mesopotamia from city-states to gilgamesh. essential questions how did environment affect the early...
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MesopotamiaMesopotamia
From City-States to GilgameshFrom City-States to Gilgamesh
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Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
• How did environment affect the early Mesopotamian civilizations, including culture and technology?
• How did the Mesopotamian system of city-states affect technology, culture, and modern Middle East relations ?
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MesopotamiaMesopotamia
• Land between the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
• “Fertile Crescent”
• Modern day Iraq
• Sumer
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The Rise of City-StatesThe Rise of City-States
• Neolithic Rev. led to sedentary farmers• City-state = a city with political and economic control
over the surrounding area• Huh?• In English = small like a city but has own government,
military, economy, and identity (not part of a state or country)
• Kish, Ur, Uruk (Erech), Eridu
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Building of city-statesBuilding of city-states
• Walled cities (made of mud brick)– Why mud brick?– Invented (?) arch
• Close to water• Euphrates flooded
– Explanation
• Angry gods• How do you
appease them?
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ZigguratsZiggurats
• Physical, economic, political, and spiritual center of city-state
• Top of ziggurat was a temple
• Gods and Goddesses in complete control– Allowed mortals power
(kingship was divine theocracy = gov’t by divine authority)
– Uruk dedicated to Ishtar
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Accommodated FarmingAccommodated Farming
• Economy based chiefly on farming until…
• Trade and industry develop…leads to
• Development of technology such as…
• Wheel (Wheeled carts for easier transportation) and…
• Advanced weapons which leads to…
• Warfare and competition
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Social StructureSocial Structure
• 4 social classes (nobles, middle class, peasant farmers, slaves)
• Slavery very common in ancient world (agriculture-based societies)
• NOT racially based
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MesopotamiaMesopotamia
Part DeuxPart Deux
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WritingWriting
• Cuneiform (wedge-shaped writing)
• Why do you need writing?
• Business transactions
• Stories and traditions
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The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh
• Gilgamesh
• King of Uruk (2800 B.C.)
• Story accomplishes 2 things
• 1) The first epic story
• 2) Sumerian (Mesopotamian) outlook on life– Life is brutal, harsh, and
ultimately depressing
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Other MesopotamiansOther Mesopotamians
• Akkadians
• Sargon I (2300 B.C.)
• First Empire (unify all city-states)
• 100 years
• Brief Sumerian resurgence
• Defeated by…
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Amorites (Babylonians)Amorites (Babylonians)
• Centered at Babylon• Famous for Hammurabi
- Famous for law code (1800 B.C.) – 282 laws- Laws written in
important cities (2 survive)- Emphasize brutal
nature of Mes. society
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OthersOthers
• Hittites
• Iron weapons
• Less brutal law (pay fines)
• Assyrians
• Warriors
• First effective governing of large empire
• King (absolute), priests, governors, army