Contents

1. Introduction

Introduction 2-3

Fast Facts of the Building 4-12

History of the Building 13-14

Architect of the Building 15-17

2. Main Paragraph

Site Context Analysis (Chew Jia Chen) 18-30

Architectural Layout of Building (Chong Yi Qi) 30-39

Architecture Style Analysis (Adam Tan) 40-46

Building Construction, Structure & Materials Analysis (Andrew Law) 47-59

Architectural Elements/Components Analysis (Bridget Tan) 60-74

3. Conclusion 75

4. References 76-78

1

Introduction

Figure 1.1: Exterior perspective of Menara Mesiniaga

The Menara Mesiniaga (Figure 1.1) is the headquarters for IBM in Subang Jaya near

Kuala Lumpur. The Mesiniaga is a 15 storey building with and area of 12,345.69 square

meters. The floors are very well spaced with room for future expansion. It was first

conceived of in 1989 and finally completed in 1992. IBM asked the office of T.R. Hamzah &

Ken Yeang for a building which was a high-tech corporate showcase for their highly visible

site and high-technology industry. Also, Ken Yeang designed this building as an example

and culmination of his bioclimatic skyscraper practices and principles. Architect Ken

Yeang's long research into bio-climatic design principles was recognized with the Aga Khan

Award for Architecture in 1995 for the design. This building is environmentally friendly.

2

Figure 1.2: Culmination of Yeang’s vision and his bioclimatic skyscraper practices and

principles

Menara Mesiniaga is an environmental filter, an analogy for synthesis and analysis.

The Menara Mesiniaga is a built work that utilizes a basis of traditional Malaysian building

models and their transition or evolution into modern principles. It is Yeang’s vision of the

tropical garden city and it uncovers “the relationship of buildings, landscape and

climate . . .” transforming the impact of high-rise development in the ecosystem of a city.

This building intends to incorporate the modern day office building with a sensitivity

towards environmental issues, like natural lighting and natural ventilation. One of the

substantial points about this building is that it takes advantage of its existing environment

and site context by incorporating into the function of the building. (Figure 1.2)

The choice of materials is excellent as far as expressing the concept, and the

corporate image of technological products. However, due to climatic circumstances, some

materials are not well considered. Glass, steel and aluminium do not correspond to local

technologies. There is a tangible transition in material use as one walks through the

building. As the spaces change, the use of materials becomes warmer. The steel elements

and structures were specifically designed by the architects in drawings submitted to the

engineers to size the pieces to be built. The cladding was imported from Japan, as was the

suspended glass in the ground floor lobby. Interior panelling, partitions and carpeting were

imported from the United States. The architect submitted designs, the engineers sized

them, and the contractors submitted costs and built the structure. This process shows that

the level of technology is appropriately arranged. Pre-fabricated forms were not needed

since any form the architect wanted was built.

3

Fast Facts of the Building

Key Info

Official Name Menara Mesiniaga

Structure Type High-rise Building

Status Completed

Address 1, Jalan SS 16/1, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia

Building Function IT office

Structural Material concrete

Construction Start 1989

Completion

Architectural Style

Height

Floors (over ground)

Floors (under ground)

Gross Floor Area

Architect

Structural Engineer

MEP Engineer

1992

Modernism

63 meters

14

1

12,346 m² / 132,891 ft²

TR Hamzah & Yeang

Reka Perunding Sdn Bhd

Norman Disney & Young

Site Location

4

Figure 1.3: Site Plan

Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lumpur.

It is in a highly visible location with few buildings within the surrounding context. The

building sits beside a highway towering above a mixture of unplanned structure and

environment; a lake which can be seen from every level of the building, some residential

complexes and townhouses, office buildings, and a mosque. There is also a medical centre

which is within view of the building. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low

budget adaptations of older houses. Comparing to the surrounding buildings, Menara

Mesiniaga’s outstanding high rise structure and unique design not only lets this building

become the landmark of the site, but also increased the value of the land surrounding it.

The natural landscaping catches the eye’s attention with a substantial amount of growth

within the area, in respect to community development. It is significant that this building is a

facility that is sensitive to and in harmony with the environment.

The traffic ranges from moderate to congested at certain hours of the day, due to

the existence of the federal highway nearby.

5

Figure 1.4: View of lake from the rooftop

Figure 1.5: View of Federal Highway from the rooftop

Terrain

The topography is generally flat.

Function and Use

The building is equipped with 6- classrooms, a demo centre, a 130-seat auditorium,

lounge, cafeteria, and prayer rooms. The building boasts an excellent audio-visual system,

complete lighting equipment, administrative and catering services and a large entry foyer

for product display and demonstration. It is wired for communications within itself and with

its technology partners. They boast a commitment to creating a facility that would be

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sensitive to and in harmony with the local environment, as well as one that reflected the

company’s aspirations to be an industry leader.

The singular appearance of this moderately tall tower is the result of architect

Kenneth Yeang's ten-year research into bio-climatic principles for the design of medium-to-

tall buildings. Its tri-partite structure consists of a raised green base, ten circular floors of

office space with terraced garden balconies and external louvers for shade, and is crowned

by a spectacular sun-roof, arching across the top-floor pool. The distinctive columns that

project above the pool floor will eventually support the installation of solar panels, further

reducing the energy consumption of a building cooled by natural ventilation, sun screens,

and air conditioning. Yeang's ecologically and environmentally sound design strategies

reduce long-term maintenance costs by lowering energy use. Importantly, designing with

the climate in mind brings an aesthetic dimension to his work that is not to be found in

typical glass-enclosed air-conditioned medium-to-high rise buildings.

General Objectives

The client needed more space for their headquarters, but more importantly, the

client wanted a showcase building to contribute to their marketing efforts and to represent

projected commercial success. Also, the client wanted to occupy the building as soon as

possible.

The architect’s objectives, on the other hand, were:

Control of fresh air and air movement

Access to operable windows

Potential for natural ventilation

A good view

Access to green space

Access to transitorial spaces

Receiving natural sunlight

Control of lighting level

Greater comfort in furnishings

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Ability to move furniture

Provision of interior and exterior areas for relaxation

A greater feeling of spaciousness

Better heating and cooling

Adjustable temperatures

Less noise and distraction

Better amenities

Provision of recreational facilities

Awareness of place

Awareness of seasons of the year

Recreation of ground condition in the sky through elevated gardens

Bio-climatic functioning of the building

Interaction with nature, sunlight and shadow

Functional Requirements

The tower was designed to be flexible, to allow for an increase in usable floor area. It

includes spatial requirements for marketing rooms, products, demonstration rooms,

exhibition spaces and an auditorium, a gymnasium and a swimming pool.

Users

The users are the IBM corporate employees. However, not only does the Malaysian

company benefit from this building, but also the surrounding neighbours. The users’

response is outstanding and all are extremely pleased.

Architectural Drawings

8

Figure 1.6: Ground Floor Plan

Figure 1.7: East Elevation

9

Figure 1.8: South West Elevation

Figure 1.9: Section

10

Figure 1.10: Roof Plan

Figure 1.11: Perspective

11

Figure 1.12: Office Floor Partitioning

12

History of the Building

Figure 1.13 & 1.14: Views of Menara Mesiniaga

Menara Mesiniaga is a landmark building at Jalan SS16/1, Subang Jaya that has

earned the admiration of design experts worldwide. It stands tall as a symbol of the

company’s entrepreneurial drive and innovative spirit. Construction of the building began in

early June 1989 and it was completed in August 1992. The building design is by Dr. Kenneth

Yeang, a well-known and established architect in Malaysia and his firm, TR Hamzah and

Yeang. The construction work was undertaken by the Siah Brothers.

IBM needed a specific symbolic headquarters for their corporate office. Their

intention was to create an atmosphere suitable and comfortable for their employees, along

with an icon that represented their high technological products. Appropriate site analysis

was completed in June 1989 and preliminary sketches were done by the architect and his

client in July 1989.

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By 1989 the preliminary design was approved and construction would commence on

December 1990, and the project was completed in August 1992. This site was specifically

approved by the client, among the five sites proposed by the architect.

The objective of the building is to create a conducive and productive working

environment for its employees. The design also allowed for recreational activities to be

conducted within its premises. But more importantly, was a showcase building to contribute

to their marketing efforts and to represent projected commercial success.

After completion, architect Ken Yeang's long research into bio-climatic design

principles was recognised with the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995 for the design.

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The Architect

Figure 1.15: Ken Yeang

Dr. Kenneth Yeang (Figure 1.3) is the world’s leading architect in ecological and

passive low energy design. He has delivered over 200 built projects and his “bioclimatic”

towers have had an impact around the world, fusing high-tech and organic principles. Born

in Penang, Malaysia in 1948, Yeang was educated there, as well as in the United States and

the United Kingdom, receiving his doctorate in Architecture from Cambridge University, and

attending the ecological land use planning course at the University of Pennsylvania under

Ian McHarg. His study of ecology gave Yeang a keen interest in the relationship between

buildings and the environment, and the regionally appropriate designs encouraged by

McHarg would have a significant influence on his later work.

His expertise in the field of green design originated from his early doctoral

dissertation from Cambridge University (1971-1974) followed by his on-going Research &

Development work, which has since led to the publication of a number of his treatises on

the topic of ecological design and planning, bioclimatic design and high-rise design. His

publication includes: “The skyscraper: Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable,

Intensive Buildings,” and his latest book “Ecodesign: A manual for Ecological Design.” He

became a member of the British Ecological Society.

He is registered as a professional architect with the ARB (Architects Registration

Board) (UK), the RIBA (Royal Institute of Architects) (UK), PAM (Pertubuhan Arkitek

Malaysia), and, as of 1972, the SIA (Singapore Institute of Architects). He is a Fellow of the

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SIA, an Honorary Fellow of the AIA (American institute of Architects) and Honorary Fellow of

the RSIA (Royal Scottish Institute of Architects). Over his 35 years of professional practice, he

has seen to completion over a hundred projects on site, including having designed over 50

skyscrapers, with over 16 completed, and currently two towers in construction. Besides,

Yeang lectures extensively in over 30 countries at conferences and schools of architecture

on his ideas and work on ecological design and master planning.

He is best known as the inventor of the Bioclimatic skyscraper (as a genre of low-

energy skyscrapers based on bioclimatic design principles), and for his novel ideas on

designing the high-rise building type as vertical urban design. Hamzah & Yeang's design and

built work have been recognised by the over 70 awards received since 1989 that include

the:

• Aga Khan Award for Architecture (for the Menara Mesiniaga, an IBM franchise

• The Prince Claus Award (Netherlands)

• The UIA (International Union of Architects) Auguste Perret Award

• Several of the Malaysian Institute of Architects (PAM) annual design awards

• The WACA (World Association of Chinese Architects) Gold Medals (for the Solaris

Building, 2011 and for the National Library Singapore)

• The Holcim Regional Award for Sustainability (Switzerland) (for the Putrajaya Phase

2C5 building, Malaysia, 2011),

His personal awards include:

• PAM (Malaysia Institute of Architects) Gold Medal

• UIA Auguste Perret Award

• Government of Malaysia’s ‘Darjah Mulia Pangkuan Negeri (DMPN) Award (that

carries the official title of ‘Dato’ (2003) generally regarded as the Malaysian

16

equivalent of the UK’s OBE)

• Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall Buildings and

Urban Habitat (USA)

• Merdeka Award (for the 'environment' category, 2011) from the Government of

Malaysia, regarded as its national equivalent of the Nobel prize.

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Site Context Analysis

Building Accessibility

Figure 2.1: Ingress and Egress to Menara Mesiniaga

The Menara Mesiniaga building shares a same route for both ingress and egress

(Figure 2.1). The route is used for both users and building services. The entrance to the

building is located at the front lobby with prepared parking lots for users and visitors. There

is also a basement carpark which gives access to multiple parking bays for users to park their

cars. (Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.2: Basement carpark

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The front of the building caters for the public whereas the others are for private

usage – i.e for staffs and loading/unloading. The back of the building is used for

maintenance services for the building. It also includes an emergency escape for staffs. The

back of the building is used for maintenance services for the building. It also includes an

emergency escape for staffs.

Relationship of Building with Surroundings

Figure 2.3: View of Menara Mesiniaga

Menara Mesiniaga is located on a major highway from the airport to Kuala Lumpur.

It is in a highly visible location with few buildings within the surrounding context. Around

the building there is a mixture of unplanned, beautifully lush places. There is a lake which is

seen from every level of the building, some residential complexes and townhouses, office

buildings and a mosque. One of the largest shopping centres is also located within walking

distance of the Mesiniaga. There is also a medical centre which is within view of the

building. Overall, many of the surrounding buildings are low budget. They are 1 or 2 storey

adaptations of older houses. A federal highway and two hotels are nearby, both are large

scale structures. Also, an office block and commercial centre are in the vicinity.

The natural landscaping is very eye catching. There seems to be a substantial

amount of growth within the area, in respect to community development. Menara

Mesiniaga is a landmark building that has earned the admiration of design experts

19

worldwide. It stands tall its revolutionary status has increased the value of the land around

it.

The Mesiniaga building is a courageous attempt at energy-efficient tropical-friendly

architecture, but it lacks local cultural references. Unlike the buildings surrounding it which

are mostly based on Malaysia’s cultural reference, Mesiniaga’s extraordinary exoskeleton

formed the differences between the site and Menara Mesiniaga.

Figure 2.4: Buildings surrounding Menara Mesiniaga

The Menara Mesiniaga differs from its surrounding context through its overall

relative appearance. The building surrounding Menara Mesiniaga like the 1 to 2 storey

adaptations of older houses creates a contrast with the outstanding high-rise structure of

the Menara Mesiniaga. Its unique design inevitably becomes the main focus of the area,

making it the landmark of the site. Moreover, there is also a mosque situated nearby that is

designed with the local Islamic architectural style, which further distincts the Mesiniaga

building from its surrounding context. The surrounding buildings are relatively compact and

project dissimilarity in comparison with Menara Mesiniaga as the building is situated on a

wide individual corner space, isolated from the compact buildings surrounding it.

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Figure 2.5: Natural view from Menara Mesiniaga

Figure 2.6: Man-made landscape to shelter the lowest three levels of the building

Artificial landscape is built to insulate the lowest three levels of Menara Mesiniaga

from direct contact with the morning sunlight thus reducing the usage of man-made light

source. This sloping landscape connecting the land is covered with green grass making the

surrounding view of nature similar to it. Besides that, sky gardens (planter boxes) are also

located at every level of the building, thus creating a harmonious environment when in

comparison with the surrounding landscape.

Response to Climate

“The bioclimatic high-rise Menara Mesiniaga is a tall building with passive low energy

benefits, achieved through design responses to the climate of the place and through

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optimizing the use of the locality’s ambient energies, to enhance the quality of life and

comfort for its occupants.”

This headquarters applies Ken Yeang’s bioclimatic designs with both internal and

external features to create a low energy building ideal for the tropical climate.

Climate Analysis

Figure 2.7: Annual relative humidity in Kuala Lumpur

Figure 2.8: Annual maximum temperature in Kuala Lumpur

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Figure 2.9: Annual minimum temperature in Kuala Lumpur

Figure 2.10: Annual average temperature in Kuala Lumpur

Humidity

Figure 2.6 shows that Kuala Lumpur has a high relative humidity in the range of 80%-

85%. Malaysia has a tropical wet climate with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist

due to the year-round rainfall.

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With relation to the building design, it is encouraged to include passive ventilation by

having windows open on opposite sides of the building to maintain a good cross air flow and

eliminate interior humidity build up.

Temperature

Based on the temperature graph in Figures 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9, the annual average

temperature is around 26.6 degree Celsius. On average, the warmest month is in April while

the coolest is in September. April happens to be the wettest month and June is the driest

month.

For high-rise buildings in high temperature locations, proper HVAC or adequate

passive ventilation is necessary to maintain the cool temperature inside the building.

Sun Analysis

Figure 2.11s: January 1st - 1200 hours

Figure 2.12: May 15th – 1315 hours

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Figure 2.13: August 29th - 1415 hours

Figure 2.14: November 1st – 0915 hours

The Advantages

In the design of Menara Mesiniaga, the architect took advantage of the sunlight

penetrating through the building. He intended to build the building in such a way that

benefits the natural sunlight and the environment.

The enclosed rooms do not need much light and are located near the central core,

which allows workstations to be located on the outside edge where natural lighting and

outstanding views are available.

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Annual and Daily Sun Pathway

Figure 2.15: Sun-shading devices on the facade

Figures 2.11, 2.12, 2.13 and 2.14 prove that the architect’s intention was to benefit the

natural sunlight from every direction into the building. In addition, shading elements were

inserted on the East and West elevation rather than the North and South elevation.

Moreover, the lobby of the building is placed further inside for shade (from the second

floor’s balcony). Lastly, the natural sunlight also enters through the sunroof of the basement

carpark, reducing the need for man-made light source.

Wind Analysis

Ventilation

Due to various wind directions, the winds are nearly transferred equally. Menara

Mesiniaga’s main ventilation is by air conditioning and natural ventilation. The air

conditioning systems for the counter area, offices, meeting rooms, cafeteria and few other

areas are divided into two types. One of the air conditioning systems is the Energy Saving

System which is used around the counter area and offices, as shown by the yellow ellipse

(Figure 2.17), as the staying period in these areas are longer. The other air conditioning

system is called the Split Air Conditioner which is usually used in houses as it is used to cool

26

one to two rooms. For this building, Split AC are used in the meeting rooms and cafeteria for

only a certain period of time.

Figure 2.16: Sliding doors of terrace can be opened to improve air flow

Figure 2.17: The air flow (green arrows) and air conditioning flow (yellow ellipse) throughout

the building

27

Figure 2.18: Open rooftop swimming pool

Figure 2.19: Entrance to basement carpark

As for the natural ventilation – wind, the escape stairs are unenclosed and pushed to

the edge of the building to allow wind to take part. The elevator lobby and washroom

spaces have shaded window openings that give in view and natural ventilation. The sliding

doors on the terraces can be opened for natural ventilation to flow throughout the office

areas. Besides that, part of highest floor which is an opened space swimming pool area

allows for natural ventilation. Moreover, tiny gaps allow the wind to ventilate into the

gymnasium under the overhang-curved roofing provided. Lastly, the basement parking area

is also ventilated as the entrance and exit are opened. Ventilations Since the energy

consumption is reduced, the electricity cost of Menara Mesiniaga is maintained within a

28

certain amount more reasonable compared to other buildings. Moreover, the air from the

surrounding site is also fresher due to the green site context and also the flow of the wind.

Wind and Weather Statistics

Figure 2.17: Table and wind rose of wind and weather statistics of Morib/Kuala Lumpur

Airport

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Air Flow

Figure 2.18: Basic air flow within the building

As warm air passes through the sky gardens (planter boxes) as well as shading

devices, they are cooled and allowed to flow through the building as part of the ventilation

cooling system. The exterior windows utilise the natural ventilation to maintain air flow

throughout the building.

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Architectural Layout of the Building

Figure 3.1: Plan to section/elevation analysis

31

32

Shading Devices

Figure 3.2: Sun Path

The façade is treated with aluminium louvers that help prevent solar heat gain. The

arrangement of the louvers illustrates the equatorial solar path at the site, north and south

façade, which receive the least direct sunlight, are shaded with thin strip louvers, while the

western face of the building is shielded by wide bands of aluminium that almost cover the

entire window to block the harsh afternoon sun.

The tower rises from a planted berm at base, and the vegetation continues upward

in a spiral of landscaped “sky courts” carved from the cylindrical façade. In addition to

provide a connection to nature for the building occupants and also provide shading for

adjacent interior spaces, while floor-to-ceiling glazing, and sliding glass doors maintain

contact with exterior.

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Conceptual Sketches

The first design proposal had an atrium and the core in the centre of the building.

This design adds voids in the lower and upper floors and plants flowing upwards from the

ground floor. The second proposal that was approved by the client in December 1989

removed the original atrium and relocated the core on the east periphery. The built form is

the result of architect’s decade-long research into bioclimatic principles for the design of tall

buildings in tropical climates.

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Sun Shaders

The louvers and shades relate to

the orientation of the building.

They reduce solar and heat gain.

Garden Insets

The deep garden insets allow full

height curtain walls on the north

and south sides as a response to

the tropical overhead sun path.

The core of the building located on the periphery east, which is the hot side of the

building. Yeang used this over the advantage of natural lighting for the toilets and elevator

lobbies. Also, the core area is naturally ventilated, minimizing the use of air-conditioning. On

the other hand, the location of the service core helps to block out the morning sunlight

going into the office spaces.

Artificial lighting is reduced due to the natural lighting but sun and shading effects in

spaces are used to control the brightness of sunlight penetrating into the interior spaces of

the building.

The roof is inhabitable, but as a part of Yeang’s idea of connecting the building back

to the land, the roof of the building holds a pool and a gymnasium. It acts as the social space

of the building.

The distinctive composition that crowns the tower will provide for the future

installation of solar panels to further reduce energy consumption. The sun screen structure

is made of steel and holds aluminium panels and serves to shades the pool as well as the

roof of the buildings. The rain water collection system is also on the roof.

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Circulation-to-Use Space

36

Figure 3.3: Circulation of the office floor plan

Organisation Analysis

The building has a tripartite structure that consists of a raised “green" base,

and ten circular floors of office space with a spiralling body with horizontal,

terraced garden balconies and external louvers for shade.

Contrast

Two spirals of green “sky garden” that twist up the building create visual

contrast with the steel and aluminium surfaces

Hierarchy

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There is a specific hierarchy to the location of each office, staircase, and

terrace.

At the bottom is a slopped landscapes base that houses the main lobby,

theatre, classrooms and other exhibition spaces to create a gradation from

surrounding grass fields to the main structure.

Centralized

The body of the building rotate about the central axis that is the core of the

building

Spatial Organisation

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Figure 3.4: The office and leisure space

The spatial organization for Menara Mesiniaga is spiral vertical organization. As seen

in the section of Menara Mesiniaga is divided into few spaces; the public, semi-public and

private park.

The public spaces are the public area (lobby) and the carpark. These spaces are more

concentrated in the lower part of the building.

The semi-public spaces are spaces that is partially accessible, like the recreation area

which are the swimming pool and gymnasium room and the exterior circulation are open for

the people with access letter.

The private spaces such as the office space and leisure space, are located at the

centre of the building. which only allow for the worker to access.

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Architecture Style Analysis

1. Structural Expressionism Architecture

2. Bioclimatic Architecture

3. Contemporary Architecture

Examples of Structural Expressionism Buildings

Figure 4.1: Examples of structural expressionism buildings

Structural Expressionism, also known as High Tech Modernism, was a reaction to

Miesian ideals of buildings. Structural Expressionist buildings incorporate the ideals of

interchangeable prefabricated parts, flexibility in design and economy of construction. The

main concept behind the design is using the structural components to dictate the aesthetic

of the building. Oftentimes, structural elements are exposed and employ innovative

approaches to structural stability. Engineering creates new possibilities in building design.

Primary Stylistic Features

Exposed or visible structural elements inside and out.

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Emphasis on the industrial materials.

Functional building components are exposed.

Secondary Stylistic Features

Interior spaces are adaptable.

Detached frames.

Exposed trusswork.

Extensive use of glass.

Highly complex shapes.

Metallic.

Bioclimatic architecture refers to the design of buildings and spaces (interior, exterior,

outdoor) based on local climate, aimed at providing thermal and visual comfort, making use

of solar energy and other environmental sources. Basic elements of bioclimatic design are

passive solar systems which are incorporated onto buildings and utlilise environmental

sources (for example, sun, air, wind, vegetation, water, soil, sky) for heating, cooling and

lighting the buildings.

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Bioclimatic design takes into account the local climate and includes the following principles:

Heat protection of the buildings in winter as well as in summer, using appropriate

techniques which are applied to the external envelope of the building, especially by

adequate insulation and air tightness of the building and its openings.

Use of solar energy for heating buildings in the winter season and for daylighting all

year round. This is achieved by the appropriate orientation of the buildings and

especially their openings (preferably towards the south), by the layout of interior

spaces according to their heating requirements, and by passive solar systems which

collect solar radiation and act as “natural” heating as well as lighting systems.

Protection of the buildings from the summer sun, primarily by shading but also by

the appropriate treatment of the building envelope (i.e. use of reflective colours and

surfaces).

Removal of the heat which accumulates in summer in the building to the

surrounding environment using by natural means (passive cooling systems and

techniques), such as natural ventilation, mostly during nighttime.

Improvement – adjustment of environmental conditions in the interiors of buildings

so that their inhabitants find them comfortable and pleasant (i.e. increasing the air

movement inside spaces, heat storage, or cool storage in walls).

Ensuring insolation combined with solar control for daylighting of buildings, in order

to provide sufficient and evenly distributed light in interior spaces.

Improvement of the microclimate around buildings, through the bioclimatic design

of exterior spaces and in general, of the built environment, adhering to all of the

above principles.

Contemporary architecture retains modernism’s devotion to connecting the indoors

and outdoors, and to achieving a feeling of spaciousness. But it isn’t averse to showing signs

of regional character or even whimsy. And today’s architects are especially concerned with

energy efficiency and sustainable materials, which has led to some truly innovative design.

Contemporary architecture is definable broadly as the building style of the present day.

Examples do not necessarily have similar or easily recognizable features, however, because

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the "style" is really quite varied and has a number of different influences. Even though a

precise definition of the term is difficult to articulate, contemporary homes typically include

an irregular or unusually shaped frame, an open floor plan, oversized windows, and the use

of "green" and repurposed components. Such homes also often have an organic design,

fitting into the surrounding space and meeting an immediate need in the area.

Key Elements

Natural, sustainable components

Recycled and nontoxic materials

Natural light

Although people sometimes use the terms "contemporary" and "modern" architecture

interchangeably, they technically are not synonymous. Modern architecture refers to the

building style of the early to mid-20th century. It featured clean lines with an emphasis on

function. Some people viewed the elements that characterized modern architecture as too

cold and impersonal.

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Examples of architecture styles on the building (Menara Mesiniaga)

Figure 4.2: Menara Mesiniaga’s Built Form

Planting can be found amongst the triple-height recessed terraces in the upper

reaches of the building. These atriums allow natural ventilation with cool air, and the

vegetation enhances shade and increases the oxygen supply. On the north and south

facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain and on the east and west facades,

external aluminium fins and louvers provide sun shading.

Figure 4.3: Sun shading devices

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The facade is a “sieve-like” filter (instead of a “sealed skin”). The louvers and shades relate

to the orientation of the building. They allow or reduce solar gain. The deep garden insets

allow full height curtain walls on the north and south sides- as a response to the tropical

overhead sun path. The core functions are located on the “hot” side, the east.

Figure 4.4: Spiral which starts at the base and circulates up to the top of the building. This

form creates a garden in the sky and provides interest for the viewer’s eye.

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Figure 4.5 & 4.6: Exposed structure of Menara Mesiniaga

The structure is completely exposed. The structural system is reinforced concrete, with a

steel structure used for the mezzanine and balconies.

Imported aluminium composite panels for cladding with local spray tile finish to other

masonry areas.

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Building Construction, Structure and Materials Analysis

The main structure of Menara Mesiniaga is exposed steel tubes (Figure 5.1 & 5.2). The floor

plates are concrete over steel trusses. In which, both modern materials are used in the

construction of Menara Mesiniaga.

Figure 5.1 & 5.2: Exposed steel tubes

As for the core functions, they are located on the “hot” or east side. The elevator lobbies

(Figure 5.3) and lavatories which are not air-conditioned and are on the east side in order to

buffer the climate-controlled offices from the sun. For the main office spaces (Figure 5.4),

they are naturally ventilated and air-conditioned. Furthermore, the building is equipped

with a Building Automated System at which it controls energy features including air

conditioning and is utilized to the reduction of energy consumption in equipment.

47

Figure 5.3: Lobbies on the east side

Figure 5.4: Main Office Space

Other passive low energy features include: Aluminium louvers (Figure 5.5) are

presented in all the windows on the east and west in order to provide sun shading. The

Curtain wall glazing (Figure 5.6) is used to control solar gain and on the north and south

facades.

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Figure 5.5: Aluminium fin & louvers (East & West) Figure 5.6: Curtain Wall Glazing (North &

South)

The shaft is alternately indented by garden terraces and fitted with brise soleil on the east

and west - that saves $13590 in air conditioning per year.

The roof is inhabitable and acts as the capping social space of the building as well as an

additional buffer between interior and exterior spaces.

Figure 5.7 & 5.8: Sunscreen structure on roof top.

The sunscreen structure (Figure 5.7 & 5.8) is made of steel and holds aluminium

panels. The structure has the capability of holding solar panels (if ever installed). The screen

shades the pool as well as the roof of the building. The rainwater collection system is also on

the roof.

The roof is not problem-free. Due to the high-humidity, there has been some leakage

and the deterioration of insulation. Therefore, some rusting has occurred elsewhere in the

building. Yeang has since stressed an importance on material lifecycle costing.

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Construction Technology

Reinforced concrete and conventional structural curtain walls (Figure 5.9) were

semi-unitized, half on site and half prefabricated and then moved to the site. Aluminium

work (Figure 5.10) on the façade was fabricated off site and later installed on site.

Choice of Materials and Level of Technology

The concept is well expressed with the excellent choice of materials, and the

corporate image of technological products. However, due to climatic circumstances, some

of the materials are not well considered. Glass, steel and aluminium are those that do not

correspond to local technologies to that time. While there was no establishment of

regional recycled construction materials companies yet. Therefore, city and industry

practices do not create a helpful infrastructure to regain the value of construction waste.

A tangible transition in material use can be felt as one walks through the building.

For example, as the spaces change, the use of materials becomes warmer. The steel

elements and structures were specifically designed by the architects in drawings and

submitted to the engineers. It only remained for the engineers to size the pieces to be

built. Most of them were imported from Japan like the cladding and the suspended glass in

the ground floor lobby. While for the interior paneling, partitions and carpeting were

imported from the United States.

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Figure 5.9: Semi-unitized structural curtain walls Figure 5.10: Prefabricated aluminium work

In conclusion, the architect submitted designs, the engineers sized them, and the

contractors submitted costs and built the structure. The process shows that level of

technology is appropriately arranged.

Materials Analysis

Figure 5.11: Steel structure and reinforce concrete as structural system

The structural system is reinforced concrete which has high relative strength,

irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress and most importantly thermal compatibility,

and with the modern material which is steel structure which has high strength, easy to work

with, ductile is used for the mezzanine and balconies and as structural system. (Figure 5.11)

Materials are basically divided among the following elements:

i) Foundation

Bore concrete piles. The principal structural members are reinforced concrete and a

structural frame uses steel outriggers. The usage of reinforced concrete is to compatible

with the surrounding temperatures and provide durability, irrespective of corrosion or

sustained stress.

ii) Infill

Brickwork for internal fire protected areas which brick is said to be an excellent cladding

choice to resist or confine fires. Glazed panels for external cladding which increases the

thermal efficiency of buildings and reduces water and air infiltration, and gypsum board for

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internal partitioning which has the advantages of being sound attenuating, economical, fire

resistive and versatile.

iii) Rendering and finishes

Figure 5.12: Aluminium composite panels on various parts

Figure 5.13: White marble used for lobby walls

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Figure 5.14: Quartz tiles used for lobby feature wall.

Imported aluminium composite panels (Figure 5.12) which is an economical

selection, provided with outstanding thermal comfort, protecting the environment, least

maintenance, durable and excellent weather resistance is used for cladding with local spray

tile finish to other masonry areas like columns and walls. White marble (Figure 5.13) which

is aesthetical, resistant to fire, shattering and erosion is used for lobby walls. Quartz tiles

(Figure 5.14) which are very durable, fire resistance and porous are used for lobby feature

wall.

iv) Floors

Figure 5.15: Granite floorings in the lobby

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Figure 5.16: Homogeneous local tiles Figure 5.17: Imported carpet at lift lobbies

Figure 5.18: Exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and apron.

Imported granite (Figure 5.15) which is beautiful, bacteria and stain resistant is used

in the lobby with homogeneous local tiles (Figure 5.16) for the poolside, toilet, and roof

terraces. But provided with that the granite flooring is expensive and regular maintenance is

necessary. Imported carpet and tiles (Figure 5.17) for the office areas and lift lobbies.

Exposed aggregate plaster (Figure 5.18) used for forecourt and apron.

v) Ceilings

Figure 5.19: Mineral Fiber board

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Figure 5.20 & 5.21: Gypsum Board and fibrous plaster used for ground floor reception,

auditorium

Imported mineral fiber board (Figure 5.19) which has much execution, sound

ingestion, flame resistant, warm protection, bacteria resistance, ecological assurance is used

for office areas and lift lobbies. The usages of Fibrous plaster and gypsum board (Figure

5.20 & 5.21) which can be easily installed, impact resistant and as a thermal insulator for

ground floor reception, auditorium and exhibition space.

vi) Roofing

Figure 5.22: Metal deck roofing used for the sky gymnasium.

Figure 5.23: Painted mild steel outriggers

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Imported metal deck roofing (Figure 5.22) which is an energy efficient roofing type as it

reflects solar heat and cut back on cooling costs is used for the sky gymnasium. Also painted

mild steel outriggers (Figure 5.23) for the roof structure and mezzanine.

vii) Glazing

Figure 5.24: Laminated double glazed light green glass

Mostly double glazed. The laminated light-green glass and glazing detailing (Figure 5.24)

acts as a ventilation-filter without wholly insulation the interior.

In conclusion,

i) Exposed steel structure and reinforced concrete as structure.

ii) Aluminium louvers and curtain wall glazing as shading devices.

iii) Sunscreen structure is made of steel and holds aluminium panels.

iv) Foundation: Bore concrete piles.

v) Infill: Brickwork for internal fire protected areas. Glazed panels are used for

external cladding. Gypsum board for internal partitioning.

vi) Rendering & Finishes: Aluminium composite panels on various parts. White

marbles used for lobby walls. Quartz tiles used for lobby feature walls.

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vii) Flooring: Imported granite floorings in the lobby. Imported carpet and tiles for

the office and lift lobbies. Exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and

apron.

viii) Ceilings: Imported mineral fiber board for office areas and lift lobbies. Fibrous

plaster and gypsum board for ground floor reception, auditorium and exhibition

space.

ix) Roofing: Metal deck roofing for sky gymnasium. Painted mild steel outriggers for

roof structure and mezzanine.

x) Glazing: Double glazed laminated light green glass as ventilation filter.

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Comparing with the Buildings in the West

Menara Mesiniaga is a “Structural expressionism” or “Late Modernism” style

building, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design.

Structural Expressionist buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside,

but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure as

opposed to exterior concrete walls. Therefore, by comparing with 30 St Mary Axe, which is

also a high-tech sustainable building in the west, similarities and differences can be found.

Menara Mesiniaga 30 St Mary Axe

Foundation Concrete piles Concrete piles

Structure Exposed steel tube, Reinforced concrete Aluminium coated tube steel

Facade Glazing, Aluminium Louvers, Aluminium

panels

Glazing, Perforated Aluminium

louvers, Extruded Aluminium Frame

Floor Concrete Concrete

Wall Single Wall System Double Wall System

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Floor plan Circular Circular

Methodology Prefabricated off site & fabricated on

site

Precambering & prefabricated off

site.

From the comparison above, both buildings favors the requirements of a “late

modernism” buildings at which they have the similarity of using glass and aluminium as

primary materials, while concrete piles for foundation and reinforced concrete or steel as

skeletal structure.

Architectural Elements/Components Analysis

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Main Ideas and Concepts for the Menara Mesiniaga

1. Sky gardens that serve as villages

2. Spiralling vertical landscape

3. Recessed and shaded windows on the East and West

4. Curtain wall glazing on the North and South

5. Single core service on hot side – East

6. Naturally ventilated and sunlit toilets, stairways and lift lobbies

7. Spiral balconies on the exterior walls with full height sliding doors to interior offices

Design Features

The building brings together the principles of the bioclimatic approach to the design of tall

buildings developed over the previous decade by the firm. In particular, the building has the

following features:

• “Vertical Landscaping” (planting) is introduced into the building facade and at the “sky

courts”. In this building the planting starts by mounding up from ground level to as far up as

possible at one side of the building. The planting then “spirals” upwards across the face of

the building with the use of recessed terraces (as sky courts).

• A number of passive low-energy features are also incorporated: All the window areas

facing the hot sides of the building (i.e. East and West sides) have external louvers as solar-

shading to reduce solar heat gain into the internal spaces. Those sides without direct solar

insolation (i.e. the north and South sides) have unshielded curtain-walled glazing for good

views and to maximise natural lighting.

• The lift lobbies at all floors are naturally ventilated and are sun-lit with views to the

outside. These lobbies do not require fire-protection pressurisation (i.e. low-energy lobby).

All stairways and toilet areas are also naturally ventilated and have natural lighting.

• The sunroof is the skeletal provision for panel space for the possible future placing of

solar-cells to provide back-up energy source. BAS (Building Automation System) is an active

Intelligent Building feature used in the building for energy-saving.

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Figure 6.1: Sun shaders (Yellow) / Garden spaces (Green)

General Overview

The building is 15 stories tall and circular in plan. Yeang designed this building to

include three items: 1- a sloping landscape base to connect the land with the verticality of

the building; 2- a circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts that allow visual relief

for office workers as well as providing continuity of spaces connecting the land through the

building; and 3- the upper floor provides a swimming pool and gym.

The noticeable building features of the IBM tower not only visually define the high-

tech style of the company and its conceptual organic disposition, but also define it as a

bioclimatic high-rise. First, the building’s general form, structural strategy, component

cores, glazed surfaces, is oriented for maximum environmental efficiency shading against

direct overheating but allowing for natural daylight. Second, where the main components of

the building and its orientation cannot shade the building, ingeniously calculated shading

devices are installed on the building face for passive cooling. Finally, the extension of the

land that begins at the sloped berm spirals up the height of the building with planted

terraces that culminates at the inhabited rooftop. These terraces not only provide for

vertical gardens and transitional spaces, but also shades and ventilates the building. These

61

major innovations in form, envelope and regional adaptations to the typical skyscraper

indicated that Yeang’s work was at the leading edge of the then contemporary architecture

at the time ecological design was at its organizational infancy.

Figure 6.2: Axonometrics: (Left to Right) Built Form; Planting & Sky Gardens; Solar

Orientation; Shading Devices

Built Form

Mesiniaga’s verticality allows exposure to the full extent of heat, weather and

temperatures. Mesiniaga’s exoskeleton – made of exposed steel and reinforced concrete

structures, helps to reflect the sun, and the entirely exposed columns and beams are open

for cross-ventilated cooling. The single core services are built on the hot side which is on the

East.

Planting and Sky Garden

In order to shelter and insulate the lowest three levels from the morning sun, an

artificial sloping landscape is created to connect the land to the verticality of the building.

Moreover, its circular spiralling body with landscaped sky courts aids in cooling, ventilation

and provision of space for occupants to relieve.

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Figure 6.3: Sky garden in Menara Mesiniaga

Solar Orientation and Passive Solar Design

The majority of the building’s double-glazed, operable curtain walls lie flush to the

façade only on the North and South side. Being near the equator, the Malaysian afternoon

sun shines from high in the sky, a slight overhang is enough to block shallow penetrating

rays into the building. For most of the West half of the building, external solar shades are

installed. The South West and North West are protected by aluminium fins offset

approximately 40cm away from the building face. These devices are utilized where high-

angled rays may hit the curtain walls. But for more far reaching direct light, deeper, single

panel aluminium louvers offset from the building twice as far as the fins is installed. Where

extensive West-side shading is concerned, the alternately shaped floor plates partner with

terraces to create indentations in the building form that help it shade itself.

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Figure 6.4: Interior view of external solar shades on the West side

The landscaped terraces that appear on every office level also allows for full height

sliding glass doors that let in fresh air and greened transitional spaces for a respite from

computer screens. The stepped terraces can be traced spiralling back down to the berm and

the surrounding landscape, generating an atrium where employees may feel part of a

progressive organization that has clear environmental awareness.

Figure 6.5: The spiralling stepped terraces allow fresh air through glass doors

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Figure 6.6: Garden terraces located on each office level

Internally, enclosed rooms are placed as a central core rather than being situated at

the periphery. This ensures good natural lighting and views out for the peripherally located

workstations. As the building is circular in plan, there are no dark corners.

Figure 6.7: Model of Menara Mesiniaga to show Louvers and Sun Roof

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LOUVER

The louver shades the office and the uppermost floor houses recreational areas, a swimming pool and sun roof.

SUN ROOF

The sunroof is the skeletal provision for panel space for the possible future placing of solar cells to provide back-up energy source.

Figure 6.8: On the North and South facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain

(Highlighted in green)

Figure 6.9: On the East and West facades, external aluminium fins and louvers provide sun

shading (Highlighted in green)

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Figure 6.10: Model massing showing the glazing and shading of Menra Mesiniaga

(Highlighted in green)

The major visible architectural elements topping off the office levels include a

cantilevering rooftop pool and a gym with a curvilinear roof; these facilities are open to

employees. The pool ‘greens’ the rooftop by insulating and reflecting the overhead sun. The

overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most of the entire South façade from

the high-angled afternoon sun. Crowning the building is a tubular steel trellis that shades

the top floor amenities and is designed to accommodate solar panels in the future that will

further increase the building’s ecological efficiency.

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Figure 6.11: Cantilevering rooftop pool that insulates and reflects the overhead sun

Figure 6.12: Sunroof made of trussed steel and aluminium, which shades and filters light on

to the swimming pools and gymnasium

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Figure 6.13: Rooftop swimming pool

The core functions are located on the “hot” side, the East. The core uses extensive

passive heating and cooling strategies and has no mechanical support because its

programmed functions of circulation and washrooms involve low occupancy duration.

Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of the building faces the exterior and is

located on the East side of the tower. This orientation allows the core to shade the building

from direct sun rays and its material construction allows it to become a heat sink that will

reradiate absorbed heat into the interiors at night.

Figure 6.14: East Side: Building core shades direct East sunlight and acts as heat sink

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Air Ventilation

Large multi-storey transitional spaces provide airflow in between the zones and

provide better circulation of hot and cool air in and out of the building. The permeable

external walls of the building provide cross-ventilation even in air-conditioned spaces. Air

movement is encouraged underneath the building, specifically at the lobby entrance as it is

half open to the surrounding land while the other half is circled by the sloped berm. This

creates a lobby entrance that is shaded as well as ventilated without mechanical effort. This

also allows for a functional connection with the site, avoiding how typical enclosed lobbies

segregate the building from its landscape.

Figure 6.15: The lobby entrance which is half open to the surrounding land

Summary

Menara Mesiniaga maximizes the use of passive solar design into their building. It

plays with sunlight which penetrates through the building and controls it with the use of

appropriate shading devices to reduce overheating and to provide comfort for its users. The

circular exterior shape of the building and orientation affects the amount of sunlight

passing through as it admits sunlight from all angles. Glazing and shading of glass windows

are incorporated into the design to minimize the solar gain and heat load in the morning.

Glazed curtain walling is applied throughout the building to enhance natural lighting and

70

also reduce temperature of the building and avoid overheating. Shading devices are also

strategically placed at locations with high sunlight intensity. This is to give thermal comfort

for users inside the building as well as to reduce glaring. Natural lighting is also found in the

basement of the building which illuminates the parking lot, toilets and air-conditioning

generator. Window openings are placed on the ground directly above these spaces in order

to provide sufficient lighting. This helps reduce the cost of electricity.

Figure 6.17: Basement parking area of Menara Mesiniaga

Open spaces and well planned ventilated areas can be found throughout the Menara

Mesiniaga building. Spaces like the garden terraces, rooftop, service core and stairs located

in the building help to enhance thermal comfort for the users in the area by providing

natural sunlight and ventilation. The core uses extensive passive heating and cooling

strategies and has no mechanical support as its programmed functions of circulation and

washrooms involve low use period. Instead of an internal service core, the concrete core of

the building faces the outside and is located on the Eastern side of the tower. This

orientation allows the core to shade the building from direct sun rays and its material

construction allows it to become a heat sink that will re-radiate absorbed heat into the

interior at night. The escape stairs are unenclosed and the elevator lobby and washroom

spaces have shaded window openings that give in view and natural ventilation. Thermal

comfort in this building is more than effectively achieved by these specific features, where

mechanical cooling system is put to optimum use, not overuse.

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Furthermore, studies have shown greater occupancy happiness and employee

output where the building can offer a connection with external spaces whether it is natural

daylight or sky gardens that let workers relax and feel as if they belong to a whole. The

major visible architectural elements topping off the office levels include a cantilevering

rooftop pool and a curvilinear roof. The pool on the rooftop helps by insulating and

reflecting the overhead sun. The overhang of the curvilinear roof is enough to shade most

of the entire south facade from the high angled afternoon sun.

Sketches

Figure 6.18: Different types of shading devices used to reduce overheating

Figure 6.19: Direction of sunlight affected by circular exterior

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Figure 6.20: Glazed curtain walling and shading devices

Figure 6.21: Window placement on ground level

Figure 6.22: Natural sunlight and ventilation through spaces

73

Figure 6.23: Natural daylight for garden terraces

Figure 6.24: Reflection and absorption of sunlight

74

Conclusio n

Menara Mesiniaga is considered one of the first bio-climatic skyscrapers. Yeang’s

use of all these different elements allows for a low energy building that is high performance.

This striking interpretation of the corporate landmark skyscraper explores a new direction

for an often pompous building type. Instead of a typically authoritarian and introverted

statement of a multi-national corporation, the IBM tower is a robust, informal and open

expression of an emerging technology. The architect calls this new type the ‘bioclimatic tall

building’ and provides it with sensible, energy-saving climatic controls. Most notable are the

two spirals of green sky gardens that twist up the building and provide shade and visual

contrast with the steel and aluminium surfaces. The reinforced concrete frame is further

punctuated by two types of sun-screens and a glass and steel curtain wall, which along with

the sloping base and metal crown, make the essentially High Tech image much more

organic; one of the jurors termed the building ‘organitech’. Further ecological sensitivity

includes the placement of the core functions on the hottest (east) side of the tower and the

extensive use of natural light, ventilation and greenery.

Many of Kenneth Yeang’s projects include the use of ‘sky courts’, vertical

landscaping, and natural ventilation - ideas that he used in Menara Mesiniaga. He is also

starting to use more green materials, removable partitions and floors, water recycling and

purification, and building material being recycled and reused. All of these design aspects are

helping in Kenneth Yeang’s hopes to change how one thinks about skyscrapers.

Kenneth Yeang’s ‘bioclimatic architecture’ recalls the climatic architecture of the

1950s and Frank Lloyd Wright’s skyscraper projects, in a move towards a new architecture

for the 1990s. the result is an alternative to the reigning mode of corporate towers and a

new synthesis for contemporary architecture that is responsive to the climate of a particular

place and finds inspiration for a new architectural language from forces that are ultimately

cosmic.

75

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