metabolism 1 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Microbiology
MicrobialMetabolismIIntroductiontoMetabolism
Ching-TsanHuang()
Office: Room 111, Agronomy HallTel: (02) 33664454
E-mail: [email protected]
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IntroductionWhystudymicrobiology?
To control and utilization of MICR RGANI$M$
Transport
ChemicalWork
Mechanical
Heat
Metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Physiology
Photosynthesis
Maintenance
Growth
Respiration
Reproduction
Fermentation
Physiology: The study of life processes in living cells
Metabolism: The total of all chemical reactions in cells
Whymicrobialmetabolism?
LightEnergy
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Substrates ProductsAnabolism
Enzymes
Overviewofmetabolism
LightEnergy
Photosynthesis
Energy
Catabolism
Purpose: Trapping, generation and use of energy
Where: within cells (under controlled temperature and pH)
How: catalyzed by enzymes
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Metabolismofmicroorganisms
Interchangeable
Macro-tomicro-moleculesorviceversa
Catabolism
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleicacids
Polymers
Monosaccharides
Fattyacids,glycerol
Aminoacids
Nucleotides
Monomers
Anabolism
CO2
H2O,O2
NH4+,NO3-
PO4-,SO4=
Molecules
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Oxidation-ReductionReaction
ElectronCarriers
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
ReactionandEnergy
Without
enzyme
With
enzyme
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Oxidation-ReductionReaction
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ElectronTransportSystems
NADH
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ElectronCarriersTransferelectronsbetweendifferentlocations
Energyflowinmetabolism
NAD+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADP+ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
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ATP:AdenosineTriPhosphate
Ahigh-energymolecule
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi Go = -7.3 kcal/mol
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EnzymeStructure
Apoenzyme
protein component of an enzyme
Cofactor
nonprotein component of an enzymeprostheticgroup firmly attached
coenzyme loosely attached
Holoenzyme = apoenzyme + cofactor
Coenzymeoften act as carriers, transporting
substances around the cell
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Enzymes:Classification
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
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Enzymes
CharacteristicsLower activation energy
Key-Lock relation:
active or catalytic site
Catalyze reactions by
concentrating substrateand binding correctly
Environmental
Effects
pHTemperature
Denature
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MetabolicRegulation
NatureExceptionally complex and difficult
Able to respond to environmental changes
Significance
Essential for the cell to conserve energy and materialEssential for the cell to maintain metabolicbalance
How
Amount of metabolites and enzymes
Activity of enzymesFeedback inhibition
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MetabolicChanneling
Compartmentationthe differential distribution of enzymes and
cofactors among separate cell structures
Enzymeactivityis coordinated
through regulation of
the transport of
metabolites and
coenzymes betweencell compartments
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RegulationMechanisms
CentralDogma
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AllostericRegulation
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Example
E.coliACTase
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CovalentModification
Reversibleaddition
orremovalofa
chemicalgroup
altersenzymeactivity
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Feedback(EndProduct)InhibitionMaintainappropriateconcentrationforeachmetabolite
Pacemakerenzymeorrate-determiningreaction