Metabolic Rates Using Rates of Carbon

Dioxide Produced and Oxygen

Consumed in Terrestrial Animals Group 3 Amores, Caballes, Dizon, Ocampo, Whang

Outline

I. Introduction

II. Materials and Methods

III.Results

IV.Discussion

V. Summary

Introduction

Metabolism

- Greek word metabol (change) - Totality of chemical reaction in the body to

sustain life

(Reece et al., 2010)

Introduction

Anabolism vs. Catabolism- Anabolism: consumption of energy to make complex

molecules from simple molecules

- Catabolism: release of energy from breakdown of

complex molecules to simple molecules

(Reece et al., 2010)

Introduction

Respiration- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

- External respiration vs. Internal respiration

- Involuntarily or voluntarily controlled

- May limit metabolism

(Lindt et al., 2014; Prosser 1991)

Introduction

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Metabolism - Requirement of Oxygen

- Both produce ATP, but differ in amounts

- Oxidation of molecules

(Randall, 1997)

Introduction

Calorimetry - Measurement of heat in a system and surroundings

- Direct Calorimetry vs Indirect Calorimetry

- Measuring heat over a period of time

- Measuring other factors aside from heat ex. Oxygen

consumption

(Sterling et al., 2013; Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009)

Materials and Methods

(400 ppm CO2, 20.9% O2)

Materials and Methods

=

4.53

1

1000

where ppm gas can either be the pressures of carbon dioxide or oxygen

uL gas can either be the volume of carbon dioxide or oxygen

Sample calculations:

= 3822 1642

4.53

1

1000 = 9.8754

Materials and Methods

= 755

760

273

273 +

where T is the average temperature observed in C

Sample calculations:

= 9.8754 755

760

273

273 + 26.24346= 8.950062

Materials and Methods

=

210

4.7 2

60 1

Sample calculations:

=

10.3747 210

4.7 2

60 1

25.14 = 11.6375 //

Materials and Methods

= 2

Sample calculations:

=10.3747 225.14 0.17

Results

Figure 1. Graph of changes in O2 and CO2 levels in the span of 600s.

y = 3.4678x + 1657.4

R = 0.9971

y = -3.311x + 206375

R = 0.5266

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

0 200 400 600 800

Co

nce

ntr

ati

on

(p

pm

)

Time (s)

CO2

O2

Table 1. Weights, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and metabolic rates

as respiration rate and heat production of four different mice.

Results Mouse 1 2 3 4

Weight (g) 28.88 33.66 25.14 29.5

Oxygen Consumption

(mL/min) 32.4386 35.5499 10.3747 8.66581

CO2 Production (mL/min) 9.57926 10.4917 8.950062 10.00239

Metabolic Rate as

Respiration Rate

(mL/hr/g)6.73932 6.33689 2.47606 1.76254

Metabolic Rate as Heat

Production gcal/hr/g 31.6748 29.7834 11.6375 8.2839

Results

Figure 2. Graph of respiration rate vs. body weight

.

y = -0.0307x + 2.9065

R = 0.9446

1.85

1.9

1.95

2

2.05

2.1

2.15

0 10 20 30 40Ma

ss-s

pecif

ic M

eta

bo

lic R

ate

as

Resp

ira

tio

n R

ate

(mL

CO

2/h

r/g

)

Body Weight (g)

Results

Figure 3. Graph of heat production vs. body weight.

y = 1.9217x - 35.952

R = 0.3075

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40Ma

ss-s

pec

ific

Met

ab

oli

c R

ate

as

Hea

t P

rod

ucti

on

(gca

l/h

r/g

)

Body Weight (g)

Discussion

Levels of Metabolism

Measuring Metabolism via Respiration

Factors Affecting Metabolism

Levels of Metabolism

1. Standard metabolism

2. Routine metabolism

3. Active metabolism

Levels of Metabolism

1. Standard metabolism

- resting, or fasting metabolism at a given temperature

- absence of spontaneous activity, food digestion, and

physical, thermal, or psychological stress.

- ectotherms: SMR dependent on temperature

- endotherms: BMR does not vary with temperature,

but it must be measured in the thermoneutral zone

(Randall et al. 2001; Willmer et al., 2005)

Levels of Metabolism

2. Routine metabolism- minimal normal unrestrained activity

3. Active metabolism- distinguished by enforced maximal activity

- maximum metabolism at a constant temperature

(Norin & Malte, 2011; Willmer et al., 2005; Harris et al.,

2000)

Measuring Metabolism via Respiration

Correction of oxygen volume using STP factors- to allow standardization and more accurate comparison of

the results

- the removal of pressure as a factor in calculating the

metabolic rate

- only to account for variations in gas levels and

temperature

(Campbell & Farrell, 2010)

Measuring Metabolism via Respiration

Indirect calorimetry or respirometry1. open

- continuous flow of air

- flow rate

1. closed

- amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide must

theoretically decrease and increase, respectively,

over time due to metabolic demands of respiration

(Lighton, 2008)

Measuring Metabolism via Respiration

Other methods of respirometry:1. Douglas bag

- respired air is collected for analysis of the changes in oxygen and carbon

dioxide concentrations over a short period of time

1. Differential Scanning Calorimeters

- ensuring the heat-flow rate to a sample organism against time or

temperature and comparing it to the pre-programmed temperature of the

sample in given atmospheric temperatures

1. OROBOROS Oxygraph-2k

- allows for the instantaneous, and real time recording of oxygen

consumption using new software

(Williams & Fruhbeck, 2009; Hhne et al., 1996; Htter et al., 2006)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

1. Weight

2. Sex

3. Temperature

4. Diet

5. Light

6. Hormone Levels

7. Age

8. Activity(Randall, 1997; Frisancho, 2000)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Effect of body weight on metabolic rate

MR = a(body mass)^b

where a is the intercept of the log regression line and

b is the rate at which the metabolic rate changes by body mass

As the weight of an organism increases, its metabolic rate decreases.

Applicable only to different species as other factors play a bigger role

(Chapman & Reiss, 1999; Randall, 1997)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Metabolism and Surface Area - Surface Area Law - Claim has been disregarded by most physiologists

- implies that animals exhibiting relatively the same body temperatures

would exhibit the same metabolic rates.

(Blaxter, 1989; Mitchell, 1962)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Temperature - Different Effect for Ectotherms and Endotherms

- Increase of oxygen consumption upon increase in

temperature

(Randall et al., 2001; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1997)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Activity - Increase of metabolism, oxygen consumption due to

increase of locomotion velocity.

- Activities that involve dormancy, such as hibernation lowers

metabolic rate.

(Randall et al., 2001)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Sex- Generally Females have 5-10% decrease in metabolic rate

compared to Males

- In humans females have a lower muscle mass relative to

body size. Smaller metabolic rate per unit area

- Effect of sex on metabolism is inconclusive, since effects

become less pronounced as the individual ages.

(Tarnopolsky, 1999; McArdie, 2000; Mahan et al. 2012)

Factors Affecting Metabolic Rate

Light- Presence of light can affect the cycle of the animals activity.- Ex. A nocturnal animal may have a higher metabolic rate in

the dark, as that is the state at which it is to be most active.

- Yeast metabolism can be affected by certain wavelengths of

light.

(Summers, 2013; Robertson et al., 2013)

References

Blaxter, K. 1989. Energy metabolism in animals and man. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brozek, J, 1965. Human Body Composition: Approaches and Applications. London: Pergamon Press.

Chapman, J.L. and Reiss, M.J. 1999. Ecology Principles and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Data Studio [software]. Roseville, California: PASCO Scientific.

Frisancho, A.R. 1993. Human Adaptation and Accommodation. United States of America: University of Michigan Press.

Harris, R.P., Wiebe, P.H., Lenz, J., Skjoldal, H.R. and Huntley, M. 2000. Zooplankton Methodology Manual. London: Academic Press.

Hhne, G., Hemminger, W., Flammersheim, H.J. Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Htter, E., Unterluggauer, H., Garedew, A., Jasen-Drr, P., and Gnaiger, E. 2006. High Resolution Respirometry-modern day tool in

aging research. Experimental Gerentology. 46: 103-109

Lighton, J. (2008). Measuring Metabolic Rates: A Manual for Scientists. Oxford University Press: New York. 75-85.

Lindh, W. Q., Pooler, M.S., Tamparo, C.D., Dahl, B.M., and Morris, J.A. 2014. Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and

Clinical Competencies, 5th edition. New York: Cengage Learning.

Mahan, L.K., Escott-Stump, S., Raymond, J. 2012. Krauses Food and Nutrition Care Process. United States of America: Elsevier.

McArdie, W.D. 2000. Essentials of Exercise Physiology. United States of America: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Mitchell, H. 1962. Comparative Nutrition of Man and Domestic Animals. United Kingdom: Academic Press, Inc.

Norin, T., and Malte, H. 2011. Reliability of standard metabolic rate, active metabolic rate, and aerobic scope in young brown trout

during period of moderate food availability. Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 1668-1675

Prosser, C. L. 1991. Comparative Animal Physiology: Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, 4th edition. Massachusetts:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Randall, D., Buggren, W., and French, K. (1997). Eckert Animal Physiology: Mechanisms and Adaptations. 4th ed. New York: W. H.

Freedman and Company.

References

Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. 2010. Campbell Biology. San Francisco:

Pearson Benjamin Cummings.

Robertson, J.B., Davis, C.R., and Johnson, C.H. 2013. Visible light alters metabolic rhythms by inhibiting respiration. PNAS. 110(52):

21130-21135

Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1997. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, 5th edition. New York: Cambridge University Press

Sterling, E.J., Bynum, N., and Blaire, M.E. 2013. Primate Ecology and Conservation. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Summers, M. 2011. Marine Respiration: The Effects of Temperature, Light, and Body Size on Pacific Zooplankton and Reef Goby

Collected 2-10N Latitude. Stanford University.

Tarnopolosky, M. 1999. Gender Differences in Metabolism. United States of America: CRC Press.

Williams, G. and Fruhbeck, G. 2009. Obesity: Science to Practice. United Kingdom: John & Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Willmer, P., Stone, G. and Johnston, I. 2005. Environmental Physiology of Animals. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing.