met and nav review. final exam for sure study areas pgf vs coriolis virga, subsidence, isotach,...
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MET and
NAV
review
FINAL EXAM for sure study areas
PGF vs coriolisVirga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDFSurface analysis vs prognostic chartTemperature effect on altimeterStability - rising air and/or air massesFrontal weather, GFA validity, wind limitsLight & variable, freezing levelVacuum driven heading indicator for navigationRhumb line, great circle, small circle, agonic line, deviation vs. variationCompass errors – northerly turning, ANDS, quadrantal
FINAL EXAM for sure study areas
Control zones, VFR minima, airspace classification, low level airspace, cruising altitudes, special VFR, transponder airspaceCDI, VOT check, VOR accuracy limits, ADF errors VOR and ADF orientation and use, ADF tuningOne VFR cross country – planning log, flight plan, Vnc chart completion, drift linesTime zone adjustments, CFS use for planning, VHF frequencies, reserves, safety heights ETA’s, Heading corrections, wind determination, revised ETAEnroute GFA, TAF and METAR interpretation, PIREP interpretation, AIRMET interpretation
One in Sixty Rule
1:60 is the same as 1 degree
ANABATIC WIND
CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
TEMPERATURE
The atmosphere is heated from below.Temperature increase decreases density.Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air becomes warmed by the ground as it moves over it
Convection: sun heats ground, ground heats the air, warmer and less dense pockets rise
Turbulence: vertical movement of air due to winds and convection
Compression: air sinks, compresses and heats (Chinooks, high pressure areas)
Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air can be warmed by the ground as it moves over it
Air Masses of North AmericaContinental Arctic: Ca
not in summer; low water content; warmed from below enroute, strong winds produce turbulence; heap clouds and snow showers; rarely in B.C. except as a cold-air invasion
(Continental Polar: Cp)Maritime Arctic: Ma
starts as Ca that spends some time over the northern Pacific ocean; moist and unstable at high altitudes; stratocumulus and cumulus; pe/sn/-shra; in summer: northern lakes affect the air mass
Maritime Polar: Mpmore time spent over Pacific ocean; warmer in lower levels; more stable than Ma; orographic lifting makes rain west of mountains (Rockies) and dry air east of mountains; Summer: Tsra/Cb
Maritime Tropical: Mtvery warm and moist; Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean & south of 30°N; Winter: rarely at the surface N of Great lakes, but present at high altitudes; unstable when subject to Frontal lift; gives sn/ra/zr/icing and turbulence; FOG (east coast); Summer: shra/tsra
Cumulus Stage:Cloud driven upward by the latent heat as water vapour condenses
Strong updrafts prevail throughout.
Temperatures in cell are higher than outside temperature at the same level.
No precipitation while water and ice are suspended.
Mature Stage:Heights may reach 60,000 feet
Updrafts up to 6,000 ft/min
As the water droplets grow large enough to fall, they drag air down with them.
Downdraft starts in the middle region of the cloud.
15-20 minutes in duration; lightning, microburst, hail, wind shear.
Appearance of precipitation on the ground.
Dissipation stage:downdraft spreads throughout the cell (except top)
gradual cessation of rainfall and the passing rain cools the lower regions
Anvil shape
WEATHER TERMINOLOGY
SKY CONDITIONClear: 0/8Few: 1/8 to 2/8 Scattered: 3/8 to 4/8Broken: 5/8 to 7/8Overcast: 8/8
IFR: less than 1000 ft &/or 3 miles
MVFR: 1000-3000 ft &/or 3-5 miles
VFR: greater than 3000 ft & better than 5
ACTUAL LAPSE RATEMETAR CYKZ 251100Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095
FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000
YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 6000 -13
650 -08
Lapse may be roughly 1o/1,000 ft
4000 cloud base -13
650 -08
Lapse roughly 1.5o/1,000 ft
Note that the lowest layer of cloud is SC (cumulus) and likely formed from convection. Consider that any rising pockets had a dew point of -13 and therefore reached dew point and formed cloud at 4,000, before they got to the 6,000 foot altitude where temperature
is actually measured
GFAIssued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730ZCovers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlookCountry covered with 7 GFA areasHeights are feet above sea levelSection 3 of MET in AIPMinimum of 5k to have speed be indicated CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicatedWinds less than 20 k usually not shownAmended GFA shows CCA, etc. in title box
5-8 Geostrophic Wind
5-11 Surface Friction
FOGFOG
FOG
Fog is cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact with the ground.
forms in relatively stable air where the temperature
to dew point spread is small, wind may be present
requires condensation nuclei
Usually needs a cooling process
Types of Fog:
Radiation Advection
Upslope Steam
Frontal Ice
Radiation Fog: clear night, light wind, high humidity, often a high pressure area.
Advection Fog: warm moist air moving over colder land, horizontal movement, warm fronts/oceans, sometimes strong winds (+25kts)
Upslope Fog
Ice Fog: Byproduct of fuel burn in engine is water (as vapour)… added to cold crisp air. (sublimation: vapour to ice)
Frontal Fog: vapour addition raises the dew point of the air mass under a warm front
Steam fog: cold air moving over a warm surface
CANADIAN FLIGHT PLAN AND FLIGHT ITINERARY PLAN DE VOL ET ITINÉRAIRE DE VOL CANADIEN
ICAO FLIGHT PLAN PLAN DE VOL OACI
PRIORITY / PRIORITÉ ADDRESSEE(S) / DESTINATAIRE(S)
FF
FILING TIME / HEURE DE DÉPÔT ORIGINATOR / EXPÉDITEUR
SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF ADDRESSEE(S) AND/OR ORIGINATOR / IDENTIFICATION PRÉCISE DU(DES) DESTINATAIRE(S) ET/OU DE L’EXPÉDITEUR
3 MESSAGE TYPE
TYPE DE MESSAGE 7 AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION /
IDENTIFICATION DE L’AÉRONEF 8 FLIGHT RULES /
RÈGLES DE VOL TYPE OF FLIGHT /
TYPE DE VOL
(FPL 9 NUMBER / NOMBRE TYPE OF AIRCRAFT / TYPE D’AÉRONEF
WAKE TURBULENCE CAT. / CAT. DE TURBULENCE DE SILLAGE 10 EQUIPMENT / ÉQUIPEMENT
/
13 DEPARTURE AERODROME / AÉRODROME DE DÉPART
TIME / HEURE
15 CRUISING SPEED / VITESSE DE CROISIÈRE ALTITUDE / LEVEL / NIVEAU ROUTE / ROUTE
16 DESTINATION AERODROME AÉRODROME DE DESTINATION
TOTAL EET / DURÉE TOTALE ESTIMÉE DAYS/JOURS HRS MINS
SAR HRS MINS
ALTN AERODROME / AÉRODROME DE DÉGAGEMENT
2ND ALTN AERODROME / 2e AÉRODROME DE DÉGAGEMENT
18 OTHER INFORMATION / RENSEIGNEMENTS DIVERS
)
19 ENDURANCE / AUTONOMIE EMERGENCY RADIO / RADIO DE SECOURS
HRS MINS PERSONS ON BOARD / PERSONNES À BORD UHF VHF ELT ELT TYPE / TYPE D’ELT
E / P / R / U V E
SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT / ÉQUIPEMENT DE SURVIE JACKETS / GILETS DE SAUVETAGE POLAR
POLAIRE DESERT DÉSERT
MARITIME MARITIME
JUNGLE JUNGLE
LIGHT LAMPES
FLUORES FLUORES
UHF
VHF
S / P D M J J / L F U V
DINGHIES / CANOTS
NUMBER NOMBRE
CAPACITY CAPACITÉ
COVER COUVERTURE
COLOUR COULEUR
D / C AIRCRAFT COLOUR AND MARKINGS / COULEUR ET MARQUES DE L’AÉRONEF WHEELS
ROUES SEAPLANE
HYDRAVION SKIS AMPHIBIAN AMPHIBIE
A /
REMARKS / REMARQUES
N /
AN ARRIVAL REPORT WILL BE FILED WITH / UN COMPTE RENDU D’ARRIVÉE SERA NOTIFIÉ À :
NAME AND PHONE NUMBER OR ADDRESS OF PERSONS(S) OR COMPANY TO BE NOTIFIED IF SEARCH AND RESCUE ACTION INITIATED / NOM ET NUMÉRO DE TÉLÉPHONE OU ADRESSE DE LA (DES) PERSONNE(S) OU COMPAGNIE À AVISER SI DES RECHERCHES SONT ENTREPRISES
PILOT-IN-COMMAND / PILOTE COMMANDANT DE BORD PILOT’S LICENCE NO. / N° DE LICENCE DU PILOTE
C / )
FILED BY / DÉPOSÉ PAR
SPACE RESERVED FOR ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS / ESPACE RÉSERVÉ À DES FINS SUPPLÉMENTAIRES
NC26-0516 (2001-05)
FLIGHT PLAN
see RAC section in
AIM
FLIGHT PLANNING LOG
Hwy 7 67 71 NW 04/10 11w 9 :07 0.8
1.1
Hwy Barrie 45 91 91 311 045/8 316 11w 327 91 39 :26 1.9
Nota Bay 45 91 91 291 045/5 294 10w 304 92 17 :11 0.8
CNY3 85 SW 06/06 10w 6 :06 0.5
CYOO GOLF ME 11 FEB
71 :50 5.1
71 1:20 7.3
:30 2.2
WAC
LOW LEVEL AIRWAYS
From 2,200’ AGL up to but not including 18,000’ ASL
IFR & VFR SUMMARY
KZ 2
106 kt
122 kt
106 kt
Track = 189º
Ground Speed = 122 kt
Heading = 196º
TAS = 106 kt
Wind Direction = 332º
Wind speed = 20 kt
Practice Problem D
Xwind & CRFI
PQ 1
Obstacles, Arcal, ATF & Peripheral frequency
FDs – Interpolation
FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000
YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28YYB 1825 2034-16 2055-17 2073-20 7013-28YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25
FLIGHT PLANNING LOG
CYGKStart, t/o
67 NE 13w :10 1.5
0.8
CYOW 55
92 97 031 220/18 029 13w 042 114 76 :40 3.1
ContingencyInclude if appropriate
20% fuel 1.9
circuit :06 0.5
CYGK GULP ME 22 MAR 01
76 :56 7.8
76 1:26 10.0
:30 2.2
VOR
VOR EQUIPMENT CHECKS
TRACKING AWAY FROM A STATION
TRACKING TO A STATION
ADF
LIMITATIONSTWILIGHT EFFECT
• JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high• GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE – use less than 350 khz
TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT
SHORELINE – signals crossing at less than 30o
ELECTRICAL STORMS
BANK ERROR – ALL TURNS• LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF
INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO NORMAL AXIS
SOME RULES 1. WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A
STATION, BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY FROM 0 OR TOWARDS 180
2. WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES, THEN ADF BEARING INDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES
HI LESS, ADF MORE
3. WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC.
4. MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = MAGNETIC BEARING TO THE STATION
MH + RB = MB TO THE STATIONMH = MB – RBRB = MB - MH