buffalo cows and their growing heifers was lower than the normal levels

of mineral in blood plasma and milk.

2-5- The concentrations of Ca; P; Mg; Na and K (mg/100 ml) in blood plasma

of FH, BH, FC and BC were 9.24, 9.42, 9.58, 9.66; 5.60, 4.59, 5.51,

4.44; 2.18, 2.46, 2.06, 2.40; 376.35, 375.49, 377.35, 376.62 and 33.42,

34.00, 32.64, 33.42, respectively.

2-6- Concentrations of Cu; Zn; Mn and Fe (Ug/100 ml) in blood plasma of

FH, BH, FC and BC were 83.46, 87.91, 80.46, 85.29; 68.08, 80.18,

75.80, 88.92; 2.15, 2.23, 2.22, 2.30 and 119.25, 182.17, 120.66, 184.19,

respectively.

2-7- The contents of Ca; P; Mg; Na; K (g/kg); Cu; Zn; Mn; Fe (mg/kg) and

ash (%) in milk of FC and BC were 1.27, 1.75; 0.62, 0.93; 0.13, 0.22;

76

0.61, 0.38; 1.70, 1.43; 0.24, 0.31; 2.62, 3.75; 0.025, 0.037; 0.65, 1.07 and

0.69, 0.93, respectively.

It is concluded that concentration of minerals in hair was a good

indicator for mineral status of animals. Moreover, high dietary calcium or

wide calcium to phosphorus ratio resulted in a lower concentration of other

minerals in blood plasma and milk of Friesian and buffalo cows and their

growing heifers than the normal level of mineral in blood plasma and milk.

77

VI- CONCLUSION

It could be concluded that clear antagonism between minerals is found

in traditional winter and summer rations. The level of calcium is generally

high in winter and summer rations due to increasing the level of limestone

added to the concentrate mixture and also berseem is also predominant in

winter ration. The excess of calcium causes a decrease in the availability of

other minerals and negative balance of some minerals such as phosphorus,

zinc and manganese.

The level of minerals in rations of farm animals can be predicted by

analyzing major and trace elements (except for iron) in hair, the matter that

gives a good idea about the availability of such minerals in the digestive tract.

Consequently, one can say that mineral concentration in the hair of an animal

is considered to be a good indicator of mineral status.

The high level of calcium in traditional winter and summer rations led

to lower the concentration of phosphorus, zinc and manganese in hair of

Friesian and buffaloes than the critical level of these elements in hair.

Moreover, resulted in lower minerals concentrations in blood plasma and milk

of Friesian and buffaloes than the normal levels.

It is recommended from our results to reduce the level of limestone added to

concentrate mixture and adding of chelating agents such as ethylene

diamintetra acetate (EDTA) to improve the availability of the minerals.

78

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