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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
m e r m i s i
s t u d e n t T a s a m e c n i e r o S r o m e b i
Tbilisi
2018
ავტორთა სტილი დაცულია
2
3
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
m a s a l e b i
IX studenturi regionTaSoriso samecniero konferencia
urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis
daregulirebisaTvis
humanitaruli da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo
mimarTulebis proeqti
IX studenturi regionTaSorisi samecniero konferencia
masalebi
redkolegia:
Tamar paiWaZe (mTavari redaqtori)
konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, proeqtis xelmZRvaneli
kaxaber loria (redaqtori) konferenciis xelmZRvaneli, organizatori ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori
nino mindiaSvili (koordinatori) profesori, soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti
profesorebi: revaz jorbenaZe, irma xarSilaZe, nani gelovani, giorgi gogsaZe,
sergi jorbenaZe, dimitri gegenava, eka lekaSvili, qeTevan sixaruliZe, Tamar SarabiZe,
inga sanikiZe, nana gonjilaSvili, nino WalaganiZe, xaTuna kaWarava, mariam bakuraZe, Ta-
mar kviJinaZe, (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti)
avtorTa stili daculia
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2018
s a r C e v i
konfliqtologia, samarTali
Tamar CirinaSvili axalgazrdebis damokidebulebis kvleva qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb ............................. 8
Tamar CxikvaZe, gvanca kutubiZe,
problemis honkonguri mogvareba .................................................................................................................... 12
maia axalkaciSvili
axalgazrdebis roli afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi ................................................... 16
mixeil osiSvili, beqa CogovaZe teritoriuli mTlianobis problema — afxazeTi ........................................................................................ 21
ekonomika
TaTia bregvaZe socialuri mediamarketingis SesaZleblobebi da gamowvevebi Tanamedrove biznesSi
obieqtivSi (Facebook-is magaliTze) ....................................................................................................... 27
xaTuna Tabagari saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali satranzito milsadenebis (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli
proeqtebis) gavlena qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze ........................................................................ 36
humanitaruli mecnierebani: eTnologia, istoria, literaturaTmcodneoba
qeTevan cimintia damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaravebisa da sasjelis formebis Sesaxebmegrul CveulebiT samarTalSi ..... 42
Teona kvanWiani erTi xalxuri dResaswaulis Sesaxeb svaneTidan migirirebul ekomigrantTa Soris ...................... 45
maia kobiaSvili `cisferyanwelebi~ 1936-1937 wlebis qarTul presaSi ............................................................................... 47
mari totikaSvili, nanuli ecadaSvili, ciuri mezvriSvili musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi ........................................................................................................ 54
vaJa sanTelaZe istoriuli cnobebi da legendebi ioane presviteris Sesaxeb ................................................................. 60
klara gelaSvili omis paradigma qarTul mwerlobaSi — omis Tema osur literaturaSi ................................................. 65
skandinavistika
mariam mania runebi-qvaze gacocxlebuli istoria ............................................................................................................. 78
nani metreveli, sofiko qsovreli keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelebi: nordikuli qveynebi .................................................................. 81
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w i n a s i t y v a o b a
winamdebare krebulSi tradiciisamebr Tavmoyrilia gasul 2017 wels — studentTa IX
regionTaSorisi konferenciis farglebSi warmodgenil moxsenebaTa Soris SerCeuli masa-
lebi. 189 Semosuli ganacxadidan konferenciaze warsadgenad SeirCa 12 sxvadasxva umaRles
saswavlebelSi momzadebuli 62 moxseneba. konferenciaze Semosul da SerCeul masalaTa
mravalferovani da mravalmimarTulebrivi problematikis kvalobaze Camoyalibda 9 sxva-
dasxva Tematikis samuSao seqcia. konferenciis muSaobis dros TiToeul seqcaze moxsenebe-
bis warmodgenis Sedegad seqciis xelmZRvanelebis mier gamoqveynebisaTvis rekomendacia
gaewia naSromTa erT nawils.
Semdgom etapze saredaqcio kolegiam imuSava konferenciaze gamogzavnil da SerCeul
masalebze; warmodgenili moxsenebebis gadarCevis Sedegad, naSromebSi warmoCenili kvle-
visa da analizis komponentebis, individualizmisa da TavisTavadobis, mecnieruli, mora-
luri poziciisa da xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT warmodgenil masalaTa Soris SerCeul iqna
moxsenebebi, romlebic momzaddeboda „mermisis“ axal krebulSi dasabeWdad.
swored am SerCevisa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegebi aisaxa „mermisis“ winamdebare
krebulSi, SeirCa ra 14 moxseneba sxvadasxva specialobebidan. krebulis specifikisa da
Cveni samuSao gegmis gaTvaliswinebiT amjeradac krebulis prezentacia Tbilisis saxelm-
wifo universitetSi gaimarTeba, es faqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani imiTacaa, rom Cveni
yoveli wlevandeli aqtivoba — krebulidan dawyebuli, konferenciiTa da sxva RonisZie-
bebiT gagrZelebuli Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 100 wlis uibiles eZRvneba.
am TariRTan mimarTebaSi kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Cveni saorganizacio
jgufisaTvis da Cveni proeqtisaTvis — „urTierTobaTa da konfliqtebis daregulirebi-
saTvis“ imTaviTve aRiarebul mTavar samuSao principebis da ideis ganxorcielebas: akade-
miurobas, integrirebas da TanamSromlobas sxvadasxva saswavlo da samecniero institu-
tebis mkvlevrebTan da studentebTan.
am pricipTa da tradiciaTa kvalobaze „mermisis“ winamdebare krebulic am Rirebu-
lebaTa warmomCenia.
Tamar paiWaZe
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konfliqtologia, samarTali
Tamar CirinaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori malxaz macaberiZe
axalgazrdebis damokidebulebis kvleva qarTul-afxazuri
konfliqtis Sesaxeb
kavkasiis regioni yovelTvis warmoadgenda sxvadasxva eTnikuri da kulturuli
jgufebis dapirispirebis vels. konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani msof-
lio gamowvevaa. arsebuli sakiTxis ganxilvisas aucilebelia vaxsenoT saqarTvelo-af-
xazeTis konfliqti.
afxazeTis omi 1992-1993 wlebSi iyo omi სaqarTvelos samTavrobo jarebsა da se-
paratistulad ganwyobil eTnikur afxazTa erT nawils Soris, romelic 13 Tves gagrZelda.
separatistTa mxares aseve ibrZodnen adgilobrivi somxebi (bagramianis saxelobis ba-
talioni), daqiravebuli mebrZolebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kazakTa SeiaraRebuli mili-
ciis meomrebi, romelTac araoficialurad mxars uWerda ruseTis samxedro bazis gar-
nizoni gudauTaSi.
konfliqtis mogvarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi iyo samoqalaqo omi e. w. „zvi-
adistebTan“ (eqs-prezident zviad gamsaxurdiaს momxreebTan), romelic miaxloebiT imave
periodSi ganviTarda dasavleT saqarTveloSi — სamegrelosა da afxazeTSi da ქarTul-osu-
ri konfliqtი.
konfliqtis Sedegad daiRupa 20,000-dan 30,000-mde eTnikuri qarTveli, xolo 250,000-
ze meti adamiani ki afxazeTidan ltolvili gaxda. konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi orive mxaris
mier Cadenili iqna uamravi samxedro danaSauli, maT Soris ქarTuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri
wmendა. mokluli iqna 2,500-dan 4,000-mde afxazi, 20,000 afxazi ki ltolvilad iqca.
postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qve-
yanam miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da
omis Semdgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaapartaxa. dRe-
sac afxazeTis regioni, romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeb-
lobs, mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. miuxedavad TviTga-
mocxadebuli damoukideblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia ruseTis
federaciazე. rogorc TviT afxazebi acxadeben, regioni ruseTis federaciis „de faq-
to proteqtoratia“.
arsebuli sakiTxis safuZvlianad Seswavlis mizniT mivmarTe kvlevis Tvisebriv
meTods, dokumentebis analizs (SeTanxmebebs, molaparakebebs saqarTvelosa da afxaze-
Tis mTavrobas Soris, saqarTvelos strategias ruseTisa da afxazeTis mimarT, mTav-
robis warmomadgenlebis gancxadebebs). aseve siRrmiseuli intervius safuZvelze gamo-
vikiTxe iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da
politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis politikis mimarTulebis studentebs. kvlevis
9
Sedegebi dagvexmareba, ganvsazRvroT, rogor SeiZleba situaciis orive mxarisaTvis
sasikeTod Semobruneba.
gamovikiTxe sul politikis mecnierebis mimarTulebis 15 studenti — 8 gogo da 7
biWi. kiTxvebis formulireba iyo sakmaod saintereso. gamokiTxvis Sesaval nawilSi davsvi
kiTxvebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas dResdReobiT saqarTve-
lo. dasaxelda ZiriTadad socialuri, ekonomikuri problemebi, rogoricaa umuSev-
roba, valutis gaufasureba, siRaribis maRali done, ganaTleis dabali done. politi-
kuri problemebidan gamoiyo teritoriuli konfliqtebi (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis
konfliqti), studentebma aseve aRniSnes, rom xelisuflebis Stoebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar aris CarTuli arsebuli konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
sakiTxSi. sakanonmdeblo organoSic maTi TqmiT, ar midis dialogi aRniSnul sakiTxze
da mis mogvarebis gzebze. ZiriTadi aqcenti gadatanili Cveni da evropis kavSirze, am
mxriv urTierTobebis daregulirebaze, ar midis msjeloba saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvne-
lovan problemebze. faqtobrivi kiTxvebis dasmis saSualebiT Sevamowme studentebis
codna afxazeTis konfliqtis Sesaxeb. studentebi ase Tu ise iyvnen informirebulni,
Tumca siRrmiseuli codna am sakiTxis Sesaxeb maT ar hqondaT. pirvelive kiTxva, rac
faqtobriv codnas moiTxovda, anu vkiTxeT romel wlebSi mimdinareobda aRniSnuli
omi, mxolod cxram gvipasuxa sworad. ramdenime pasuxSi Zalian didi droiTi gansxva-
veba iyo realur TariRTan SedarebiT, rasac ar movelodi. kiTxvaze, romelic kon-
fliqtis gamomwvev mizezebs exeboda, erTma nawilma studentebisa daasaxela afxazeTis
survili da mizani hqonodaT avtonomia, rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom surdaT umrav-
lesobiT yofiliyvnen wardgenilni parlamentSi, iTxovdnen afxazur televizias, erT-
ma studentma amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSna, rom afxazebs realurad hqondaT saeTero
drois ganakveTi, Tumca moiTxovdnen srul damoukideblobas. meore nawilma daasaxela
gare Zalebis Carevis tendencia. kerZod am mxriv daasaxeles ruseTi, romelic sam-
xedro ZaliTa da aRWurvilobiT exmareboda afxazebs, somexi mosaxleobac aRiniSna,
rogorc afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi ise erevnidan gadmosuli moxaliseebi. aseve
iyvnen kazakebi da CeCnebi. konfliqtis Sedegebis Sesaxeb studentebs ase Tu ise hqondaT in-
formacia. miTxres, rom uamravi adamiani daiRupa, ufro meti iqca ltolvilad, cifrebi
rac maT damisaxeles axlos ar iyo realurTan (naklebi daasaxeles realurze). studen-
tebis absoluturma umravlesobam aRniSna, rom miuxedavad TviTgamocxadebuli damouki-
deblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia რuseTis federaciazე.
kiTxvaze, Tu romeli mxare miaCndaT maT ufro metad damnaSaved, absoluturma
umravlesobam brali dasdo ruseTis mTavrobas da zogadad ruseTis politikas saqar-
Tvelos teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saintereso iyo studentebis poziciis mosmena konfliqtis gadaWris gzebTan da-
kavSirebiT. aRniSnul kiTxvaze studentTa konsensusuri gadawyvetileba exeboda dip-
lomatiuri urTierTobebis warmoebas rogorc afxazeTTan, ise ruseTis mTavrobasTan.
zogma daafiqsira sakmaod Tamami mosazreba, rom omiT dakarguli omiTve unda davib-
runoT.
2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, rodesac ruseTma saqarTvelos ori, mis
mier okupirebuli regioni „damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad“ gamoacxada, saqarTvelos
umTavresi sagareo politikuri amocana am teritoriebis damoukideblobis „araRia-
rebis“ miRweva iyo. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrioba dadga samarTlianobis mxareze da
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ruseTis mier aRiarebuli „suverenuli“ saxelmwifoebi, miuxedavad moskovis didi Za-
lisxmevisa, mxolod ramdenime marginalurma qveyanam scno.
„araRiarebis“ politikis warmatebis Semdeg saqarTvelos morigi amocana iyo sa-
erTaSoriso doneze ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi dakavebuli teritoriebis okupaciis
faqtis aRiarebis miRweva.
2011 wlis 20 ianvars evroparlamentma Savi zRvis qveynebis Sesaxeb axali strategia
daamtkica. mas saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aRmoaCnda. es aris pirveli
dokumenti, romelSic samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis mimarT sityva „okupacia“ oficia-
lurad Caiwera. qarTvel eqspertTa gancxadebiT, amiT kidev ufro myardeba samarTlebrivi
niadagi deokupaciisaTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom manamde, 2010 wlis 20 maiss, rodesac evroparlamentma samxreT kav-
kasiis Sesaxeb rezolucia miiRo, saboloo teqstSi gaqra rezoluciis proeqtSi naxsenebi
termini „okupirebuli teritoriebi“ saqarTvelos separatistul regionebTan mimarTe-
baSi.
2011 wlis 20 ianvris rezoluciis 32-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom samxreT oseTisa da af-
xazeTis teritoriaze yoveldRiurad xdeba adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi, amitom
is mouwodebs evrokavSirs aqtiuri reagireba moaxdinos Savi zRvis regionSi momxdar
adamianis uflebaTa TiToeul darRvevaze. rezolucia aseve mouwodebs usafrTxoebis
politikisa da sagareo sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgenels ketrin eS-
tons, gaaZlieros Tavisi zewola ruseTze, raTa man srulad Seasrulos 2008 wlis 12
agvistos cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmeba, saqarTvelosTan konfliqtis mogvarebisa da
stabilurobis damyarebis mizniT.
okupirebul teritoriebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos miRebuli aqvs ori mniS-
vnelovani dokumenti – erTia kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb (2008 wlis 23
oqtomberi), meorea strategia okupirebul teritoriebTan mimarTebaSi. es ori doku-
menti garkveulwilad erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, pirveli am teritoriebis izolacias
gulisxmobs, meore CarTulobas, Tumca orive maTganis realizeba seriozul probl-
emebs awydeba da xelisuflebas gzadagza uxdeba garkveuli koreqtivebis Setana Tavis
samoqmedo gegmaSi.
kanoni okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs gansakuTrebul samar-
Tlebriv reJims, rac gulisxmobs SezRudvebs okupirebul teritoriebze Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis, ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis, uZrav qonebasTan dakavSire-
biT garigebis dadebisa da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. strategia okupirebul te-
ritoriebTan dakavSirebiT ki bevr rames dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rasac pirveli kanoni
krZalavs.
sxvaoba okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb kanonsa da samoqmedo strategias So-
ris gasagebia. okupirebuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosgan izolacias ruseTi aqtiu-
rad cdilobs da saqarTvelos ar SeuZlia ruseTis amgvari politikis SeCereba. saqar-
Tvelos interesebSi Sedis kavSirebis SenarCuneba okupirebul teritoriebze darCe-
nil mosaxleobasTan. swored amazea gaTvlili samoqmedo strategia. magram strategi-
is realizebac faqtobrivad saokupacio Zalis d ruseTis keTil nebazea damokidebu-
li. Sedegad, strategia okupirebul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT faqtobrivad umoq-
medo aRmoCnda.
SemogvTavazebT Cems mosazrebebs aRniSnuli konfliqtis mogvarebis sakiTxSi:
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upirveles yovlisa, vfiqrob, rom aucilebelia saqarTvelom airCios saxalxo
diplomatiuri kursi ruseTTan mimarTebiT. xazs vusvam, saxalxo diplomatia da ara te-
ritoriuli, politikuri diplomatia. saWiroa, vawarmooT molaparakebebi orive mxaris
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqarTvelo aris patara qveyana, ruseTi ki masze bevrad
Zlieri, Sesabamisad, ar Rirs urTierTobis gamwvaveba;
saqarTvelom konfliqtur regionebTan axlos unda aaSenos didi savaWro zone-
bi. dResdReobiT cxinvalis regionzec da afxazeTzec msoflios embargo aqvs gamocx-
adebuli da maT mxolod ruseTTan aqvT savaWro da kulturuli urTierTobebi. Sesa-
bamisad, am savaWro zonebSi saqarTvelom unda uzrunvelyos msoflios nebismieri
qveynidan produqciis mizidva da ganbaJebis gareSe pirdapir am zonebSi Setana, Sede-
gad Tavisuflad ivaWrebs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. am zonebSi mosaxleobas unda SeeZ-
los sakuTari mosavlis realizacia;
aseve am zonebSi unda moewyos axalgazrdobisaTvis gasarTobi centrebi, kino-
Teatris msgavsi, kafe barebi da sxva. am zonebSi maRaziis mflobelebi unda iyvnen
mxolod da mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi romelime sxva
qveynis warmomadgenels ar unda hqondes am zonebSi maRazia. maqsimalurad unda mox-
des am zonebis popularizacia, rac Tavidan rTuli iqneba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi
Tavis rols Seasrulebs;
aucileblad mimaCnia, rom afxaz studentebs hqondeT SesaZlebloba sxva regio-
nebSi kvlevebis Catarebis, saqarTvelos mTavrobam unda waaxalisos aRniSnuli kvleve-
bi. aseve saWiroa, qarTvel studentebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT afxazeTis teritoriaze
kvlevis Catareba – es daaaxloebs aRniSnuli regionebis studentebs da ufro met in-
formacias miawvdis erTmaneTis Sesaxeb;
afxaz da afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovreb qarTvel studentebs unda hqondeT
SesaZlebloba iswavlon sxva regionis universitetebSi;
unda moewyos erToblivi kulturuli RonisZiebebi, sadac moxdeba qarTveli da
afxazi studentebis daaxloeba da kulturuli integracia;
saganmanaTleblo da sxva dawesebulebebSi qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb
unda moxdes swori informaciis miwodeba. aseve dadebiTi Sedegis momtani iqneba, Tu
orive mxaris warmomadgeneli sajaro pirebi swor interpretacias gaukeTeben arsebul
situacias da sworad Seafaseben mas.
Rrmad mwams, rom Tu Cveni mxridan ruseTisa da afxazeTis mTavrobis mimarT
swori nabijebi iqneba gadadgmuli, sapasuxo reaqciac iqneba Sesabamisi – es yvelaferi
ki, saboloo jamSi, mogvitans situaciis stabilizacias.
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Tamar CxikvaZe, gvanca kutubiZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori amiran berZeniSvili
axalgazrdebis roli afxazeTis konfliqtis mogvarebaSi
Tanamedrove samyaroSi sxva mraval problemasTan erTad, aranaklebi simwvaviT dgas
eTnokonfliqturi omebis sakiTxi, romlebsac arcTu mcired vxvdebiT Tanamedrove
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. am mxriv kavkasia erT-erT yvelaze cxel wertilad iTvleba.
geopolitikuri interesebis gzajvaredinze myofi es regioni 25 welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi gadauwyveteli konfliqtebis zonaa. Cven mizania ganvixiloT erT-erTi aseTi
konfliqti, romelic „afxazeTis omis“ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
teritoriuli mTlianobis problema jer kidev 1922 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac
sabWoTa kavSiri samaCablos saxelis qveS moiazrebda osebis avtonomiur olqs. swored am
periodidan iwyeba SuRli afxazebTan da osebTan. 1991 wlis ianvarSi ruseTma moaxdina Sei-
araRebuli konfliqtis inspirireba. 1992wels dawyebuli omi erTwlian omSi gadaizarda.
postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qveyanam
miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da omis
Semdgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaanadgura. dResac,
romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeblobs, mZime socialuri da
ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas.
es sakiTxi aqtualobas arasdros kargavda, Tumca 2015 wlis NDI-is monacemebiT, te-
ritoriuli mTlianobis problemam SedarebiT ukana planze gadaiwia. am sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT TiTqmis araa Catarebuli kvlevebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac Cven SegveZleba
gavigoT iq arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli mxarisaTvis TiTqmis SeuZlebelia af-
xazeTidan informaciis miReba da Tu raime gagvaCnia, es iq mcxovrebi qarTvelebis dam-
saxurebaa. amitom gadavwyviteT mogveZebna swored iseTi pirebi, romlebic kompeten-
turebi arian am sakiTxSi. gagacnobT Cven mier gamokiTxuli afxazeTSi mcxovrebi eTniku-
rad afxazi axalgazrdebis damokidebulebebs, agreTve mimovixilavT arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebis saqmianobas, saxelmwifos strategiebs, da sxva.
Cveni didi survili, rom davibrunoT afxazeTi, ar aris sakmarisi konfliqtebis
mosagvareblad, saWiroa daviwyoT imaze fiqri Tu ra unda Tavad afxazebs, afxazeTSi
mcxovreb xalxs, gaviTvaliswinoT maTi azrebi, rac vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovani wingadadgmu-
li nabiji iqneba.
samwuxarod, kontaqti afxaz TanatolebTan mxolod socialuri qselis saSualebiT
movaxerxeT. rogorc iciT, afxazeTSi ruseTis kontroli vrceldeba, es kontroli aseve
aRiniSneba socialur qselebzec. Cven gvqonda mcdeloba rac SeiZleba met axalgazrdas
davkavSirebodiT socialuri qseliT, Tumca samwuxarod cota gamogvexmaura da dagvTanx-
mda gamokiTxvaze.
imis gasagebad Tu ra situaciaa dRes afxazeTSi, ras fiqrobs iq mcxovrebi xalxi, ra
damokidebuleba aqvT maT saqarTvelosadmi CavatareT arastruqturirebuli gamokiTxva.
socialuri qselis meSveobiT gamovikiTxeT 16 afxazeTSi mcxovrebi eTnikurad afxazi
axalgazrda. komunikaciis ena iyo rusuli, maTi asaki meryeobda 17-dan 25 wlamde. CvenTvis
mTavar mizans warmoadgenda dagvedgina is ganwyoba, romelic afxaz axalgazrdebs aqvT sa-
qarTvelos mimarT.
13
pasuxebSi, ZiriTadad, sami tipis tendencia gamoikveTa. damokidebuleba iyo erTis
mxriv dadebiTi, romlebic fiqrobdnen rom kargi iqneba am konfliqtis mogvareba, meore
nawili fiqrobda, rom konfliqtis aRmofxvra SeuZlebeli iyo da mesame tipi iyo adamiane-
bisa, romlebic saerTod uars ambobdnen am Temis ganxilvaze.
gamokiTxulTagan yvelam aRniSna, rom afxazeTi aris damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. or-
ma isic ki aRniSna, rom afxazeTi ar aris, arc arasdros yofila da arc iqneba saqarTvelos
nawili. „afxazeTi es Cveni miwaa, Tqveni arasdros yofila da arc arasdros iqneba.“ – ambobs
erT-erTi respondenti.
gamokiTxulTagan 9 adamiani iyo iseTi, romelTaTvisac aRniSnuli konfliqtis mogva-
reba niSnavda mxolod mezobel qveyanasTan urTierTobis dastabilizebas. maTTvis ro-
gorc CvenTvis, mniSvnelovania konfliqtis mogvareba da aRsaniSnavia, Tumca konfliqtis
mogvarebis Sedegebs sxvadasxvanairad vxedavT. eTnikurad qarTvel da afxaz moqalaqeebs
erTmaneTTan megobruli damokidebuleba aqvT manam, sanam saubari omis Temas Seexeba.
oTxi adamianis pasuxi, kiTxvaze Tu rogor SeiZleba mogvardes konfliqti, calsaxad
uaryofiTi iyo. maTi TqmiT konfliqtis mogvareba aranairad ar SeiZleba. ver iviwyeben
oms, romelmac axloblebi waarTva, daungria saxlebi da uamravi ziani miayena maT. am yvela-
ferSi qarTvelebs gvadanaSauleben. aRniSnaven, rom maT Cvendami ndoba aqvT dakarguli da
ar ician Tu rogor SeiZleba misi aRdgena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela respondents Tavidanve mivawodeT informacia imis Sesa-
xeb, rom maTi konfidencialoba daculi iqneboda, ramdenime maTganma mainc sifrTxile ga-
moiCina da uari gviTxra gamokiTxvaze. aseTi iyo 3 adamiani, romelmac Tavi Seikava saubris-
gan. maTi gvipasuxes, rom TviTonac iciT ra viTarebaa Cvens Soris da kargis arafris Tqma
ar SegviZliao.
aseve Cven gavesaubreT ilias saxelmwifo universitetis students, romelic wlebis
manZilze afxazeTSi cxovrobs da CvenTan swavlis periodSi Camodis mxolod. man saubarSi
aRniSna, Tu ra mZime socialuri mdgomareobaa Seqmnili iq. misi TqmiT, mis irgvliv myofi
qarTveli axalgazrda biWebis ZiriTadi samuSao mSeneblobaa, radgan sxva dasaqmebis saSua-
leba realurad ar arsebobs. kiTxvaze Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTul-afxazuri kon-
fliqtis mogvareba, respondentma gvipasuxa, rom, misi azriT, es ver moxdeba da piriqiT
yvelaferi uaresobisken midis. magaliTad ki is faqti mohyavs, rom misi skola erTaderTi
qarTulenovani skola iyo raionSi da wels isic rusulenovani gaxades. quCaSi Tuki qar-
Tul laparaks gaigeben iqauri rusebi, agresiul mopyrobaze gadadian da zizRis TvaliT
iwyeben yurebas, xolo, am faqtze afxazebi verafers amboben, radgan rusebis SiSi aqvT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxalxo diplomatiasa da ganaTlebuli axalgazrdebis roli kon-
fliqtis daregulirebis sakiTxSi udidesia, radganac es is Taobaa, romelsac piradad ar
gamouvlia dapirispirebisa da omis periodi, ar darCenia aranairi wyena moZme afxazebisa
da osebis mxridan, ar icnobs sabWoTa kavSirs da Tavisufal qveyanaSi gaizarda. Tu axal-
gazrdebis mxridan iqneba daintereseba da Sesabamisi codna am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, mig-
vaCnia, rom axali Taoba TviTon gaacnobierebs sakuTar adgilsa da SesaZleblobebs aRniS-
nul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. axalgazrdebs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT dasxdnen da
sufTa furclidan daiwyon axali istoriis wera, yovelgvari warsulis wamoZaxebis gareSe.
unda daigegmos axalgazrduli Sexvedrebi, sadac moxdeba erTmaneTis gacnoba saqmian da
araformalur garemoSi, unda daigegmos sxvadasxva aqtivobebi da ganxorcieldes ufro me-
ti erToblivi proeqti. am sakiTxze saubrisas, erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT „aRniSnuli
urTierToba Zalian safrTxilo Temaa, magram axalgazrdebSi SesaZlebelia garkveul
doneze saubris dawyeba da erTmaneTTan Sexvedra, ubralod es yvelaferi umetesad xdeba
14
piradi kontaqtebis xarjze. maT Zalian eSiniaT qarTuli mxaris da es namdvilad rTuli
Temaa. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom sainformacio vakuumia da xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva
informaciis arasworad miwodeba, yvelaferi mimarTulia iqeiTken rom uaryofiTi gavlena
hqondes enguris aqeTa cxovrebas maTTvis.“
aRsaniSnavia evrokavSirisa da gaeros ganviTarebis programis erToblivi iniciativa
COBERM adreuli reagirebis meqanizmi, romelic konfliqtebiT dazaralebul Temebs So-
ris ndobis aRdgenas emsaxureba. COBERM mxars uWers swrafad ganxorcielebad da kon-
kretul samoqalaqo iniciativebs, romelTac wvlili SeaqvT konfliqtebis mSvidobiani
gziT mogvarebaSi.
sagranto programis meSveobiT COBERM mxars uWers adgilobrivi samoqalaqo or-
ganizaciebis iniciativebsa da saqmianobas sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris, konfliqtiT da-
zaralebuli adamianebis cxovrebisa da konfliqtiT dazaralebuli Temebis sacxovrebeli
pirobebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT.
aseve arasamTavrobo organizacia „samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi ur-
TierTobebis centrs“ aqvs 2 proeqti qarTul-afxazuri konfliqtis Temaze.
proeqti #1: „doneebad dayofili afxazur enovani riderebis Seqmna wignierebis
ganviTarebisTvis afxazeTSi“ proeqtis mizani: afxaz da qarTvel xalxs Soris ndobis
aRdgena da skolis moswavleebSi afxazur enaze kiTxvis unarebis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
proeqti #2: „afxazuri enis dacvisa da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba afxazebisa da qar-
Tvelebis mier.“ mizani: afxaz da qarTvel xalxs Soris kohabitacia, urTierT pativisce-
misa da ndobis aRdgena afxazuri enis dacvis, afxazur enaze wignierebis ganviTarebis
gziT, aseve d afxaz da qarTvel axalgazrdebSi saerTo Rirebulebebis ganviTarebiTa da
urTierT TanamSromlobiT qarTvel da afxaz mwerlebs, lingvistebs, maswavleblebsa da
moswavleebs Soris, rac Tanabrad mniSvnelovania konfliqtSi myofi orive mxarisTvis.
2017 wlis, 24-30 marts saqarTvelos strategiulma kvlevebis institutma (GISS) aSS-is
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID)-is mxardaWeriT proeqtis „axalgzarda qa-
lebi mSvidobisTvis“ farglebSi ganaxorciela saswavlo programa tartus universitetSi.
programaSi monawileoba miiRo 10 qarTvelma da 10 afxazma axalgazrda qalbatonma.
programis farglebSi gaimarTa vorqSofebi da diskusiebi sxvadasxva socialur sakiT-
xebze.
rogorc erT-erTma arasamTavrobo organizaciis warmomadgenelma dagvidastura me-
same qveyanaSi amgvari Sexvedrebi ZiriTadad daxurul sivrceSi tardeba, radgan monawi-
leebi ufro Tavisufalni arian azris dafiqsirebasa da erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi.
amgvari proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebs didi wvlili
miuZRviT. swored maTi uSualo monawileobiT xdeba im RonisZiebebis Catareba, romlebic
xels uwyobs afxazebisa da qarTvelebis pirispir Sexvedrasa da erTmaneTTan daaxloebas.
kidev erTi aseTi arasamTavrobo organizaciaa „amra“, romelic awyobs sxvadasxva sa-
xis proeqtebsa da RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi proeqtia „saubrebi afxazeT-
ze“, romlis farglebSic gaimarTa diskusia afxazeTze. es RonisZieba moewyo Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetSi, sadac garda mowveuli stumrebisa mravali studenti Rebu-
lobda monawileobas. amgvari aqtivobebi xels uwyobs imas, rom axalgazrdebSi afxazeTis
Tema ar mieces daviwyebas. swored axalgazrdebi arian is Zala romelsac realuri Sansi
aqvs arsebuli konfliqtis mogvarebaSi.
15
erT-erTi aqtiuri arakomerciuli arasamTavrobo organizaciaa „mSvidobisa da in-
tegraciis saerTaSoriso centri“ (ICPI). igi Seiqmna axalgazrdebis iniciativiT. organi-
zaciis mTavari misiaa mxari dauWiros aqtiur axalgazrdebs, integraciasa da mSvidobis
damyarebis procesebs, xeli Seuwyos ufro ganviTarebuli, ganaTlebuli da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis Seqmnas. mxari dauWiros aqtiuri moqalaqeobis ideisa da moxaliseobis
ganviTarebas adgilobriv da evropis doneze, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gaRrmavebasa
da TanamSromlobis damyarebas saqarTvelosa da sxva evropul qveynebs Soris. „mSvidobisa
da integraciis saerTaSoriso centri“ TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva evropul organizaci-
ebTan.
arasamTavrobo seqtori aris Zala, romelic xels uwyobs mosaxleobis cnobierebis
amaRlebas da qmnis saxalxo diplomatias. aqedan gamomdinare, misi roli konfliqtebis
mogvarebis saqmeSi Zalian didia. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mogvardeba maTi dafinansebis sakiTxi
da organizaciebic ufro metad gaaqtiurdebian, arasamTavrobo seqtors SeuZlia xelSi ai-
Ros iniciativa afxazebTan da osebTan urTierTobaSi da ufro masStaburad ganaxorcie-
los sxvadasxva RonisZiebebi.
Sejamebis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom saxalxo axalgazrduli diplomatiis gziT unda mom-
zaddes niadagi, raTa Semdgom konfliqtis politikuri mxare martivad mogvarebadi gax-
des. iseve rogorc, erT-erTma eqspertma aRniSna, Cvenc vfiqrobT rom pirvel rigSi saWi-
roa ndobis aRdgena. afxaz xalxs unda davanaxoT, rom marTla Serigeba da megobroba gvin-
da. jer adamianebma unda davibrunoT erTmaneTi da Semdgom unda davilaparakoT politi-
kur sakiTxebze. saqarTvelom jer unda daibrunos is kultura, ena, mosaxleoba, ara marto
afxazi, aramed yvela isini, romlebic okupirebul teritoriaze cxovroben da mxolod
amis Semdeg miwa da teritoria. jer politikuri mowyobis sakiTxebze ar unda iyos saubari.
ukve maTi ndobis mopovebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli yvelaferi dalaparakebis sagani gaxdes
da Tu es nabiji ar iqna gadadgmuli Cven ver gadavdgamT Semdgom nabijs, romelic politi-
kur Temebis ganxilvas Seexeba. unda gamoswordes ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli xarveze-
bi, raTa meti axalgazrda Camovides saswavleblad okupirebuli teritoriebidan CvenTan.
aseve mniSvnelovania, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori gaxdes prioriteti, radgan rogorc aR-
vniSneT pirvel rigSi swored mas eniWeba udidesi roli ndobis aRdgenasa da saqarTvelosa
da afxazeTSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebs Soris urTierTobebis CamoyalibebaSi. vfiqrobT,
rom yvela problemidan arsebobs gamosavali da saqarTvelos konfliqtebis mogvarebis sa-
kiTxi ar warmoadgens gadauWrel problemas. misi mogvareba SesaZlebelia swori politi-
kis pirobebSi, radganac qarTvel, afxaz da os xalxs uamravi saerTo gvaqvs; gvaqvs ziari
warsuli da saerTo istoriuli bedi, Camoyalibebuli kavkasiuri cnobiereba da genetiku-
rad SemorCenili solidarobisa da tolerantobis grZnoba. cxadia, es konfliqti axlo mo-
mavalSi ar gadaiWreba da saWiroa didi Sroma Cados qarTulma mxarem mis mogvarebaSi.
16
maia axalkaciSvili iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis
saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori aleqsandre mosiaSvili
afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba
ssrk-is samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis saxelmwifo yvela saSualebiT cdilobs gavle-
nis sferoebis SenarCunebas, aRniSnuli procesi ara mxolod ruseTisTvis, aramed yvela im-
periuli saxelmwifosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli gansxvaveba mxolod politikur meTodebSia.
ruseTi aqtiurad iyenebda da iyenebs mosaxleobis asimilaciasa da kolonizacias ama Tu im
qveyanaSi poziciebis SesanarCuneblad. (maT Soris saqarTveloSic).
ruseTis xelisufleba aqtiurad cdilobda da cdilobs, rom saqarTvelo misi rada-
rebidan ar gaqres, amisaTvis man afxazeTSi, romelic saqarTvelos „aqilevsis qusls“ warmo-
adgens, jer kidev carizmis da ssrk-is periodSi gaatara iseTi politika, rac qarTvelebsa
da afxazebs Soris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda, xels Seuwyobda rusul propagandas da anti-
qarTuli ganwyobilebis Camoyalibebas, brZola gamoucxada qarTul enas da Secvala de-
mografiuli mdgomareoba, uSualo provocirebiT moaxdina qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti,
raTa mieRwia mTavari miznisTvis, Seeqmna „rusuli afxazeTi“. misi aseTi miswrafeba ki sa-
qarTvelos geostrategiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinareobda, romlis dakargvis SemTxve-
vaSi ruseTis poziciebic amierkavkasiaSi dasustdeboda, rogorc Cans, ruseTi amasac uS-
vebda da swored aqedan gamomdinareobda, mis mier gatarebuli politika afxazeTSi, raTa
Semdeg am TemiT moexdina manipulireba saqarTveloze.
ruseTis mxridan aRniSnuli politika dResac grZeldeba, miTumetes maSin, rodesac
qarTulma mxarem prodasavluri orientacia airCia da aqtiurad miiswrafvis evroatlan-
tikur struqturebSi gawevrianebisaken, struqturebSi, romlebic ruseTis mier aRiqmeba
mTavar mowinaaRmdegeebad da, rodesac Riad aris saubari samxreT kavkasiaSi kontrolis
damyarebaze, aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom rusuli mxare afxazeTis saqar-
Tvelosgan gamoyofiT cdilobs samxreT kavkasiaSi garkveuli placdarmis SenarCunebas
(vinaidan saqarTvelo kavkasiis e.w. gasaRebs warmoadgens).
ruseTis mier afxazeTSi gatarebuli politikis Sedegad wamoWrili problemebi da
maTi daregulirebis gzebis Zieba yovelTvis warmoadgenda da dResac warmoadgens saqar-
Tvelos umTvres amocanas, vinaidan saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas nawilobriv
gansazRvravs afxazeTis sakiTxi.
am kuTxiT ara erTi ideis Tu proeqtis SemuSaveba xdeba. maT Soris erT-erTia afxa-
zuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba, Cveni mTavari mizania ganvixiloT ramdenadaa Se-
saZlebeli Cvens TanamedroveobaSi afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba...
afxazuri problemis honkonguri mogvareba
afxazeTi iseTive istoriuli sakuTrebaa saqarTvelosi, rogorc honkongi CineTisa,
romlis okupacia didma britaneTma me-19 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi moaxdina. britaneli (mar-
garet tetCeri) da Cineli mxareebi (den siaopini) da nawilobriv honkongis mxarec (donal
Cangi – miliardeli) mxolod 1984 wels mividnen garkveul kompromisebamde da honkongTan
dakavSirebiT SemuSavebul deklaracias 1997 wels moawers xeli, romlis Tanaxmad CineTma
17
honkongze Tavisi teritoriuli uflebebi aRidgina.1 aRniSnul sakiTxSi didi britaneTis
roli, romelic okupantidan Suamaval qveynad iqca, sakmaod didia, 90%-ze meti, albaT
aravis aqvs imis eWvi, rom didi britaneTis keTili politikuri nebis gareSe CineTi hon-
kongs mSvidobiani gziT ver daibrunebda.
calke sakiTxia Tu ra statusiT Sevida honkongi CineTis SemadgenlobaSi? ra
samarTlebrivi da politikuri uflebebi gaaCnia CineTs honkongze? da uRirda Tu ara
CineTs honkongis amgvari dabruneba?
1. honkongi CineTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, rogorc specialuri administraciuli
regioni, romelic sxva regionebisgan gansxvavebiT marTvis mTel rig sakiTxebSi (po-
litikuri, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi) maRali damoukideblobiT sargeblobs. magali-
TisTvis, honkongSi Sesasvlelad ucxoeTis moqalaqem unda aiRos calke viza, miuxedavad
imisa rom aqvs CineTis viza. centraluri xelisufleba honkongTan mimarTebaSi pasuxis-
mgebelia mxolod Tavdacvasa da sagareo politikaze.2 garda amisa honkongs hyavs sakuTari
warmomadgenloba saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi.3
2. honkongsa da CineTSi arsebobs ori urTierTsapirispiro sistema: kapitalizmi da
socializmi, CineTs konstituciis Tanaxmad 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekrZaleba honkongis
aRniSnul sistemaSi raime saxis cvlilebis Setana.4
3. gaaCnia sakuTari sagadasaxado sistema, Semosuli gadasaxadebi ar Sedis CineTis
biujetSi da igi rCeba honkongSi. rac Seexeba britaneTis interesebs mas Tavisi poziciebi
SenarCunebuli aqvs honkongSi. kerZod, mis gankargulebaSia Tavisufali saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis porti da aeroporti. SenarCunebulia misi ekonomikuri interesebi honkon-
gSi, amasTan dRemde honkongis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel uwyebebSi Cveulebriv mu-
Saoben britanelebi. Tavis mxriv, unda aRiniSnos rom am procesebis Semdeg honkongis eko-
nomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda.
4. aqvs sakuTari fuladi erTeuli honkonguri dolari.
Tu Cven aTvlis wertils 1997 wlidan daviwyebT, maSin gamodis, rom 2047 wlamde
honkongis kapitalizmi „xelSeuxebelia“.
rac Seexeba CineTs, mas namdvilad uRirda aRniSnul kompromisebze wasvla, msof-
lioSi igi iqca precedent qveynad, romelmac Zaladobas da srul morCilebas, mSvidoba da
honkongisadmi naklebi damokidebuleba arCia. albaT, aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom CineTs
savsebiT SeeZlo honkongis samxedro gziT dabrunebac. rogorc zurab daviTaSvilis
„nacionalizacia da globaliazacia“-Si vkiTxulobT: „CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze didi ar-
miis mflobelia, romlis samxedro SeiaraRebis xarisxi da moculoba izrdeba, flobs bir-
Tvul iaraRsac“.
rac Seexeba aRniSnuli magaliTis gamoyenebas afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi, Cven vfiq-
robT, rom pirvel rigSi ruseTis keTil politikur nebaze, ufro sworad politikur mo-
tivebzea damokidebuli da meore mxriv im kompromisebze romelzec samive mxare da-
Tanxmdeba da maT interesebze, romlebic ar dazaraldeba, rogorc es honkongis SemTxve-
vaSi moxda. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, samive mxare aqtiurad iyos CarTuli molapara-
1 j. gaxokiZe da s. midelaSvili, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. ,1 (14)2014 „ra gziT
viaroT afxazeTisken“. gv.106. 2 iqve, gv.108-109. 3 av. sonRulaSvili, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb., 1 (16) 2015 „honkongis is-
toriidan”. gv. 152. 4 iqve, gv.153-154.
18
kebebSi, radgan mxolod molaparakebebis gziT aris SesaZlebeli afxazeTis problemis
mSvidobiani mogvareba, magram calke sakiTxia Tu ra moTxovnebs wamoayenebs TiToeuli
mxare da ramdenad awyobs es meore mxares.
sxva mxriv, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom (honkongis SemTxvevaSi) didi britaneTi da
CineTi, orive maTgani, msoflioSi mniSvnelovan politikur figurebs warmoadgenen, rasac
ver vityviT igives saqarTvelosa da ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. radgan am mxriv ruseTs ufro
didi politikuri wona gaaCnia msofliosa da regionSi, vidre saqarTvelos, Sesabamisad,
unda vifiqroT, rom honkongis tipis molaparakebebis dros rusuli mxare Tavisi „wonis“
proporciulad moiTxovs garkveuli saxis upiratesobebs afxazeTTan mimarTebaSi.
romelic mas dRes isedac gaaCnia, da am etapze mimaCnia, rom igi qarTuli mxaris mier
mniSvnelovani (misi interesebisTvis) politikuri safasuris gadaxdis gareSe arc daTmobs,
rac Seexeba politikur safasurs igi gamoTvlilia da ase gamoiyureba: naxvamdis amerika,
naxvamdis evropa da gamarjoba ruseTo!
amrigad ruseTis interesebSi jerjerobiT sulac ar Sedis aRniSnuli problemis
mogvareba. amas naTlad adasturebs afxazeTSi arsebuli demografiuli mdgomareoba. de
faqto afxazeTSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis statistikuri monacemebis Sesaxeb, informacia
2011 wels ruseTis statistikis samsaxuris finansuri mxardaWeriT, de faqto afxazeTma
gamoaqveyna, Sedegebi ase gamoiyureba:
qarTveli eqspertebi de faqto afxazeTis gamoqveynebul monacemebs gaberils uwo-
deben da saubroben, rom Tavad afsuebi/afxazebi demografiis TvalsazrisiT rTul mdgo-
mareobaSi imyofebian.
SeiZleba dRes es sagangaSo mdgomareobas ar warmoadgens, magram sagangaSo gzisken
namdvilad aris mimarTuli. 10 wlis Semdeg, afxazeTSi mosalodnelia qarTvelebis da afxa-
zebis mkveTri Semcireba, da maSin rodesac Cven vsaubrobT, afxazebTan urTierTobebis mo-
wesrigeba-dalagebaze, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, maTi procentuli raodenobis Semcireba,
visTanac garkveuli kulturuli da istoriuli erToba gagvaCnia, radgan savsebiT SesaZ-
19
lebelia 10 wlis Semdeg Cven urTierTobebs varkvevdeT sul sxva erovnebis warmomad-
genlebTan.
kidev erTi magaliTi, romelic aseve gviCvenebs, rom ruseTSi ar arsebobs politiku-
ri mzaoba aRniSnul sakiTxis normalizebisTvis aris qarTuli enis afxazeTidan srulad
gamodevnis procesi, romelsac aqtiurad axorcielebs. vgulisxmobT galis qveda zonis 11
skolaSi qarTuli enis rusuliT Canacvlebas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cveni azriT, saganmanaTleblo kuTxiT aucilebelia mox-
des da ar SeizRudos rusuli enis (rogorc erT-erTi ucxo enis) swavla saqarTvelos sko-
lebSi, ra mniSvneloba aqvs visi an risi enaa. mTavaria, igi gamoviyenoT afxazebTan (afxaze-
Tis teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobasaTan) momaval urTierTobebSi (radgan afxazeTis
skolebSi intensiurad mimdinareobs rusuli enis swavleba), gavakeToT es Tundac imis-
Tvis, rom enobrivad ar davSordeT a f x a z e b s. raTa SevZloT, maTTan „Tarjimanebis“ ga-
reSe saubari. miT ufro rom ena mniSvnelovani barieria adamianebs Soris urTierTobebi-
sas. yvelaze ufro metad, ena aSorebs adamianebs, roca maT pirdapiri gagebiT ar esmiT er-
TmaneTis, am dros advili SesaZlebelia informaciis araswori gadacemac, rasac savsebiT
SeuZlia daaaxlovos an daaSoros xalxebi, adamianebi erTmaneTs.
sainteresoa, rogoria mosaxleobis damokidebuleba dRes afxazeTis dabrunebasTan
dakavSirebiT? amis Taobaze CavatareT erTgvari gamokiTxva, romelic asaxavs kaxeTis rai-
onebsa da soflebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis damokidebulebas afxazeTis dabruneba ar dab-
runebasTan dakavSirebiT (gamokiTxulia 216 adamiani) Sedegebi ase gadanawilda:
davbrundebiT d161 xma, ver davbrundebiT d 47 xma, arvici d 8 xma.
am etapze ki, imeds gamovTqvamT, axlo momavalSi mixvdebian rom isini saqarTvelos
ganuyofelni nawilni arian da sxvasTan Tavs ise realurad, Tavisuflad, damoukideblad
da daculad ver igrZnoben, rogorc saqarTvelosTan. manamde ki kargi iqneba saerTaSori-
so organizaciebma meti proeqti SeimuSaon, raTa eTnikurad afxazma da qarTvelma axal-
gazrdebma SeZlon erTmaneTTan urTierTobebi, radgan momavalSi swored am Taobas mou-
wevs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli nabijebis gadadgma.
amasTan, vfiqrobT aucilebelia, saqarTvelo iyos Zlieri, Semdgari, demokratiuli
saxelmwifo Zlieri politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri ganviTarebiT da Zlieri da mya-
ri mokavSireebiT, raTa afxazeTSi mcxovrebma adamianebma saqarTvelosTan erTad Tavi ig-
rZnon daculad da hqondeT ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi.
yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes afxazeTi, rogorc saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili,
radgan, Cven vfiqrobT, rom sanam jer kidev vsaubrobT afxazeTze, sanam jer kidev veZebT
gzebs da saSualebebs (mSvidobians) mis dasabruneblad igi dakarguli araa, afxazeTs dav-
kargavT maSin, roca masze aRar visaubrebT.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. aleqsaia sulxan 201); aleqsaia s. „afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis konfliqtebi da maTi
daregulirebis problemebi“, baTumi, pdf.
2. gaxokiZe jemal, midelaSvili sofo 2014; gaxokiZe j. da midelaSvili s. axali da uaxlesi
istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb. 1 (14)2014; „ra gziT viaroT afxazeTisken“. Tbilisi, 2014.
3. gegeSiZe arCil 1999; gegeSiZe a. „geopolitika“ 1999.
4. daviTaSvili zurab 2003; daviTaSvili z. „nacionalizmi da globalizacia“ Tbilisi, 2003.
20
5. sonRulaSvili avTandil 2015; sonRulaSvili av. axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi.
Tb.,1 (16) 2015 „honkongis istoriidan“.
6. CitaZe nika 2011; CitaZe n, „kaspiis zRvis geopolitikuri gaazreba“ 2011. pdf.
1. WumburiZe dodo, kiknaZe vaJa, qoqraSvili xaTuna da saraliZe lela 2016; WumburiZe d.,
kiknaZe v., qoqraSvili x. da saraliZe l. „saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XVIII-XXI
saukuneebSi wigni II“ Tb., 2016.
21
mixeil osiSvili, beqa CogovaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori amiran berZeniSvili
teritoriuli mTlianobis problema — afxazeTi
teritoriuli mTlianobis problema jer kidev 1922 wlidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac
sabWoTa kavSiri samaCablos saxelis qveS moiazrebda osebis avtonomiur olqs. swored am
periodidan iwyeba SuRli afxazebTan da osebTan. 1991 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis federaciam
moaxdina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis inspirireba. SemdgomSi ki 1992 wels Seteva ganaxorci-
ela soxumze, rac gadaizarda erTwlian omSi, ris Sedegadac afxazeTi okupirebul iqna.
postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis konfliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qveyanam
miiRo udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqologiuri ziani. omma da omis Sem-
dgomma uwesrigo Setakebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaapartaxa. dResac afxaze-
Tis regioni, romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeblobs, mZime so-
cialuri da ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas. miuxedavad TviTgamocxadebuli damou-
kideblobisa, afxazeTis regioni mTlianad damokidebulia ruseTis federaciaze. rogorc
TviT afxazebi acxadeben, regioni ruseTis federaciis „de faqto proteqtoratia“
2008 wels 7 agvistos ruseTis federaciam wamoiwyo Ria, srulmasStabiani agresia sa-
qarTvelos winaaRmdeg da moaxdina misi teritoriis 20 procentis okupacia. es iyo ruse-
Tis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg warmoebuli mravalwliani agresiuli po-
litikis Zalismieri dagvirgvinebis mcdeloba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT. aRsaniSnavia,
rom 2002 wlidan ruseTma daiwyo afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi rusuli pasportebis ma-
sobrivi darigebis ukanono procesi, romelic iyo winaswar ganzraxuli da dagegmili poli-
tikis nawili da miznad isaxavda e.w. „moqalaqeTa dacvis uflebis“ sababiT ruseTis samxed-
ro intervencias saqarTvelos suverenul teritoriaze. ruseTma aRiara misive efeqturi
kontrolis qveS arsebuli regionebis e.w. „damoukidebloba“ da saokupacio reJimebTan e.w.
„saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebebis“ gaformebis gziT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori sam-
xedro baza Seqmna da aT aTasamde samxedro mosamsaxure ganaTavsa, sanacvlod ki saqarTve-
los xelisufleba inertuli iyo.
es sakiTxi aqtualobas arasdros kargavda, Tumca 2015 wlis NDI-is monacemebiT teri-
toriuli mTlianobis problemam SedarebiT ukana planze gadaiwia da mas iseTi sakiTxebi
anacvlebs rogoricaa samuSao adgilebi, inflacia da siRaribe. samwuxaroa, magram faqtia,
rom am problemis gadaWris saqmeSi saxelmwifo qmediTunariani ar aris da moqalaqeebSic
sul ufro metad qreba imedi am teritoriebze dabrunebisa, romlis mTavari mizezic aris
sazogadoebis dRevandeli socialuri yofa. savaraudoa, rom momaval TaobebSi am terito-
riebis dabrunebis survili da miswrafeba kidev ufro Semcirdeba.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis araa Catarebuli kvlevebi, romlebze dayrdnobi-
Tac Cven SegveZleba gavigoT iq arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli mxarisaTvis Se-
uZlebelia afxazeTidan informaciis mopoveba da Tu raime gagvaCnia es iq mcxovrebi qar-
Tvelebis damsaxurebaa. amitom gadavwyviteT mogveZebna swored iseTi pirebi, romlebic
metnaklebad kompetenturebi arian am sakiTxSi da SeuZliaT mogvcen sando informacia,
romlebsac saSualeba aqvT imisa, rom gadavidnen sazRvris iqiT da sakuTari TvaliT gaec-
22
non mdgomareobas. gagacnobT Cven mier Catarebuli Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebs, agreTve
mimovixilavT arasamTavrobo organizaciebis xedvebs, saxelmwifos strategiebs, partiaTa
winasaarCevno programebs da sxva.
arsebul problemasTan dakavSirebiT Cven CavatareT Tvisebrivi kvleva, romlis far-
glebSic gamovikiTxeT am sakiTxSi kompetenturi pirebi da davusviT ramdenime SekiTxva
imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad aqtualuria es problema dRevandel sazogadoebaSi, rogori da-
mokidebuleba aqvT Zveli da axali Taobebis afxazebs qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT, SeZlebs
Tu ara afxazeTi saqarTvelos gareSe arsebobas da Tqveneuli xedva am problemis mogvare-
basTan dakavSirebiT.
Sedegebi ki SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: Cven gamovitaneT daskvna, rom am Temas aqtualo-
ba ki ar daukargavs aramed daukarges SeiZleba specialuradac. xelisuflebis uyuradRe-
boba araprofesionalizmis Sedegia, radgan ar ician rogor moagvaron es problema. rac Se-
exeba sazogadoebas, is sakuTari Tavis gadarCenaze zrunavs. rodesac adamiani lukma-purs
eZebs, afxazeTi raSi ainteresebs. Zveli Taobis afxazebi acnobiereben rac moxda da, gar-
kveulwilad, amas nanoben. axali Taobas ki, rogorc aq, sazRvargareTze uWiravs Tvali da
maTTvis sulerTia. afxazeTis ganviTareba ki ras niSnavs, sadRaa afxazeTi, iq ruseTia,
romlis hegemoniac dRiT dRe izrdeba. rac Seexeba problemis mogvarebis gzas, am SemTxve-
vaSi yvelaze akrZaluli saSualebebic ki unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. pirvel rigSi xalxTa
daaxloeba da saerTo interesebis gaRviveba unda moxdes. afxazeTis mTavrobidan, rome-
lic soxumSia is adamianebi unda wavidnen, romelTa mimarTac TviTon afxazebs ar aqvT
ndoba. maTi azriT, arasamTavroboebi ki, romlebic am problemis mogvarebiT arian dakave-
bulebi piriqiT TiTqos saqmes afuWeben.
axla ki ganvixiloT arasamTavroboebis pozicia, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesi
adgili uWiravs „afxazTa krebas“. es aris platforma, romelic aerTianebs 7 partiasa da 30
organizacias da damyarebulia 3 rezoluciaze. es aris afxazTa ori kreba, romlebic Sedga
2014 wlis 27 seqtembers TbilisSi da 8 noembers zugdidSi. pirveli rezolucia mxars
uWers evro integracias da Crdilo atlantikur aliansSi gawevrianebas da Tavis mxriv so-
lidarobas ucxadebs ukrainas, rusuli aneqsiis pirobebSi. meore rezolucia exeba afxaze-
Tis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebs, xolo mesame rezolucia ruseTis mimarT mavnebluri kur-
sis Secvlas.
Cven gavesaubreT afxazTa krebis erT-erT liders afxazeTis problemasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. misi azriT, am problemis mosagvareblad aucilebelia, rom qveyanas hqondes evro-
atlantikuri kursi, rac gulisxmobs deokupacias. es ki aris umniSvnelova-nesi piroba da-
karguli teritoriebis dabrunebisa. saerTaSoriso asparezze unda vawarmooT aqtiuri de-
okupaciis politika. rac Seexeba afxazebTan daaxloebas, es aris miTi, romliTac 23 welia
gvatyueben. 2008 wels gamoCnda rom es ar aris qarTvel-afxazTa da qarTvel-osTa kon-
fliqti es aris okupacia, romelsac hqvia qarTul-rusuli omi. uamravi fuli daixarja mo-
laparakebebisaTvis, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis gareT, magram Sedegi ar yofila,
radgan iq mcxovrebi xalxi ver gamoxatavs sakuTar nebas, imitom rom isini arian moskovis
daqvemdebarebaSi. is reJimi, romelic axla soxumSia pirdapir aris rusuli reJimi da is
xalxi, romlebic axla marTaven iq mdgomareobas aris ruseTis uSiSroebis agentura. ubra-
lo mosaxleoba ki moklebulia SesaZleblobas raime pozitivi gamoxatos Cven mimarT, rad-
gan es misTvis safrTxis Semcvelia. amis magaliTia gasul saukuneSi erT-erTi separatistu-
li organizaciis „aidgilaras“ Tavmjdomaris moadgile zurab aCba, romelmac Riad ganacx-
ada, rom qarTvelebma da afxazebma pirispir unda moilaparakon ruseTis gareSe. am gancxa-
debis Semdgom is maleve mokles rusma specsamsaxurebma.
23
dResdReobiT naTesauri urTierTobebi SenarCunebulia da afxazebTanac yvela Tema-
zea saubari SesaZlebeli politikis garda, radgan maT SiSi aqvT sakuTarma naTqvamma saf-
rTxe ar SeuqmnaT. amgvarad sanam iq rusia, molaparakebebis warmoeba SeuZlebelia. meore
problema aris qarTuli mosaxleoba galSi, romelTa raodenoba 35 000 da romlebic apar-
teidis, segregaciisa da rasizmis pirobebSi arian. yovelgvari ufleba SezRuduli aqvT. am
wels qarTuli skolac ki dauxures da deda ena akrZales. rasac moipoveben udides nawils
arTmeven. aseT viTarebaSi qarTul-afxazur urTierTobas araviTari perspeqtiva ar aqvs.
es SesaZlebelia mxolod ruseTis Sesustebis kvalobaze. im SemTxvevaSi ki urTierTobis
mogvarebisas Cven winaaRmdegobebs ar wavawydebiT, radgan Cvenze ukeTesad im xalxs aravin
icnobs. Tu okupants Tavi dauxare is mets moiTxovs Sengan. ruseTi aris qveyana, romelic
kompromiss daTmobad aRiqvams da yovelTvis meti unda. ruseTTan kompromisi SeuZlebeli-
a, radgan istoriuli da dRevandeli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Cven sxvadasxva miznebi
gvaqvs. ruseTs ar unda, rom viyoT Cven Tavisufalni. Cven ki gvinda Tavisufleba. aq ar Se-
iZleba gadakveTis wertili moiZebnos. swored amitomaa SeuZlebeli ruseTTan molapara-
keba. saerTo interesis ar qonis da evropisken miswrafebis gamo gvsjis ruseTi am afxazu-
ri da osuri konfliqtiT. 1993 da 2008 wlebSic omi imitom daiwyo rom Cven mkveTri nabije-
bi gadavdgiT dasavleTisaken. am problemas isini Segnebulad qmnian, rom ar vifiqroT Ta-
visuflebaze.
rac Seexeba afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos, is arsebobs TbilisSi ucvleli Semadgenlo-
biT, romelic 25 welia ar gadarCeula. mniSvnelovania, rom Cven gvyavdes Cveni warmomad-
genloba rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynis gareT politikuri socialuri da sxva proble-
mebis gadasaWrelad. samarTlebrivi gzebis gamoyeneba okupaciis qveS myofi qveynisTvis
aris mniSvnelovani. samarTlianobisTvis aucilebelia msxverpls hyavdes realuri warmo-
madgenloba da ara is sabWo, romelic umoqmedoa da yovelwliurad xarjavs 14 milionian
biujets. am sabWoSi 2000 adamiani muSaobs, rac namdvilad araa saWiro. magaliTad aq arse-
bobs afxazeTis soflis meurneobis departamenti, rac Zalian ironiulia, radgan afxaze-
Tis teritoria amJamad Cveni ar aris da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes soflis meurneobis sferoSi.
Cven kiTxvaze, ra saqmianobas eweva arsebuli departamenti? pasuxi aseTi iyo - Tbiliss vam-
wvanebTo. amas xom Tbilisis meriac mSvenivrad gaakeTebs. es mTavroba aralegitimuria,
radgan 25 wlis win airCa. maTi yvelaze dabali asakis amomrCeveli 43 wlis iyo zeda zRvar-
ze laparaki ki zedmetia. am amomrCevelTa didi raodenoba ukve daRupulia, amitom is ara-
kanonieria. aucilebelia xelaxali arCevnebis Catareba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom prokuraturaSi aris 300 tomi saqme, romelic exeba afxazeTSi qar-
Tveli xalxis genocids. dakiTxulia 25000 mowme, 800 Semsrulebeli da 20 organizatori,
Tumca arcerTi saqme ar aris wasuli sasamarTlomde da xeluxleblad devs 1993 wlidan.
oTxi euTos samitma miiRo qarTvelebis mimarT Zaladobrivi qmedebis rezolucia lisabo-
nis, budapeStis, venisa da varSavis. Cven ki mainc ar viZiebT da vaRiarebT amas. es danaSau-
lia da unda daisajos. aqedan iwyeba samarTlianobis aRdgena da es mniSvnelovani dokumen-
tia saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis winaaRmdeg.
axla ki ganvixiloT saxelmwifos strategia okupirebuli teritoriebis mimarT. strate-
gia gamoxatavs saqarTvelos uryev gadawyvetilebas miaRwios afxazeTisa da cxinvalis re-
gionis sruli deokupacia, Seasustos ruseTis federaciis mier okupirebuli teritorie-
bis aneqsiis procesi da mSvidobiani gziT moaxdinos am teritoriebisa da mosaxleobis re-
integracia saqarTvelos konstituciur sivrceSi. saqarTvelos xelisufleba miiswrafvis
miaRwios dasaxul miznebs mxolod mSvidobiani da diplomatiuri gzebiT. igi gamoricxavs
samxedro gziT konfliqtis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas. yvela es mcdeloba TanxvedraSia
24
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis politikasTan, romelic ar aRiarebs afxazeTisa da cxinva-
lis regionis damoukideblobas da mxars uWers saqarTvelos iniciativas gaataros „CarTu-
lobis politika“. dasaxuli mizani miiRweva iseTi formatebis SeqmniTa da wamaxalisebeli
meqanizmebis SemotaniT, rac xels Seuwyobs xsenebuli regionebis CarTulobas.
1) gamyofi xazebiT erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebul Temebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTo-
bebis xelSewyoba.
2) iseTi infrastruqturis reabilitacia da ganviTareba, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis
gamyof xazebs Soris mosaxleobis mimosvlas da saqonlis moZraobas.
3) afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionSi adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis, maT Soris aRmsa-
reblobis Tavisuflebisa da mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis uflebebis dacvis miz-
niT, arsebuli meqanizmebis gaZliereba da axali saSualebebis SemuSaveba.
4) omis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobisaTvis jandacvis xarisxisa da xelmisawvdomo-
bis gaumjobeseba.
5) saerTo interesebis gansazRvra.
6) kulturuli memkvidreobisa da TviTSegnebis SenarCunebis xelSewyoba.
7) iseTi iuridiuli meqanizmebis moZieba, romlebic strategiis ZiriTadi
principebisa da Rirebulebebis sruli dacviT, uzrunvelyofen winamdebare miznebis
ganxorcilebas.
saqarTvelos kanoni „okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb“ miRebul iqna 2008 wlis 23
oqtombers, romlis mizania gansazRvros im teritoriis statusi, romelic ruseTs aqvs
okupirebuli samxedro agresiis formiT da kanoni adgens gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv
reJims. kanoni, romlis gauqmebaze da cvlilebebze gviwevs debati, pirdapir exmianeba sa-
qarTvelos konstitucias, romelic Tavis mxriv ambobs, rom saqarTvelo aris damoukide-
beli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis
mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur
olqSi Catarebuli referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT. kanoni adgens Semdeg regulaciebs:
– okupirebul teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudva;
– okupirebul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis wesi;
– uZravi qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul wesebs;
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani okupirebul teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgile-
bis SezRudva niSnavs Semdegs: afxazeTSi da cxinvalis regionSi SeRweva aralegaluria ne-
bismieri yvela gziT, Tu piri ar Sedis teritoriaze zugdidis an goris municipaliteti-
dan. am teritoriebze Sesasvlelad aucilebelia mTavrobis mxridan specialuri nebarTva.
kanoni liberaluria da pasuxismgeblobisgan aTavisuflebs pirebs, romlebic arRveven ka-
nons im motiviT, rom idevnebian da saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad iTxoven politi-
kur TavSesafars. aseTi adamianebi Tavisufldebian pasuxismgeblobisgan Tu mTavrobas Se-
atyobineben teritoriaze Sesvlisa da gasvlis dros da mizezs. oponentebi acxadeben, rom
Tu adamiani akrZaluli gziT Seva aRniSnul teritoriaze is dasjili ar unda iyos sixlis
samarTliT, radgan es arRvevs e.w „saxalxo diplomatiis“ principebs. sazRvris ukanono ga-
dakveTa gulisxmobs jarimas an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas 3-dan 5 wlamde. oponentebi amboben,
rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romlebic ruseTSi cxovroben, survilis SemTxvevaSi Tavi-
suflad unda gadadiodnen aRniSnul teritoriebze, Tumca es arasamarTliania da Cven ka-
25
nonmdeblobas ewinaaRmdegeba. Cven unda vicodeT vin Sedis da gamodis sakuTar qveyanaSi
da es kanoni gvWirdeba imisTvis, rom yvela qveynis moqalaqes Tu iuridiul pirs Sevaxse-
noT, rom afxazeTi Tu cxinvali warmoadgens saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils da yvela ka-
nondarRvevaze iqneba saTanado reagireba. okupirebul teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmia-
nobis ganxorcielebis wesi niSnavs Semdegs: ekonomikuri saqmianobis SezRudvac dadgeni-
lia im TvalsazrisiT, rom afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni aris saqarTvelos ganuyofeli
nawili da Sesabamisad nebismieri ekonomikuri aqtivoba unda ganxorcieldes saqarTveloSi
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. kanoni am SezRudvasTan mimarTebaSic aris libera-
luri, roca adgens gamonaklis SemTxvevebs, Tu ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcieleba Se-
Tanxmdeba saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan igi miiCneva kanonier saqmianobad.
uZravi qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebul wesebi d aq igulisxmeba Semdegi: kanoni
acxadebs, rom okupirebul teritoriebze sakuTrebis ufleba daculia da regulirdeba
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. es wesi Tavis mxriv kidev erTxel gamoxatavs saqarTvelos
legitimur princips, rom ar vaRiarebT separatistuli da rusuli reJimis pirobebSi miRe-
bul gadawyvetilebebs da Tavis mxriv am saSualebiT Cven vicavT im devnilTa uflebebsac,
romlebsac qoneba gaaCniaT afxazeTSi da cxinvalis regionSi.
aseve mniSvnelovania politikur partiaTa saarCevno programebSi ra adgili ukavia
deokupacias saqarTvelos ori wamyvani politikuri partiis, qarTuli ocnebisa da erTiani
nacionaluri moZraobis saarCevno programebSi.
gamoikveTa, rom okupirebuli teritoriebis problema aris qarTuli ocnebis Sem-
TxvevaSi me-4, xolo nacionaluri moZraobis SemTxvevSi d me-11 adgilze prioritetebis mi-
xedviT. am problemas win uswreben ZiriTadad ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi.
dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare es faqti gasakviri arc aris, Tumca , samwuxaro rea-
lobaa.
axla rac Seexeba konkretulad partiebis dapirebebs. erTiani nacionaluri moZrao-
bisTvis prioritetulia konfliqtis mSvidobiani daregulireba. samSvidobo politikis
kuTxiT enm xelmZRvanelobs 2009 wels Seqmnili saxelmwifo strategiiT okupirebuli te-
ritoriebis mimarT da Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmiT. samSvidobo politikis kuTxiT nacio-
naluri moZraoba ayalibebs im ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, romlebic, maTi azriT, yvelaze
mniSvnelovania:
1) Zalis argamoyeneba da mSvidobiani ganviTareba;
2) ruseTis, rogorc okupanti saxelmwifos statusis ganmtkiceba saerTaSoriso aspa-
rezze;
3) pragmatuli TanamSromloba afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis mosaxleobasTan da
gamyofi xazebis TandaTanobiT gaqroba;
4) saokupacio xazis saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier kontrolirebad mxares usafrTxoe-
bis gazrda;
5) Tavisufali gadaadgilebis miRweva iqneba Cveni samSvidobo politikis prioriteti;
6) okupirebul teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis uflebebis dacva;
7) ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis SesaZlo aneqsiis sawinaaR-
mdego strategiis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba;
moqmed saxelisuflebo partias ki Tavisi strategia aqvs. kerZod, programaSi pirda-
pir weria, rom qarTuli ocneba:
1) mimarTavs Zalisxmevas mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis, usafrTxoebis riskebisa da Se-
saZlo provokaciebis ganeitralebis, evropuli da evroatlantikuri integraciis uryevi
26
kursisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis veqtoris dacvisaken, rac konfliqtis mSvidobiani
da warmatebuli mogvarebis winapirobaa;
2) gaagrZelebs diplomatiur Zalisxmevas saqarTvelos okupirebuli regionebis ara-
Riarebis politikis gatarebisTvis;
3) mimarTavs aqtiur Zalisxmevas deokupaciis amocanisken, ruseTis mxridan cecxlis
Sewyvetis SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis, okupirebul teritoriebze saerTaSo-
riso usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis amoqmedebis rogorc ruseTTan saerTaSoriso formatSi
molaparakebebis, ise saerTaSoriso mxardaWerisa da zewolis mobilizebis gziT;
4) xels Seuwyobs pirdapir dialogs qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da osebs
Soris;
5) waaxalisebs konfliqtiT daSoriSorebul xalxTaSoris kontaqtebs, saerTo inte-
resebze dafuZnebul TanamSromlobas, rac xelovnuri gamyofi xazebis orive mxares mcxov-
rebi mosaxleobis humanitarul da pragmatul saWiroebebs, profesiuli jgufebis Tu sxva-
dasxva dargis eqspertebis (ekologebis, kulturis moRvaweebis, Jurnalistebis, medicinis
muSakebis da a.S.) TanamSromlobis interesebs ukavSirdeba;
6) gaagrZelebs konfliqtiT dazaralebul adamianebze, maT Soris devnilebze zrun-
vas;
7) gaagrZelebs da gaaaqtiurebs yvela Sesabamisi formatis da instrumentis gamoyene-
bas devnilTa dabrunebis ganuyofeli uflebis dacvisa da am uflebis realizebisTvis.
Tumca sityva sityvaa, saqme ki sxvaa da konkretuli nabijebi am problemis mosagva-
reblad ar idgmeba. aucilebelia sazogadoebis aqtiuri CarTuloba da ideologiuri po-
litikis gatareba. didi yuradReba unda mieqces socialuri xasiaTis aqtivobebs. magali-
Tad, komerciul reklamebs afxazeTis TematikiT, mxatvrul filmebs da a.S. amis naTeli ma-
galiTia dokumenturi filmi „me gadavcure enguri“, romelic realur ambavzea dafuZnebu-
li da gadmogvcems 20 wlis gogonas istorias, Tu rogor gadacura enguri Tavisi saxlis
sanaxavad. Cven rogorc studentebs didi rolis Sesruleba SegviZlia am saqmeSi. yvela moZ-
raoba xom Tbilisis deda universitetidan iwyeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia 1978 stu-
dentTa gamosvlebi dedaenis SesanarCuneblad. agreTve, 9 aprilsac uamravi studenti See-
wira qveynis damoukideblobas. axlac aqtiurad unda moxdes studentebis CarTuloba am
sakiTxSi, iqneba es mSvidobiani aqciebi sazRvrispira regionebSi Tu sxvadasxva saxis.
roca okupirebul xalxze da teritoriaze viwyebT saubars unda gvaxsovdes, rom vsa-
ubrobT sakuTari ojaxis im wevrebze, romlebic elodebian Zlieri saqarTvelos Zlier
xmas da ara imas, rom kolaboraciuli wesiT daviwyebT mterTan kudis qicins. Zlieri eko-
nomika, dalagebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, es aris garanti imis, rom saqarTvelom
SeZlos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena da ojaxis gaerTianeba. roca okupirebul xalxs
esmis, rom saqarTveloSi ar varT konsolidirebuli bevri mimarTulebiT, ver vamyarebT
erovnul valutas, dasavluri tipis politikosebs devnian da dausjeli rCebian msgavsi
tipis kriminalebi, nurc viocnebebT gaerTianebaze ! TiToeulma okupirebulma Tanamoqa-
laqem unda icodes, rom eTnosis safrTxe dgas rusi dampyrobelis pirobebSi da erTader-
Ti Rirseuli gza aris saqarTvelo.
27
ekonomika
TaTia bregvaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nugzar Todua
socialuri mediamarketingis SesaZleblobebi da gamowvevebi
Tanamedrove biznesSi obieqtivSi (Facebook-is magaliTze)
teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTarebisa da konkurenciis zrdis pirobebSi Tanamedrove
biznesis warmateba warmoudgenelia socialuri mediis gareSe. cifruli SesaZleblobebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad momxmareblebi sul ufro met dros atareben socialur qselebSi
da informaciis did nawils swored maTi saSualebiT iReben. Sesabamisad socialuri media
gaxda mZlavri iaraRi biznesisaTvis klientTa mosazidad, gayidvebis gasazrdelad da
brendis cnobadobis asamaRleblad.
socialuri qselis moxmareba aris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli onlain saqmianoba
dReisaTvis 2,46 miliardi momxmarebliT, maTi didi interesiTa da zrdadi mobiluri SesaZ-
leblobebiT.5
socialuri mediasivrcis zrdasTan erTad, gaizarda marketinguli SesaZleblobebic,
onlain socialuri sivrcis Seqmnam marketingis axal mimarTulebas d socialuri mediamar-
ketings daudo safuZveli. socialuri mediamarketingi aris internetmarketingis forma,
romelic iyenebs uamrav socialur qsels momxmarebelTan marketinguli komunikaciis da-
samyareblad. socialuri mediamarketinguli xerxebis saSualebiT xdeba informaciis miwo-
deba miznobriv auditoriasTan minimaluri danaxarjiT. am SesaZleblobas bevri warmate-
buli kompania iyenebs. saqarTveloc ar CamorCeba tendenciebs, Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
socialuri mediamarketingi aris marketingis axali mimarTuleba da xSir SemTxvevaSi, qar-
Tuli kompaniebis mxridan, daugegmav strategias da araswor kampanias aqvs adgili, es ki
mniSvnelovani problemaa.
socialur qselSi marketingul saqmianobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tanamedrove bizne-
sisaTvis im sargeblidan gamomdinare, rac mas SeuZlia moutanos. es ZiriTadi sargebelia:
1. brendis cnobadobis gazrda:
Tu momxmarebelma ar icis ras warmoadgens brendi, biznesi warumeteblobisTvis
ganwirulia. Tu momxmarebli informirebulia brendis Sesaxeb da axdens interaqcias so-
cialur sivrceSi, savaraudoa, rom is ufro didi siamovnebiT gauwevs rekomendacias me-
gobrebs kompaniis produqciaze. socialuri media aadvilebs wvdomas potenciur momxma-
reblebze da xdis brends ufro „Sinaurs“ da cnobads arsebuli klientebisTvis.
2. brendis loialobis gazrda:
5 https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number‐of‐worldwide‐social‐network‐users/
28
rac ufro met dros gaatarebs momxmarebeli kompaniis gverdze, miT ufro metia
gayidvebis zrdis SesaZlebloba. Tu vizitori mxolod erTxel Semova kompaniis gverdze,
es ar iqneba sasurveli Sedegis momtani grZelvadian periodSi. amitom saWiroa grZelva-
diani socialuri mediamarketingis strategiis gawera loialuri momxmareblebis Se-
saqmnelad.
texasis teqnologiuri universitetis kvlevebiT, brendebi, romlebic iyeneben so-
cialur media arxebs da maT SesaZleblobebs, aRweven momxmareblebis ufro maRal ndobasa
da loialobas. amaves gviCvenebs kvleviTi organizacia „Convince & Convert“-is Sedegebi.
amerikuli kompaniebis 53% zrdis loialobas socialur qselSi ganxorcielebuli aqti-
vobis Semdeg.6
1. momxmarebelTan uSualo kontaqti da saubris SesaZlebloba:
biznesmenebma unda gaiazros is, rom momxmarebelTan uSualo urTierTobas soci-
aluri sivrcis meSveobiT aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri gayidvebTan. socialuri media, aris ad-
gili, sadac kompaniebi ise iqcevian, rogorc rigiTi adamianebi da es izidavs momxmarebels.
rac ufro meti adamiani laparakobs kompaniis socialur gverdze, miT ufro meti Ri-
rebuli momxmarebeli eyoleba brends. momxmarebelTan saubriT sxvadasxva Temebze da maT-
Tan mudmiv interaqciaSi yofniT iqmneba kompaniis audiencia socialuri mediaSi, rac veb-
gverdis monaxulebis ricxvsac zrdis da dainteresebuli klientebis raodenobasac.
2. vebgverdis mnaxvelTa zrda:
vebgverdze mnaxvelebis didi raodenoba mniSvnelovania yvela tipis biznesisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT ki onlain gayidvebis mqone kompaniebisaTvis.
garda gayidvebis SesaZleblobisa, rac ufro meti xalxi daaTvalierebs saits ufro
meti Sansia momxmareblebi dainteresdnen kontentiT da Sesabamisad gaaziaron kompaniis
saiti. rac ufro metjer daaWers momxmarebeli saits da met gaziarebas miscems, miT meti
Sansia gaizardos gayidvebi.
3. marketinguli xarjebis Semcireba
socialuri mediamarketingis industriis 2014 wlis angariSis mixedviT, marketolo-
gebis 84% procents sul cota 6 saaTi sWirdeboda yoveldRe, imisTvis rom saitze
SeeqmnaT damTvalierebelTa „sacobi“, maSin rodesac socialur mediaSi dReSi 1 saaTic sak-
marisia daixarjos kontentis gasaviTareblad da ukve Sedegi saxezea. socialuri mediaze
gaweuli xarji aris minimaluri. garda gverdis postebisa, Facebook-is reklama gacilebiT
iafi jdeba, vidre nebismieri sxva tipis reklama da Sedegi ki STambeWdavi aqvs. 7
4. moxmareblebze meti informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba
socialuri media saSualebas iZleva, rom momxmareblebze Rirebuli informacia
iqnas mopovebuli, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iqcevian isini socialur sivrceSi. magaliTad:
SesaZlebelia gakontroldes komentarebi, anu rogor xedaven isini bizness, gakeTdes
analizi sasaubro postebze ganxilvisas daweril mosazrebebze, gakontroldes romelma
postma ufro didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia da sabolood Seiqmnas kargi kombinacia imisT-
vis, rom formirdes Semosavali.
6 http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-
marketing/#130eec3c2a4d 7 MICHAEL A. STELZNER - How Marketers Are Using Social Media to Grow Their Businesses; 2014 SOCIAL
MEDIA MARKETING INDUSTRY REPORT; 2014, Social Media Examiner P21
29
„gaqvT kiTxvebi? – SeiareT maRaziaSi, momxmareblebs aqvT pasuxebi“ – Tqva Walmart-is
damfuZnebelma sem voltonma. dRes maRaziis nacvlad SegiZliaT socialur qselSi „Seia-
roT“ da iq umokles droSi miiRoT sasurveli ukukavSiri momxmareblebisgan.
ase, rom rac ufro metad moicdis kompania socialur sivrceSi aqtiurobisTvis, miT
ufro mets dakargavs. socialuri mediamarketingi rodesac sworadaa gamoyenebuli,
izidavs met momxmarebels, met mnaxvels da iwvevs brendisadmi loialobas.
socialuri mediabazari mravalferovania, sadac uamravi qseli funqcionirebs,
Tumca socialuri mediabazris lideri gaxlavT Facebook, pirveli socialuri qseli,
romelmac miaRwia erT miliard registrirebul momxmarebels, xolo dReisaTvis mas hyavs
1.968 miliardi aqtiuri momxmarebeli yovelTviurad. Semdeg modis WatsApp 1,2 miliardi
yovelTviuri momxmarebliT da mesame adgilze gaxlavT Facebook Messenger 1,0 miliardi
aqtiuri momxmarebliT, romelic aseve korporacia Facebook-is sakuTrebaa da socialur
qsel Facebook-Tan aris integrirebuli. maT mohyveba sxva socialuri qselebi.8
socialuri qselebidan Facebook aris Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze popula-
ruli da funqciurad daxvewili socialuri qseli, romelic moqnilobis, analizuri
SesaZleblobebis, momxmarebelTan urTierTobebis gzebis simravlis, informaciis
Segrovebis da damuSavebis sistemebis TvalsazrisiT marketings uamrav SesaZleblobas aZ-
levs. amasTan es aris qseli, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad moixmars qarTveli momxmarebeli.9
Tumca realurad kompaniebma ar ician ramxela SesaZleblobebi aqvs facebook -s biznesi-
saTvis, xSirad ar icnoben qarTveli momxmareblebis Taviseburebebs da socialuri mar-
ketinguli strategiebis codnaSic moikoWleben. socialuri media marketologebi ambo-
ben, rom Facebook uzrunvelyofs yvelaze maRal investiciebis ukugebis maCvenebels (ROI)
da aris Seucvleli socialuri mediamarketingis warmatebulobis kuTxiT. samma kvleviTma
organizaciam Social Fresh, Firebrand Group da Simply Measured-ma msoflios masStabiT gamoi-
kiTxes 551 socialuri mediamarketeri da sTxoves daesaxelebinaT 3 platforma, romelic
maTi azriT saukeTeso iyo rois asamaRleblad, 95,8% Tqva rom es iyo Facebook.10
8 https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ 9 http://www.newposts.ge/?l=G&id=70492
%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90,%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98,
10 https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social‐Media‐Marketers‐Facebook‐Produces‐Best‐ROI/1013918
30
imisaTvis rom Facebook-ze ganxorcielebuli marketinguli RonisZiebebi iyos efeqtu-
ri, aucilebeli kompania icnobdes sakuTar momxmarebels, maT survilebs, Sexedulebebs,
Taviseburebebs da ise dagegmos sakomunikacio strategia.
qarTul bazarze momxmareblis zogadi Sexedulebebisa da damokidebulebebis Sesaxeb
Facebook-ze maT aqtivobasTan da kompaniebis aqtiurobasTan dakavSirebiT Cavatare patara
kvleva. gamokiTxul iqna 140 qselis momxmarebeli, romelTa 68% iyo mdedrobiTi sqesis
warmomadgeneli da 32% mamrobiTi. aqedan 7% warmadgenda 20 da naklebis asakis mom-
xmarebels, 61% gaxldaT 21-30 wlamde asakis, 19 procenti 31-40 wlamde, 13 % ki 41 wels
zemoT.
gamokiTxulTa absolutur umravlesobaSi, socialuri qselebidan, yvelaze didi popu-
larobiT sargeblobs Facebook, Semdgom mas moyveba Instagram, Linkedin, meoTxe adgils ikavebs
Twitter da mexuTe adgilzea socialuri qseli В контакте. aRmoCnda, rom socialur qselSi
informaciis ganTavsebisas didi nawili Tavs ikavebs hobisa da interesebis miTiTebisagan
(28%) da arc imas uaryofs rom xSirad araswor informaciasac aTavsebs. es ki garkveul
wilad qarTvel momxmarebelTa nawilis Taviseburebaze, romelmac SeiZleba Seaferxos
kompaniebis mxridan swori miznobrivi auditoriis SerCeva da pozicionireba. gamokiT-
xulTa umravlesobas (54%) ar uyvars reklamebisa da kompaniis sareklamo postebis kiTxva
da iSviaTad aqcevs maT yuradRebas, ris mizezadac maT interesebTan Seusabamo reklamebis
arseboba daasaxeles. es ukanaskneli ki imis maniSnebelia, rom kompaniebis ver axdenen
sworad miznobrivi auditoriis SerCevas, maT reklamebi Sesabamisi interesebis ar mqone
momxmareblebTan midis, rac TavisTavad sareklamo kampaniis araefeqturobas ganapirobebs.
Facebook reklamebidan gamokiTxuli momxmareblebi yvelaze metad yuradRebas postebs
aqceven, romlebic maT kedelze Cans (42%) da aseve didi interesiT sargeblobs video
reklamebi (26%). rac Seexeba imas Tu rogori saxis postebi moswonT yvelaze metad 32%-
isTvis es aris mimdinare aqtualur TemasTan dakavSirebuli, 21% isTvis es aris sasurvel
produqciasa da momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli, 19%-isTvis saganmanaTleblo postebia
yuradRebis misaqcevi, 12% s ki iumoristuli saxis postebis kiTxva uyvars. aseve aRsa-
niSnavia is faqti, rom gamokiTxulTa 50% iSviaTad afiqsirebs sakuTar mosazrebas kompa-
niis produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis reklamasa da postze socialur qselSi. esec garkveul
31
wilad qarTveli momxmareblis Taviseburebaze miuTiTebs. isini jer kidev ver iazreben
maTi azris dafiqsirebis mniSvnelobas produqciisa Tu momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjo-
besebisaTvis. aseve rogorc Cans socialur qselSi momxmarebelTa didi nawili jer kidev
pasiurobiT gamoirCeva, rac aseve unda gaiTvaliswinon kompaniebma aqtivobebis dageg-
mvisas.
kvlevisTvis aseve mniSvnelovani iyo garkveuliyo is Tu, Tu romeli qarTuli kompa-
niebis Facebook gverdebia maTTvis yvelaze sayvareli da ratom. Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi
xuTeuli:
1. nabeRlavi d radgan Zalian kargad iyeneben grafikas, iumors da mobilurebi arian
garemoSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT, kreatiuli da pozitiuri strategia aqvT;
2. Tibisi banki – radgan Zalian gemovnebiani da daxvewili gverdia, rogorc vizualu-
rad ise Sinaarsobrivad;
3. marketeri – radgan arian kreatiulebi da bevr saintereso informacias gvawvdian;
4. kinoTeatri Cavea radgan gamoirCeva saintereso da saxaliso iumoristuli pos-
tebiT;
5. Adjaranet.com – radgan saintereso filmebs deben da postebic saintereso aqvT.
marTlac, kvlevis procesSi aqtiurad vakvirdebodi aRniSnul gverdebs da es swored
is gverdebia, romlebic didi popularobiT sargebloben da momxmarebelTa aqtiurobas ar
uCivian.
vfiqrob aRniSnuli suraTi naTlad asaxavs qarTveli momxmareblis upiratesobis mi-
niWebis principebs socialur qselSi kompaniis reklamebTan mimarTebiT, siaxle da kre-
ativi, vizualuri daxvewa, iumori da mobiluroba mimdinare procesebTan, momxmareblis-
Tvis saintereso da pozitiuri informaciis miwodeba ganapirobebs kompaniis warmatebas.
amasTan Tavad momxmareblebis mier dasaxelebuli rCevebi kompaniebis mimarT ase
gamoiyureba:
meti SemoqmedebiToba da kreativi;
meti realuroba;
grafikis da iumoris daxvewa;
ufro aqtiuri kontaqti momxmareblebTan;
sakuTari axali ideebi da ara moparuli;
meti informaciuloba da siaxlis SeTavazeba.
aRniSnul rCevebSi garkveul wilad, sasargeblo rCevebTan erTad gamoikveTa momxma-
rebelTa pretenziebic kompaniebis mimarT, rac komunikaciis da ideebis naklebobaSi
gamoixateba.
garda aRniSnuli gamokiTxvisa, vestumre ramdenime kompaniis socialur media mene-
jers da direqtors (LEAVINGSTONE, Adjaranet.com da E-sports) maTi, damokidebulebebis, prob-
lemebis da strategiebis gasagebad, raTa srulad damexata socialur d media marketingis
bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba.
kompania LEAVINGSTONE aris cifruli kreatiuli saagento, romelic onlain marke-
tingis srul serviss sTavazobs kompaniebs da ukve 7 welia warmatebulad moRvaweobs qar-
Tul bazarze. (magaliTad maTi SemuSavebulia Zalian popularuli Old Irish -is da natax-
taris – Sexede msubuqad d sareklamo kampaniebi). saqmianobidan gamomdinare maT aqvs Se-
xeba, rogorc kompaniebTan romlebic serviss ukveTaven, ise socialuri qselebis mom-
xmareblebTan da bazarze funqcionirebis didi gamocdileba daagroves am droisaTvis.
Sesabamisad kompaniis TanadamfuZnebelTan da generalur menejerTan, giorgi burWula-
ZesTan interviu saintereso da nayofieri gamodga.
32
batoni giorgis gancxadebiT erTiani socialuri media marketinguli strategia ar
arsebobs da arc formula, romelic yvela kompanias moutans warmatebas qarTul so-
cialur media sivrceSi. mTavaria, rom kompania kargad icnobdes Tavis momxmarebels, ax-
dendes zustad miznobriv momxmarebelze gasvlas da brendis imijis Sesabamisobis uz-
runvelyofas sakomunikacio strategiasTan. swored es d swori segmentireba, kompaniis
saqmianobis Sesabamisad brendis imijis formireba da momxmareblis Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare komunikaciis strategiis SemuSaveba aris maTi warmatebis ganmsazRvreli.
dakvirvebidan da gamocdilebidan gamomdinare qarTuli kompaniebis problemebad dRes
LEAVINGSTONE-is menejeri socialuri media marketingis ganxorcielebis dros miiCnevs
Semdegs:
1. brendis komunikaciis acdena brendis SinaarsTan;
2. araswori segmentireba;
3. naklebi kreatiuloba da aqtivobebis kopirebebi;
4. erTferovneba;
5. socialuri medis mniSvnelobis gauazrebloba da codnis dabali done.
qarTveli momxmareblis erT-erT Taviseburebad ki uaryofiTi informaciis gavrce-
lebisken swrafvas asaxelebs, rac garkveul wilad aferxebs kompaniis saqmianobas soci-
alur qselSi. garda amisa qarTuli socialuri media bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mniS-
vnelovan Taviseburebad asaxelebs Taobebs Soris didi mentaliteturi sxvaoba Taobebs
Soris, rac balansis dacvas moiTxovs komunikaciis strategiis ganxorcielebisas da ga-
mowvevaa kompaniebisTvis.
momxmarebelTa erT-erT sayvareli filmebis vebgverdis Adjaranet.com-is socialuri
media menejeri luka qurdianis azriT, maTi warmatebas ganapirobebs momxmarebelTa Ti-
Toeuli gansxvavebuli jgufisTvis SemuSavebuli optimaluri Facebook aqtivobebis nakrebi
da qarTulad maRali xarisxiT gaxmovanebuli filmebi. dReisaTvis maTi mimdinare
aqtivobebis, mimarTulebebis CamonaTvali acebook ze ki ase gamoiyureba: 1) ras vuyuro? 2)
Radaob? 3) qvizi 4) uyure qarTulad 5) gaxmovanebuli. TiToeuli maTgani, sxvadasxva tipis
momxmarebelzea gaTvlili da, Sesabamisad, egzavneba maT reklamebi da postebi. aqedan
gamomdinare, segmentacia sworad mimdinareobs da mudmivi aqtiuroba momxmarebels mo-
dunebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.
ZiriTadi problemebi, romlebsac batoni luka momxmareblebTan urTierTobisas
asaxelebs gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:
1. interesebs xSirad ar uTiTeben monacemebSi da rTuldeba miznobriv momxmarebelze
gasvla;
2. xSirad iwoneben gverdebs, romlebic realurad ar ainteresebT, rac arTulebs
aseve miznobriv segmentirebas;
3. postis Sinaarss xSirad ar kiTxuloben;
4. xSirad svamen araaadekvatur SekiTxvebs.
CamoTvlili problemebi miuTiTebs qarTveli momxmareblis mier qselis moxmarebis
jer kidev dabal doneze. rasac aseve aRniSnavs organizacia Esports-is produqtebis ganvi-
Tarebis menejeri da mrCeveli cifrul marketingSi luka beriZe. eleqtronuli sporti
saqarTveloSi axali mimarTuleba romlis ganviTarebasac aRniSnuli organizacia aqtiu-
rad cdilobs. Esports bazarze 6 Tvea rac gamoCnda da aqtivobebis naklebobas ar ganicdis.
batoni lukas gancxadebiT yvela bizness socialur qselSi sxvadasxva marketinguli
strategia sWirdeba saqmianobidan gamomdinare. eleqtronuli sporti specifikuri mi-
marTulebaa romlis mimdevrebic gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCevian. Tumca
misi socialur mediaSi muSaobis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (bank respublikis yofili
cifruli media menejeri) qarTvel socialuri qselis momxmareblebis ZiriTad Tavisebu-
rebebad da problemebad Semdegi miaCnia:
33
1. xarisxis aRqmis da garCevis uunaroba;
2. dabali xarisxis iumoris siyvaruli;
3. informirebulobis dabali done;
4. negatiuri informaciis gavrcelebisken swrafva.
rogorc Cans negatiur informaciis gavrcelebis siyvaruli marTlac aris qarTvel
momxmarebelSi, rac garkveul fsiqologiur Taviseburebebze miuTiTebs. aseve misi gan-
cxadebiT da dakvirvebiT amarTlebs nebismieri postisa Tu reklamis iseTi SigTavsi, ro-
melic uSualod exeba momxmarebels da aris qarTuli.
samive respodentTan interviusa da momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia
CamovayaliboT Semdegi gamowvevebi, romlebic dRes qarTuli kompaniebis winaSe dgas. ese-
nia:
1. SeinarCunon arsebuli momxmareblebi da gazardon maTi kmayofilebis done;
2. gazardon vebgverdze trafiki;
3. moizidon axali segmenti;
4. iyvnen mudmivad saintereso da mravalferovani;
5. gazardon cnobadoba;
6. mudmivad ganviTardnen da ar CamorCnen tendenciebs.
amasTan, vfiqrob kargi iqneba Tu qarTuli kompaniebi socialuri mediamarketingis
ganxorcielebisas gaiTvaliswineben Semdeg rekomendaciebs:
icnobdnen da kargad Seiswavlon sakuTar momxmareblebi;
moaxdinon dagegmva — pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kompaniam SeimuSaos socialuri me-
diamarketinguli gegma;
ar daaviwydeT, rom informaciis SigTavsi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani d kompania unda
iyos darwmunebuli, rom informacia rasac momxmarebels sTavazobs aris maTTvis sain-
tereso;
sworad moaxdinon segmentireba;
komunikaciis strategia unda iyos brendis imijTan Sesabamisi;
mudmivad iyvnen momxarebelTan kontaqtze da gaiTvaliswinon maTi azrebi;
Tvali adevnos konkurentebs;
iyvnen mudam inovaciurebi da kreatiulebi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gaanalizeba imisa, Tu
ramdenad mzardi da ramxela SesaZleblobebis mqonea socialuri qselebi, daexmareba ne-
bismier kompanias iqonios mWidro kavSiri momxmarebelTan, miawodos maT sasurveli
informacia da miiRos myisieri ukukavSiri, rac momaval marketingul RonisZiebebSi unda
iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. vfiqrob socialuri mediamarketingi aris erT-erT mZlavri mar-
ketinguli iaraRi Tanamedrove biznesSi da TiToeuli dakarguli wuTi misi gamouyeneb-
lobisa aris TiTo dakarguli momxmarebeli kompaniisTvis, rac esoden didia Tanamedrove
msoflio konkurenciis pirobebSi.
bazarze 6 Tvea rac gamoCnda da aqtivobebis naklebobas ar ganicdis.
batoni lukas gancxadebiT yvela bizness socialur qselSi sxvadasxva marketinguli
strategia sWirdeba saqmianobidan gamomdinare. eleqtronuli sporti specifikuri mimar-
Tulebaa romlis mimdevrebic gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebiT gamoirCevian. Tumca misi
socialur mediaSi muSaobis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare (bank respublikis yofili cif-
ruli media menejeri) qarTvel socialuri qselis momxmareblebis ZiriTad Tavisebu-
rebebad da problemebad Semdegi miaCnia:
5. xarisxis aRqmis da garCevis uunaroba;
6. dabali xarisxis iumoris siyvaruli;
7. informirebulobis dabali done;
34
8. negatiuri informaciis gavrcelebisken swrafva.
rogorc Cans negatiur informaciis gavrcelebis siyvaruli marTlac aris qarTvel
momxmarebelSi, rac garkveul fsiqologiur Taviseburebebze miuTiTebs. aseve misi gancxa-
debiT da dakvirvebiT amarTlebs nebismieri postisa Tu reklamis iseTi SigTavsi, romelic
uSualod exeba momxmarebels da aris qarTuli.
samive respodentTan interviusa da momxmarebelTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad SegviZlia
CamovayaliboT Semdegi gamowvevebi, romlebic dRes qarTuli kompaniebis winaSe dgas.
esenia:
7. SeinarCunon arsebuli momxmareblebi da gazardon maTi kmayofilebis done;
8. gazardon vebgverdze trafiki;
9. moizidon axali segmenti;
10. iyvnen mudmivad saintereso da mravalferovani;
11. gazardon cnobadoba;
12. mudmivad ganviTardnen da ar CamorCnen tendenciebs.
amasTan, vfiqrob kargi iqneba Tu qarTuli kompaniebi socialuri mediamarketingis
ganxorcielebisas gaiTvaliswineben Semdeg rekomendaciebs:
icnobdnen da kargad Seiswavlon sakuTar momxmareblebi;
moaxdinon dagegmva – pirvel rigSi aucilebelia kompaniam SeimuSaos socialuri me-
diamarketinguli gegma;
ar daaviwydeT, rom informaciis SigTavsi aris Zalian mniSvnelovani d kompania unda
iyos darwmunebuli, rom informacia rasac momxmarebels sTavazobs aris maTTvis sain-
tereso;
sworad moaxdinon segmentireba;
komunikaciis strategia unda iyos brendis imijTan Sesabamisi;
mudmivad iyvnen momxarebelTan kontaqtze da gaiTvaliswinon maTi azrebi;
Tvali adevnos konkurentebs;
iyvnen mudam inovaciurebi da kreatiulebi.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gaanalizeba imisa, Tu
ramdenad mzardi da ramxela SesaZleblobebis mqonea socialuri qselebi, daexmareba
nebismier kompanias iqonios mWidro kavSiri momxmarebelTan, miawodos maT sasurveli in-
formacia da miiRos myisieri ukukavSiri, rac momaval marketingul RonisZiebebSi unda
iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. vfiqrob socialuri mediamarketingi aris erT-erT mZlavri mar-
ketinguli iaraRi Tanamedrove biznesSi da TiToeuli dakarguli wuTi misi gamouyeneb-
lobisa aris TiTo dakarguli momxmarebeli kompaniisTvis, rac esoden didia Tanamedrove
msoflio konkurenciis pirobebSi.
literatura:
1. Robert E. Wilson, Samuel D. Gosling and Lindsay T. Graham- A Review of Facebook Research in the Social
Sciences, Perspectives on Psychological Science; 2012, p. 203-204.
2. Sisira Neti-Social Media and Its Role In Marketing; International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business
Systems; July 2011; p. 4-5.
3. University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance- Foundations of Social Media Marketing;
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, ( 2014 ) p. 40.
4. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-
marketing/#130eec3c2a4d
5. http://www.wordstream.com/social-media-marketing
6. https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
35
7. https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Social-Media-Marketers-Facebook-Produces-Best
ROI/1013918
8. https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/
9. http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/report/
10. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/
11. https://www.elsevier.com/connect/free-research-papers-on-social-media-and-marketing
12. http://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-social-media/
13. https://www.statista.com/statistics/269615/social-network-penetration-by-region/
36
xaTuna Tabagari ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura. xelmZRvanelebi:
profesorebi: aleqsandre TvalWreliZe, avTandil silagaZe
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali satranzito milsadenebis
(arsebuli da perspeqtiuli proeqtebis) gavlena qveynis
ekonomikur zrdaze
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrda damokidebulia sxvadasxva dargis ganviTarebaze. Ta-
namedrove gamowvevad iTvleba navTobisa da bunebrivi airis energetikuli da ekonomikuri
mniSvneloba saxelmwifoebisaTvis. geopolitikuri mdebareoba did SesaZleblobas aZlevs
mas, rom misi swori da strategiuli dagegmviT gaizardos ekonomikuri maCveneblebi.
msoflioSi mwvave problemas warmoadgens evrokavSiris navTobiTa da bunebrivi ai-
riT uzrunvelyofa. amJamad, igi maragdeba ruseTis federaciis energetikuli resursiT
(bunebrivi airi). evrokavSiri eZebs alternatiul wyaros energobazarze, raTa igi gaxdes
rusuli gazis Zlieri konkurenti da naklebi wnexi itvirTos evrokavSirma momaval peri-
odSi ekonomikur da politikur sferoSi.
aRniSnuli problemis gadawyveta SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos iranis islamur res-
publikaze, romelic aris ekonomikuri da energetikuli TvalsazrisiT Zlieri, mas, aseve,
gaaCnia politikuri mxardaWera saerTaSoriso diplomatiur sferoSi.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadis oTxi umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso donis milsa-
deni: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis, baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxre-
Tis milsadenebi. winamdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens saqarTvelo-iranis perspeqtiu-
li milsadenebis, arsebul da momaval milsadenebTan SedarebiTi ekonomikuri analizi, aR-
niSnuli proeqtis ganxorcielebiT miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeli da SesaZlo ekonomi-
kuri zrda. aRniSnul naSromSi gamoyenebulia, rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri wyaroebi.
navTobi da bunebrivi airi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan energetikul resursebs msof-
lioSi. saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba, romelTac ar gaaCniaT sakmarisi rezervi, axorciele-
ben mis imports. misi transportireba SesaZlebelia saxmeleTo milsadenebisa da specia-
luri tankerebis meSveobiT.
msoflios sxvadasxva kontinentze arsebobs navTobisa da bunebrivi airis milsadenTa
sistema. zogierTi maTgani saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisaa. CrdiloeT amerikis milsadenTa
sistema ase gamoiyureba:
1. CrdiloeT amerikaSi aSS-isa da kanadis magistraluri navTobsadenebi urTierT-
dakavSirebulia;
2. kanadaSi ZiriTadi navTobis gamnawilebeli centria edmindtoni, xolo aSS-Si — mid-
lendi da kaSingi;
3. ZiriTadi sanavTobe portebi Sesabamisi terminalebiT atlantikis auzSia hiustoni,
port arturi, korpus kristi da portlendi, xolo wynari okeanis auzSi d valdesi, padjet
saundi, long biCi san franciskoSi da los anJelesSi;
4. meqsikaSi naklebad ganviTarebuli navTobsadenTa qseli akavSirebs navTobis ofSo-
rul velebs ZiriTad qalaqebTan;
5. meqsikaSi ZiriTadi saeqsporto portia nueva teapa (Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011)).
37
samxreT amerikaSi magistraluri navTobsadenebTan SedarebiT gazsadenebi ufro me-
tad aris ganviTarebuli. magistraluri navTobsadenebi arsebobs kosta rikaSi, panamaSi,
kolumbiaSi, venesuelaSi, ekvadorSi, peruSi, boliviaSi, CileSi, argentinasa da braziliaSi
(iqve). rac Seexeba magistralur gazsadenebs, arsebobs kolumbiis gazsadeni, romelic ram-
denime qalaqs, qarxanasa da obieqts ukavSirdeba. zogierTi magistraluri gazsadeni ekuT-
vnis trinidadsa da tobagos.
rac Seexeba afrikas, saerTaSoriso donis navTobsadenebs ganekuTvneba nigeriis, su-
danis, zambia-tanzaniis, alJirisa da libiis. gazsadenebi ki ZiriTadad arsebobs alJirSi,
nigeriaSi, libiasa da egvipteSi.
avstraliaSi yvelaze naklebad aris ganviTarebuli, rogorc navTobsadenebi, ise gaz-
sadenebi.
eraySi arsebuli milsadenebiT navTobi nawildeba sirias, israels, TurqeTsa da Ta-
vad erays Soris. iranSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli milsadenTa sistema, romliTac resur-
si transportirdeba mniSvnelovan qalaqebSi saeqsporto terminalebTan da navTobis ve-
lebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. saudis arabeTSi, el riadisken mimarTuli navTobsadenebis
paralelurad moqmedebs mZlavri petrolainis qseli, romelic sparseTis yures wiTel
zRvasTan akavSirebs (iqve). iemeni, rogorc naxSirwyalbadebis erT-erTi eqsportiori qve-
yana, misi terminalebi ukavSirdebian navTobsabadoebs. arabeTis gaerTianebul saamiroeb-
Si navTobis eqsporti Tavs iyris ZiriTadad dubais portSi da rogorc navTobis eqsporti-
ori qveyana, igi axorcielebs mis miwodebas saerTaSoriso bazarze ofSoruli velebidan.
azerbaijani navTobiTa da bunebrivi airiT mdidari qveyanaa da eqsports axorcie-
lebs evropis mimarTulebiT ori milsadenis saSualebiT. es gaxlavT:
1. sufsis terminalTan saqarTveloSi baqo-sufsis navTobsadeniT, romelic amuSavda
1999 wels da romlis wliuri simZlavrea 73 milioni bareli (15 milioni tona);
2. botaSis anu jeihanis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeniT, romelic amuSavda 2005
wels da romlis simZlavrea 300 milioni bareli (50 milioni tona) weliwadSi (Tvalchrelidze,
A.G. (2011)).
azerbaijanisTvis navTobsa da bunebriv airs mTlian eqsportSi 95% ukavia. bolo 3
wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis aRniSnuli resursebidan miRebuli Semosavali mSp-is 50%-s
Seadgens.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom CineTs navTobiT amaragebs yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi da ruseTi.
amasTan erTad arsebobs konkurentuli mxolod rusuli milsadeni.
rac Seexeba evropis magistralur navTobsadenTa sistemas, igi yvelaze metadaa
datvirTuli sxva kontinentebTan SedarebiT. ruseTi navTobisa da bunebrivi airiT erT-
erTi yvelaze mdidari qveyanaa. masze gadis erT-erTi yvelaze didi milsadeni de.w.
„druJba“ (6 000 km (Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011))). igi evropisTvis bunebrivi airis miwodebis erT-
erTi mTavari wyaroa.
evropaSi gamoirCeva milsadenebi Semdegi qveynebidan: ruseTi (maT Soris TaTarstani,
baSkireTi), ukraina, poloneTi, germania da a.S. rusuli milsadenis saSualebiT navTobi
miewodebaT litvas, latvias, CexeTs da belaruss. aseve, arsebobs ruseTis meore mniSvne-
lovani milsadeni saxelwodebiT – baltika. evropaSi bunebrivi airis miwodeba agreTve
mimdinareobs Crdilo zRvis ofSoruli naxSirwyalbadebis velebidan.
bunebrivi airis evropisTvis miwodeba ZiriTadad mimdinareobs ruseTisgan. evros-
tatis oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT11, ruseTisgan xorcieldeba evrokavSiris buneb-
rivi airis mTliani moTxovnis 42%-ze metis dakmayofileba (rusuli gazis importi
ukrainisa da belorusis teritoriebze gamavali milsadenebis CaTvliT).
11 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics‐explained/index.php/Natural_gas_consumption_statistics.
38
eqsportior qveynebs ganekuTvnebian: ruseTi, azerbaijani, irani, erayi, uzbekeTi,
saudis arabeTi, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi da a.S. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis
transportireba garkveul danaxarjebTan da mogebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. TiToeuli
saxelmwifosTvis aRniSnuli resursi met-naklebad sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.
ruseTisTvis navTobi da bunebrivi airi Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. igi
Seadgens mSp 50%-ze met wils. irani, ruseTis msgavsad damokidebulia aRniSnul
resursebze, Tumca magaliTad, bunebrivi airis maragebis mixedviT, mas ufro metis
warmoeba SeuZlia (BP statistical review of world energy (2016). London: BP, 48 pp.).
satranzito qveynebs warmoadgenen: ukraina, belorusi, poloneTi da a.S. aqedan
gamomdinare, TiToeul qveyanas aqvs Tavisi ekonomikuri sargebeli da mniSvneloba
saerTaSoriso doneze. magaliTad, ruseTi ukrainis teritoriis saSualebiT evropas
awvdis mTlianad mis mier miwodebuli gazis 70%-s, xolo belorusis meSveobiT — 30%-s.
importiori qveynebi, ZiriTadad, arian naxSirwyalbadebis mcire maragebisa da misi
armqone qveynebi, maT Soris TvalSisacemia evropis qveynebi da evropuli energobazari.
saqarTvelo mdebareobs mniSvnelovan zonaSi. igi evropis karibWes warmoadgens
sxvadasxva qveynisaTvis ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad
iTvleba navTobis da bunebrivi airis miwodeba da misi satranzito qveynad warmoCena.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze amJamad oTxi strategiuli mniSvnelobis milsadeni
gadis. maT Soris ori navTobsadenia: baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da baqo-sufsis milsadenebi.
xolo danarCeni ori gazsadeni – baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxreTis magis-
trali.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni sigrZiT meorea msoflioSi. misi amoqmedda 2005
wels. saqarTveloSi 1768 km-dan xvdeba mxolod 229 km monakveTi. aRniSnuli milsadenis
simZlavre 50 milioni tona navTobia. rac Seexeba baqo-sufsis navTobsadens, misi sigrZea
830 km. saqarTveloSi aseve ganTavsebulia 120 000 tona tevadobis sufsis terminali. baqo-
sufsis milsadenis simZlavre 2 milioni tona navTobia.
(naxazi 1 http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats): navTobis wliuri transportireba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze (milioni bareli)
statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT (naxazi1), baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeniT
gacilebiT meti navTobis transportireba xdeba, vidre baqo-sufsidan.
39
saqarTvelos teritoriaze xorcieldeba bunebrivi airis transporti baqo-Tbi-
lisi-erzrumisa da CrdiloeT-samxreTis gazsadenis meSveobiT.
naxazi 2 (http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats): bunebrivi airis wliuri
transportireba (mlrd.m3)
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris oficialuri informaciiT 2015
wels Sida moxmarebam Seadgina 1 632,3 mln m3 (http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats). aqedan
gamomdinare 2015 wels daaxloebiT 6 mlrd m3 gadaizida TurqeTisa da somxeTis mimar-
TulebiT. rac sakmao Semosavlis momtania da winapiroba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri zrdis-
Tvis. zogadad, Sah-denizis wliuri gamtaroba 20 mlrd m3, xolo CrdiloeT-samxreTis ma-
gistralisa ki - 12 mlrd m3.
naxazi: 1.10.2 (http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx): bunebrivi airisa da navTobis
fasTa damokidebuleba
40
radgan navTobisa da bunebrivi airis fasebis korelacia 0,9 aRwevs da aqedan ga-
momdinare, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli resursebidan miRebuli sargebeli erTmaneTs Seva-
daroT.
baqo-Tbilisi jeihani aris 3 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis satransporto sis-
tema (The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005). Sweden: The Baku-Tbilisi-
Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West, Inc., 150 pp.,), multi-miliardobiT ukugeba hqonoda
aRniSnul Canafiqrs. azerbaijanidan nedli navTobis warmoeba da saqarTvelos teri-
toriamde moRwevisTvis daaxloebiT 13 mln dolari iyo saWiro azerbaijanuli kompa-
niisTvis.
azerbaijanis bunebrivi airis maragebis odenoba aris 1,1 mlrd m3, xolo navTobis
maragia 1 mlrd tona 2016 wlisTvis.
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani TurqeTisTvis mniSvnelovania navTobis gadazidvisTvis, rad-
gan ufro nakleb fasSi axdens transportirebas tankerebis saSualebiT. aseve, dasa-
wyisisTvis weliwadSi mas unda mieRo 200 mln dolari, xolo daaxloebiT 17-dan 40 wlamde
misi Semosavali yovelwliurad iqneba 290 milioni dolari (The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute &
Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)). TurqeTma, aseve, naxa sargebeli Sahdenizis proeqtis ganxor-
cielebiT, bunebrivi airis nakleb fasad miReba.
saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze metad sasargeblo proeqti ganxorcielda (baqo-Tbilisi-
jeihani), radgan misi wliuri Semosavali aris daaxloebiT 50-60 mln dolari weliwadSi.
amasTan man CrdiloeT-samxreTis magistralis gazsadenis transportirebiT miiRo 8
milioni dolari, daaxloebiT 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia, rom saqarTvelom
miiRo 2,5 mlrd dolaris Semosavali, rac yovelwliurad 62,5 milion dolars uTanabrdeba
(The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)). azerbaijanisTvis baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis, baqo-sufsis da sxva milsadenebis saSuale-
biT miRebuli Semosavali daaxloebiT 100 mlrd dolars aWarbebs (The Central Asia-Caucasus
Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005)).
dRevandeli pirobebidan gamomdinare, evrokavSirs esaWiroeba bunebrivi airis mom-
wodebeli alternatiuli wyaro. amJamad, evropis energo bazarze rusuli gazi dominirebs,
rac, warsuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, safrTxisSemcvel garemoebas warmoadgens
ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT. rusuli bunebrivi airis konkurent qveynad
iranis islamuri saxelmwifo moiazreba. igi gazis maragebis mixedviT pirvel adgilze
imyofeba 34 trilioni m3, xolo ruseTi d meore adgilze 32,3 trilioni m3-iT (BP statistical
review of world energy (2016). London: BP, 48 pp), amasTan, rusuli gazi momavali 12-15 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi SesaZlebelia amoiwuros. ruseTi evropis paralelurad amaragebs CineTis sa-
xalxo respublikasac. misi milsadenebi aris gaumarTavi. irani rezervze orientirebuli
saxelmwifoa, ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, mas saerTaSoriso mxardaWera gaaCnia evrokavSi-
ris mxridan.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg iranma kargi urTierTobebi maSinve daamyara saqar-
TvelosTan, radgan igi warmoadgens iranisTvis karibWes vaWrobisa da, zogadad, ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. irans surs saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba gagrZel-
des bunebrivi airis bazarze. mas Seswevs unari gazardos gazis warmoeba da eqsporti ev-
ropis mimarTulebiT.
axali milsadenis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba daaxloebiT 25-30 mlrd m3 buneb-
rivi airis transportireba, rac saqarTvelos ganviTarebis perspeqtivas warmoadgens
saerTaSoriso masStabiT. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 5-jer metia, vidre 2015
wlisTvis transportirebuli bunebrivi airis moculoba. igi mniSvnelovan adgils dai-
kavebs saqarTvelos energo bazarze. igi iranTan erTad iqneba bunebrivi airis saimedo
mimwodebeli evropisaTvis.
41
dRevandeli dRis pirobebSi saqarTvelo-iranis TanamSromloba metad mniSvnelova-
nia aSS-is prezidentis - donald trampis administraciis pirobebSi. mogexsenebaT, rom aSS-
isa da evrokavSiris interesebi gaiyo da saqarTvelos SeuZlia irani daubrunos civilize-
bul samyaros.
SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tuki iranidan ganxorcielde-
ba bunebrivi airis eqsporti saqarTvelos gavliT evropis mimarTulebiT, es garda imisa,
rom yvela am proeqtSi monawile qveyanas sargebels moutans, saqarTvelosTvis iqneba es
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani. Semosavali Tu ki masze gamavali 4 milsadenis farglebSi
meryeobs weliwadSi 62 mln dolaramde, radganac misi maragebis azrbaijanisas aRemateba
TiTqmis 34-jer, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelosTvisac ufro meti Semosavlis miRebis safuZve-
li iqneba. garda amisa, gaizrdeba saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba.
saqarTvelos SeuZlia miiRos kidev ufro meti sargebeli misi geostrategiuli mde-
bareobidan gamomdinare, miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad masze gadis 4 milsadeni, maT Soris
3 saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iranis resursebis potencialis gamo-
yeneba, vinaidan irani Zlier saxelmwifos warmoadgens msoflio ekonomikasa da politikaSi
- igi mdidaria naxSirwyalbadebiT.
SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom, Tuki iranidan ganxorci-
eldeba bunebrivi airis eqsporti saqarTvelos gavliT evrokavSirisaken, es iqneba rusuli
gazis konkurenti gazi. igi iqneba TurqeTis Semosavlis mniSvnelovani zrdis maCvenebeli.
irani saqarTvelosTan erTad iqneba energousafrToebis garanti, aRniSnuli milsadenis
saSualebiT, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis da sxva milsadenebis proeqtebis ganxorcielebiT mi-
Rebul sargebelTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelos Semosavali minimum gasammagdeba.
literatura:
1. a. TvalWreliZe, T. berberaSvili da m. oTaraSvili (2016). nedleulis ekonomika. nedleulis
roli globalizebul samyaroSi, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba „nekeri“, gv. 540.
2. Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (2011). Economics of commodities and commodity markets. New York: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc., p. 906.
3. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program. (2005). Sweden: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan
Pipeline: Oil Window to the West, Inc., p. 150.
4. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/transporation-stats
5. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/gas-transportation
6. http://www.gogc.ge/ge/oil-transportation
7. http://geostat.ge/?action=page&&p_id=2287&lang=geo
8. BP statistical review of world energy (2016). London: BP, p. 48.
9. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Natural_gas_consumption_statistics
10. https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Azerbaijan/Azerbaijan-s-oil-dependence-123328
42
humanitaruli mecnierebani
eTnologia, istoria, literaturaTmcodneoba
qeTevan cimintia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, bakalavriati,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori roland TofCiSvili
damnaSaveTa gamoaSkaravebisa da sasjelis formebis Sesaxebmegrul
CveulebiT samarTalSi
saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebma maRali samarTlebrivi kultura Seqmnes. amis da-
madasturebelia is sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwies da warmoadgenen
qarTuli samarTlis mniSvnelovan wyaros. Tumca, saqarTvelos zogierT istoriul-eT-
nografiul mxareSi, saxelmwifos mier dadgenili kanonebis paralelurad moqmedebda Cve-
ulebiTi samarTlis normebic. aseT mxareTa Soris iyo samegreloc.
samegreloSi CveulebiTi samarTali mxardaWerili iyo mTavrisa da mmarTveli fenis
mxridan. Sua saukuneebSi, ucxoeli mogzaurebis CanawerebiT, vxedavT sasjelis formebs,
romlebic arsebobda da aqtiurad moqmedebda. sasjelis simZime danaSaulze iyo damoki-
debuli. naqurdalisTvis xdeboda fasis gadaxdevineba, xelis an fexis moWra gaxurebuli
najaxiT, Tvalebis amowva, cxviris moWra da sxva. aRsaniSnavia, rom damnaSavis gamosaaSka-
raveblad farTod gamoiyenebdnen adaTobrivi samarTlisTvis damaxasiaTebel ordaliebs
(aduRebul wyalSi xelis Cayofa, cali xeliT xeze Camokideba, fici). gviani periodisTvis
CveulebiTma samarTalma forma icvala da xatze gadacemis (ginoCamis) saxe miiRo. mas
qristianobis elementebic Seerwya. samegreloSi dRemde SemorCenilia CveulebiTi samarT-
lis erT-erTi forma – `ginoCama~. is xalxur wiaRSi warmoSobili qcevis wesia, romelic
garkveuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebisTvis damnaSavis dasjas uzrunvelyofda. misi Sesru-
lebis praqtikidan Cans, rom xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs Serwymuli aqvs qristianuli
elementebi. is, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmoadgens rogorc sinkretul, aseve paganizebul saxes.
erTianobaSi ki qmnis mTlian sistemas da moqmedebs rogorc xalxuri samarTali. `gino-
Camis~. bolo dromde SemorCena ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli bedukuRmarTobiTa da
saxelmwifo samarTlis funqcionirebis SesustebiT.
`ginoCama~ rogorc aRvniSne, xdeboda eklesiebSi da qristianuli xatebis (mate-
rialurad arsebulis) winaSe. xalxi samarTals wmindanebis ZalaSi eZebda, gansakuTrebuli
ki wminda giorgi iyo. Tumca `ginoCama~ xdeboda, aseve xeze, samWedloSi, wyalze, wisqvilSi,
taZris kedlebze, miwaze da sxva. `eklesiebis irgvliv gaSenebulia maRali, msxvili xeebi da
garSemortymulia qvis galavniT an meseriT. am xeebis fesvebi xatebisTvis aris Sewiruli,
amitomac maT ar Wrian da arc ubralod exebian, raTa xatebis risxva ar gamoiwvion~ (Sar-
deni 1975: 148). savaraudod, es xeebi, romelzec Sardeni saubrobs muxa da cacxvia. qarTul
xalxur yofaSi muxa da cacxvi wminda xeebia. aseve, megrelTa rwmeniT, Zalian Zlieria tyis
blis xeze lursmnis miWedeba da amdagvarad gadacema damnaSavisa.
sofel CqvalerSi, erT-erTi mTxrobelis TqmiT, fifias gvaris warmomadgenels
gadaucia cacxvis xeze kaci, Seugrovebia xalxi da am xalxis TandaswrebiT amouWria xeze
jvari da Tan uTqvams gadamcemis teqsti. sof. CqvalerSi, leSamges ubanSi aris Zveli
eklesia, `leSamges qirse-mancxvari~ aq scodniaT xatze gadacema da dawyevla. eklesiis
ezoSi aris didi cacxvis xe, romelzedac xdeboda „ginoCamisas“ lursmnebis miWedeba, an
sxva raime moqmedeba. xalxis rwmeniT, am eklesiaze Tu eklesiis ezoSi arsebul xeebze vinme
samarTlis saZieblad gadascemda damnaSaves, xati aucileblad Seismenda da dauyovnebliv
43
ipovida samarTals. „xSirad jege da qirse gadacemul adamians Tavis fexiT miiyvanda
eklesiis karebTano. gadacemuls xatis karebTan miabamdnen. gadacemis dros mawyevari Tu
ityoda: „Cemi mavnebeli jege da qirse ise cudad gaxade, rom igi aiZule Sens karze Tavisi
fexiT movides da aq miabano“. amis gamo gadacemuli adamiani Tu cudad gaxdeboda, is mkiT-
xavis rCeviT, midioda qirses karebTan da mas iq daabamdnen. am adamians daixsnida misive
mokeTe, romelmac mkiTxavis miTiTebiT icoda, Tu ramdeni fuli unda moetana avadmyofis
dasaxsnelad. xSirad adamianis sanacvlod cxens an xars miabamdnen xatis karebTan da amis
Semdeg avadmyofi axsnilad iTvleboda da is ikurnebodao“ (makalaTia 1941: 368).
sofel alertSi, legogies ubanSi erT kacs Rori mouparavs. biWs Turme RoriviT
jagari amosvlia saxeze da mTels sxeulze. Svela manam ar hqonia, sanam mawyevarma ar da-loca. yofila SemTxveva, roca mamakacs mouparavs Roris damarilebuli xorci, amis gamo
gadauciaT da damnaSavis ojaxSi, qals sxeulze marili gamosvlia. mTxrobelTa TqmiT Ro-
ris, batis da gogris qurdi sastikad isjeba „ginoCamis“ gareSec. TavisiT iwyevlebao.
„ginoCamis“, xatze gadacemis mizezi, ZiriTadad, qurdobaa, aseve saxl-karis gadawva,
mkvleloba Tu sxva mZime danaSauli. sofel CqvalerSi erT-erT SeZlebuli fifiasTvis Ra-rib fifias saxl-kari gadauwvia. gadamwvar saxlSi yofila patarZali, romelic mziTvis
gamosatanad Sesula cecxlwakidebul saxlSi da Sig Camwvara. gamwarebul ojaxis ufros
qals (dedamTils) cecxlis wamkidebeli gadaucia ilorSi. mas furcelze dauweria wyevla
da beWedic daurtyams. iloris eklesias hqonia beWedi, romelic, mTxrobelTa TqmiT, samkuTxa formis iyo.
am furclebs samegreloSi xvdebodi saflavis qvebze. am dromde iloris eklesiaSi „ginoCa-
mili“ furceli sofel Walis erT-erT sasaflaoze yofila Semonaxuli. samwuxarod dRes
is furceli aRar arsebobs da amitom zustad ver SevZeli, gamego, Tu rogori iyo iloris
eklesiis beWedi, romelsac wyevlis furcelze artyamdnen.
sofel WaleSi aris adgili „oWkeSi“. aq yofila qva, romelsac megrelebi gansakuT-
rebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. aq Waledan gaTxovili qalebi salocavad modiodnen. am ad-
gilze scodniaT „ginoCamac“.
sofel obujSi iyo „miqelgario qiaCis“ xati. am xatze gamosaxuli iyo wminda miqel da
gabrieli. xatze aficebdnen qurdebs, avazakebs da maT mowmeebs. dReoba imarTeboda 15
agvistos da ikribeboda didZali xalxi. gansakuTrebiT ki modiodnen is adamianebi, rom-lebsac xatze gadacema, wyevla an daficeba surdaT (makalaTia: 1941). obujSi ician wyevla
„geSaqiaCeda“, rac niSnavs amoZirkuliyavi, „moqiaCel sqan dudu“ (moqiaCebuli Seni Tavi).
locva d „agaSenaT qiaCma“.
kakaCiasa da Sengelaiebis gvars erTmaneTi gadacemuli hyavT qiaCis xatze. gad-mocemiT, qiaCis xati kakaCiebs ekuTvnodaT. isini Cumad uvlidnen mas. kakaCiebs gvarSi
gamoreviaT qurdi, romelmac Sengelaiebis rZals mziTvi mopara. qurdis gamoaSkaravebis
miuxedavad, mziTvi ver daubrunes kakaCiebma Sengelaiebs da sanacvlod qiaCis xati mosT-
xoves. mas Semdeg xati Sengelaiebs ekuTvnodaT da isini icavdnen. kakaCiebma Sengelaiebi
dawyevles da obujSi, am or gvars Soris qorwineba ar xdeba. sofel miqavaSi, samiqaos ubanSi qoniaT samreklo. aq iyo wminda giorgis xati dasve-
nebuli. samreklosTan ikribebodnen soflis uxucesebi. mosaxleobas ki zaris rekviT age-
binebdnen, rom Sekreba unda momxdariyo. am wminda giorgis xatTan xdeboda damnaSavis ga-
moaSkaraveba, dasja da sxva. erT-erT Rvinjilias mouparavs Txa. soflis uxucesebs eWvmi-
tanili Rvinjilia daubarebiaT wminda giorgis xatTan. mTeli soflis winaSe, xatze
dauficnia Rvinjilias, rom simarTles ityoda da danaSaulic uRiarebia. soflis uxu-
cesebs SeundviaT es danaSauli im pirobiT, rom aRar Caidenda. leqsic aris xalxuri am da-
naSaulze: „vaheia, vaheia/ TxaS maxinji maTeia/ Txa dinafil maTeia/ dRa dinafil maTeia“.
„ginoCama“ scodniaT wisqvilSi, samWedloSi, mdinareze da a.S. „ginoCamis“ rituali
moicavs erT-erT komponents da es aris „morsxa“, „ginoCamis“ SemTxvevaSi wyevlisgan gaTa-
44
visuflebis rituali. Tumca wyevlisgan gaTavisufleba-argaTavisufleba damokidebulia
wyevlis teqstze. SesaZloa adamiani gaTavisuflebis gamoricxviTaa xatze gadacemuli.
„morsxa“ leqsikonSi ganmartebulia, rogorc „xsna, saSveli; nasaxi, natamali risime,
ukiduresi mdgomareobidan gamosayvani saSualeba“ (qobalia 2010: 475).
yvelaze mZimea xatze gadacema „morsxis“ gareSe, am dros wyevla, rogorc samegre-
loSi sjeraT, mawyevars ukan ubrundeba, miuxedavad imisa, mawyevari samarTlianad gadas-cems Tu ara wyevlas. yofila SemTxveva, rodesac Zmis mkvlelobisTvis samarTaldamcavebs
ar dausjiaT mkvleli. ojaxis wevrebma, anu moklulis debma dades gauTxovrobis aRTqma
da mdinareSi Cavidnen, wyalSi Camoivarcxnes Tma da dawyevles mkvleli da misi ojaxis yve-
la mamakaci. mTxrobelTa rwmeniT „ginoCamam“ samarTali aRadgina da yvela mamakaci dam-
naSavis ojaxSi gardaicvala. debma ki gauTxovrobis aRTqma dades, raTa STamomavlebi ar
hyolodaT da wyevla ukan ar dabrunebuliyo.
Tavis mxriv, mawyevari atarebda rituals, romelsac „ersxa“ erqva. leqsikonSi „ersxa“
ganmartebulia, rogorc: „axsna, daxsna, awyveta (dabmulisa), erTgvari rituali, romelic
xatze gadamcems emarTa. rodesac xatze gadacemuli da dawyevlili ojaxi amowydeboda, wyevlis mobrumebis Tavidan asacileblad mawyevari saklav-sawiriT unda xleboda xats, raTa Sewyaleba da wyevlis gabaTileba eTxova. nawilobriv arsxebas axdendnen yovelTvis,
roca gadacemuli ojaxis romelime wevri mokvdeboda, upiratesad swiravdnen cxvars“
(qobalia 2010: 40).
„ersxa“ aucileblad unda Seesrulebina mawyevars, raTa Tavidan aecilebina wyevlis
ukan dabruneba. aris SemTxvevebi, roca es rituali „xvamad“ qceula, anu yovelwliuri
dReobis saxe miuRia. magaliTad, sof. muJavaSi arqaniebis gvari atarebs „ganaliniS xvamas“,
romelic bavSvis dabadebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ojaxis ufrosi qali ojaxSi bavSvis da-badebisas mudmivad asrulebs am rituals.
amrigad, „ginoCama“ xatze gadacemas niSnavs. is mxolod xatze, rogorc materialurad
arsebul wminda saganze gadacemas/dawyevlas ar gulisxmobs. gadacema SeiZleba moxdes
xeze, wisqvilSi, taZris kedelze, miwaze, wyalze da sxva. xalxis warmodgeniT, am wesis Ses-rulebiT, garkveuli danaSaulebrivi qmedebisTvis, uzrunvelyofdnen damnaSavis gamoaS-karavebasa da Semdeg mis dasjas. unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar aris Cveulebrivi wyevla. moi-cavs metad saintereso aspeqtebs da moiTxovs wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas.
literatura:
1. makalaTia: 1941: makalaTia sergi, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia. Tbilisi, 1941.
2. makalaTia: 1938: makalaTia sergi, jege-misaronis kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1938.
3. saxokia: 1985: saxokia Tedo, mogzaurobani. baTumi, 1985.
4. abakelia: 1997: abakelia nino, simbolo da rituali qarTul kulturaSi. Tbilisi, 1997.
5. qobalia: 2010: qobalia alio, megruli leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 2010.
6. gujejiani: 2010: gujejiani rozeta, CveulebiTi samarTali, kr. saqarTvelos eTnogra-
fia/eTnologia. Tbilisi, 2010.
7. nadareiSvili: 1990: nadareiSvili giorgi, qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTlis instituti –
„codvis mokideba“, kr. qarTuli CveulebiTi samarTali 2. Tbilisi, 1990.
8. doliZe: 1960: doliZe isidore, saqarTvelos CveulebiTi sjuli. Tbilisi, 1960.
9. Sardeni: 1975: Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi. Tbilisi,
1975.
10. lamberti: 1938: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera. Tbilisi, 1982.
11. antioqieli: 1982: makari antioqieli, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, armaRani. Tbilisi 1982.
45
Teona kvanWiani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, magistratura,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori roland TofCiSvili
erTi xalxuri dResaswaulis Sesaxeb svaneTidan migirirebul
ekomigrantTa Soris
svaneTis tradiciul yofaSi boslobis dResaswauli atarebs or saxelwodebas; len-
texSi „boslobasac“ uwodeben da „beembRusac“ laSxeT-ColurSi ki „meembRus“. dResaswau-
li aRiniSneba moZravi grafikiT. aRdgomis dResaswaulis wina periodSi, xorcielis das-
rulebis wina SabaTs imarTeba Tvalebis tkivilis sawinaaRmdegod dauqmebuli dReoba „mei-
saroba“. meisarobis Semdeg SabaT dRes ki aRiniSneba „boslob“ //„beembRu“-s dResaswauli.
qvemo svaneTSi arsebuli am dResaswaulis Sesaxeb saintereso masalebs gvawvdis mkvlevari
arsen oniani, romlis mixedviTac es dRe qvemo svaneTSi saerTo uqme dRe yofila yve-
lasTvis. locva da sxvadasxva procesebi sruldeba mxolod SeRamebis Semdeg, e.i vaxSmis
dros. im saRamosTvis gamocxveba „tabla“ (Sesawiri puris erTi nairsaxeobis saxelwodeba
svaneTSi) tablebi daiwyoba sacerze. daiWers maT ojaxis ufrosi xelSi da miva msxvilfexa
saqonelTan. aRapyrobs sacerSi Cawyobil tablebs maRla da saqonlis baton patron da
gamCen RmerTebs SesTxovs maT gamravlebas. locvis dros amboben am sityvebs: ჲanar-fural
xvaiu gviri, miCa meWem maarol, miCa dab i laarool // xarebi da Zroxebi bevri gvyavdes,
maTi momyoli adamiani, maTi yanebi da mindvrebi. am locvis Tqma ician lentexis TemSi, xo-
lo laSxeTis TemSi ki ai ase: „beembRula ჴaCindula xvaiu gviri ჴanar i fural miCa meWem
maarol, miCa dab i laarol - mi hi hi hi! // bambRula aCindula bevri gvyavdes xarebi da
Zroxebi, misi momyoli adamianebi, misi yana da mindvrebi - mi hi hi hi! am locvebis Tqmis
dros ojaxis sxva wevrebi amave locvis sityvebs imeoreben, zurgze hyavT akidebuli bav-
Svebi an ojaxis momcro tanis mqone sxva wevrebi da daiarebian saqonlis win, romlebsac
Tavi gamoyofili aqvT winisken. maT win aris blomad dayrili Tiva ise, rom locvis Ses-
rulebis dros da locvis sityvebis gameorebisas saqoneli am process uyurebdes mis win
dayrili Tivis Wama ki ar SeeZlos manam sanam procesi ar damTavrdeba.
am Ramis Sesaxeb arsen onianisTvis sofel SgedSi mcxovreb semiran gabians uambnia:
sofel orbelSi am Rames Suacecxlis kerias, oTx fexze daCoqili dedakaci gars Semouvlis
da Tan gaiZaxis: „kot mozvera d kot mozvera“ xolo misi qmari isic oTx fexze mdgomi mos-
devs mis dedakacs ukan da sapasuxod imis sityvebisa eubneba: „me var Seni xar-mozvera, me
var Seni xar-mozvera“ da ase samjer Semouvlian cecxls irgvliv. Camweris varaudiT es wi-
naT xdeboda, radgan mas msgavsi ram sxvagan arsad ar gaugonia.
garda amisa, arsen oniani gvawvdis kidev erT saintereso cnobas, am dResaswaulis er-
Ti saritualo variaciis Sesaxeb. zemo svaneTSi sofel £eliSi, am dResaswaulis Rames dae-
seodnen Tavisi qmrebi colebs da rac ufro metjer Seasrulebdnen sqesobriv aqts imden-
jer meti saqonlis gamravlebas moelodneno. Camweri dasZens, rom aRniSnuli mxolod sxva-
Tagan gaugonia da uSualod am sofelSi ki ar gadaumowmebia (a. oniani, saarqivo masala,
1934 w).
Tanamedrove viTarebiT migrirebulTa Soris boslobis aRniSvnis tradicia TiTqmis
ucvleli formiTaa Semonaxuli. ojaxis diasaxlisi dilidanve iwyebs mzadebas da SeRamebis
Jams ki daiwyebs purebis, xaWapurebis, kartofilianebisa da lobianebis gamocxobas. sva-
46
neTSi am purebs „tablebad“ acxobdnen aq ki aRar. daalagebs gamomcxvar purTa nairsaxeo-
bebs sacerze, wava boselSi iq erT sufTa adgils SearCevs, daafens Tivas da vidre masze
dayrides am purebs dailoceba da ufals SesTxovs adamianebisa da saqonlis gamravlebas.
Semdeg dayris sacerze moTavsebul purebs Tivaze, romelsac iq myofi bavSvebi miscvivde-
bian da cdiloben rac SeiZleba meti puri Seixvedron. bavSTagan ufrosebi maTze patara
bavSvebs zurgze wamoikideben da Tan gaiZaxian: „bambRuna qacimbula Ãanar fural xvaiu
gvaya, ejiare mჲmarid bofSari Cuu arix i xoSaali mag“//„bambRuna qacimbula xarebi da Zro-
xebi bevri gvyavdes, maT gamomyeneblad bavSvebi da didebi yvela“. migrirebulTa didi
nawili aRniSnavs, rom axal garemoSi am purebis dayra boslis nacvlad ZiriTadad saxlSi
xdeba Rumelis win.
tradiciul qarTul yofaSi termin „boslobis“ ramdenime variacia dasturdeba. maT
Soris didi adgili eWira boslobis tradicias qarTul saaxalwlo ritualebSi. am SemTxve-
vaSi gamovTqvamT varauds, rom saaxalwlo ritualebSi arsebuli „basiloba“ // „bosloba“
wminda basili didis saxels ukavSirdeba, radganac cnobilia, saeklesio marTlmadideb-
luri kalendris mixedviT 1(14) ianvari aris winadacveTa uflisa Cvenisa ieso qristesi da
wminda basili didis xsenebis dRe. SesaZloa, wminda basili didis saxeli Caenacvla arqaul
sarwmunoebriv sistemaSi arsebul nayofierebis kults, romelsac, SesaZloa, fesvebi
uZvelesi droidanve hqonda gadgmuli qarTvelTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi, sadac is Tav-
dapirvelad gaigivebuli iyo saqonlis mfarvel RvTaebasTan, romelic erT-erTi uZve-
lesTagania qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi (T. kvanWiani 2014). basili didis kulti mkvle-
varma vera bardaveliZem, daukavSira mis mierve gamovlenil zogadqarTul iTifalur
RvTaebas – bosels (bombRas). vera bardaveliZis azriT, boseli saqonlis qarTuli warmar-
Tuli RvTaebaa da igi saqonlis, gansakuTrebiT Roris, gamravlebisa da movla-patronobis
mfarvel RvTaebad moiazreboda (v. bardaveliZe 1939).
Cvens mier zemoT ganxilul bobslobis//bembRus tradicias eWvgareSea, rom arqauli
fesvebidan iRebdes saTaves da dakavSirebulia saqonlisa mfarvel uZveles RvTaebasTan.
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, araviTari kavSiri dReobas da mis Semadgenel rituals ar aqvs
qristiani wmindanis basili didis saxelTan. a. soxaZis daskvniT „bosloba“ miwaTmoqmede-
basTan Serwymul msxvilfexa saqonlis meurneobis amsaxvel uZveles dReobas warmoadgens
da igi aseve avlens kavSirs qarTvelTa warmarTuli religiis sawyisebTan d mzis, cecxlis,
mTvaris wylisa da dedamiwis kultebTan masSi mravladaa magiuri elementebic (a. soxaZe
1964).
literatura:
1. abakelia, alaverdaSvili, RambaSiZe: 1991: abakelia nino, alaverdaSvili qeTevan, Ram-
baSiZe nino, qarTul xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tbilisi, 1991.
2. bardaveliZe: 1939: bardaveliZe vera, svanur xalxur dReobaTa kalendari, Tbilisi,
1939.
3. kvanWiani: 2014: kvanWiani Teona, basilobis tradicia saaxalwlo ritualebSi, mermisi
II , 2014.
4. oniani: 1934: oniani arsen, saarqivo masala qvemo svanaTis miTologiisaTvis, ivane ja-
vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, 1934.
5. soxaZe: 1964: soxaZe akaki. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebisa da mis gadmonaSTebTan
brZolis istoriidan. Tbilisi, 1964.
47
maia kobiaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, doqtorantura,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino mindiaSvili
`cisferyanwelebi~ 1936-1937 wlebis qarTul presaSi
Tanamedrove literaturis istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoadgens meoce
saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis qarTuli mwerlobis genezisis kvleva, rameTu aRniSnuli perio-
dis mwerloba Tavisi nairferovnebiT dResac aqtualuria da saWiroebs Seswavlas, axlidan
gadaxedvas da CaRrmavebas rogorc Tematikis, aseve politikuri da subieqturi damoki-
debulebebis ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT.
yvela da yvelaferi Secvala 1925 wlis 25-ma Tebervalma. sergo orjonikiZem leninsa
da stalins depeSiT amcno: „Tbilisze frialebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis wiTeli droSa. gau-
marjos sabWoTa saqarTvelos“. qarTuli mwerloba erTgvari alternativis winaSe dadga:
memarcxeneoba Tu memarjveneoba.
sabWoTa mwerlobam uaryo „xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis“ da yovelgvari dekadenturi
mimdinareobani. 1925 wels man miiRo cnobili rezolucia „mxatvrul literaturaSi par-
tiis politikis Sesaxeb“ (1,28) mTavari ieriSi ki `cisferyanwelTa“ dajgufebaze, mis lite-
raturul tradiciebze miitana da misi xelyofis xarjze aRazeva da gaafetiSa proleta-
ruli mwerloba. sabWoeTi qarTvel mwerlebs partiuli kriteriumebiT afasebda.
dekadentizmi, kerZod, modernizmi imperializmis pirmSoa. `cisferyanwelebs“ upiro-
bod miaCndaT saqarTvelos gadarCenis gzad evropeizmi, magram totalitarulma manqanam
isinic qveS moiyola. yanwelebma maleve auRes alRo axal viTarebas. v gafrindaSvili 1937
wels Tavisi leqsebis wignis winasityvaobaSi werda: „axlandeli Cemi gza aris socialistu-
ri realizmis gza. me mekuTvnis lozungi „dabruneba miwasTan“, romliTac me movuwodebdi
Cems literaturul TanamoRvaweebs... me vcdilob axlandel Cems leqsebSi sruliad Tavi-
sufali viyo Cemi warsuli meTodebisgan“ (1,28). Tumca, cxadia, es „gaTavisufleba“ sainte-
reso da grZeli procesi aRmoCnda yvela „cisferyanwelisTvis“.
ramdenadac umZimesi iyo e.w. represiebis wlebi (1936-1938), miT ufro sagulisxmo da
angariSgasawevia im periodi presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli werilebi, rogorc „nivT-
mtkiceba“ viTarebis, mwerlebisa da kritikosebis Sesafaseblad.
werili „sabWoTa saqarTvelos mSromelTa werili xalxTa belads did stalins“, iwyeba
mimarTviT:
`Cveno Zvirfaso da sayvarelo amx. stalin!
sabWoTa saqarTvelos 15 wlis Tavis sayovelTao, saxalxo dResaswaulis dRes Cveni
usazRvro siyvarulisa da erTgulebis sasixarulo , gulwrfeli grZnobebi mopyrobilia
Sensken. dido belado, brZeno maswavlebelo, mTeli msoflios mSromelTa megobaro“ da a.S.
werilis avtoris ganwyoba aSkarad paTetikuri, rac, SesaZloa, ar gamoricxavdes ironias,
Zaldatanebas, TviTgadarCenis instinqts. aq xazgasasmelia TariRi - 1936 weli, radgan mZi-
me represiebi karsaa momdgari, amitomac waagavs sicocxlis, gadarCenis wyurviliT nakar-
naxev Sinagan mdgomareobas“.
„Zala proletariatis, ar mokvdeba, arc momkvdara,
isev brZola, mainc brZola, yovel wuTSi, yovelgvarad...
xalxi gwamda, xalxmac gicno, beladaT da winamZRvarad.“
48
aqve vkiTxulobT:
„TviTmpyrobeli imperia mokvda, veRar gaibrZolos,
amovardes misi xsovna, ufskrulebSi Caiqolos,
da jilagic menSevizmis misma kubom Caiyolos“.
avtorTa jgufi, romelic aqveynebs galeqsil werils, amgvarad ganmartavs Tavis ax-
lo warsulis ganwyobas:
„...saqarTvelos daeufla menSeviki,
Cvenma odnav Seyovnebam d ganacocxla TiTqos igi,
Tavadi da aznauri, vaWari da RvdelTa xrova,
saqarTvelos kar-midamo, gadaxra da gadasZova...
vin waSalos Savi laqa, vin SeaSros sisxli xelebs...“
avtorebi aRiareben saqarTvelos winsvlas, bednier momavals winaswarmetyveleben ,
aRiareben, rom „TxuTmet welSi saqarTvelo saarakod saxes icvlis, WeSmaritad axla moxda
ayvaveba Cveni miwis.“ gazeTis furcelze vkiTxulobT, rom `axal sityvas“ bevri axal-
gazrda mwerali da poeti sWedavs, mxatvruli sityviT emsaxureba axali cxovrebisaTvis
brZolis saqmes da iqve CamoTvlilia maTi gvarebi: g. tabiZe, m. javaxiSvili, e. gabaSvili, an.
xoStaria, d. megreli, l. qiaCeli, n. lorTqifaniZe, p. iaSvili, n. iwiSvili, k. gamsaxurdia, a.
abaSeli, s. euli, i. griSaSvili da sxvebi.
werilis momdevno abzaci ki aqveynebs axalgazrda sabWoTa poetebis sias: s. Ciqovani,
k. lorTqifaniZe, r. gvetaZe, a. quTaTeli, a. maSaSvili, p. CxikvaZe, d. Sengelaia, i. mosaS-
vili, „romlebic Tavis nawarmoebebSi ostaturad asaxaven Cveni drois heroikas“.
gaismis wyevlac:
„Seni saqmis moRalate samSoblodan gairiyos,
Sen icocxle, Seni mtrebi saflavebma dairigos.
oqtomberma gagvamTela, auxila erebs Tvali,
uSiSarma rusma xalxma, gamarjvebas misca kvali.“
...da xotbac:
„gaumarjos did samSoblos Seuryevel sadarajos,
sabWoeTis did mTavrobas da molotovs gaumarjos!..
Cveno stalin, Cveno mkvidro, Cveno dido moamage...“
miZRvnaSi daxatulia stalinis saxe-tipi, mas umaRles Sefasebas aZleven qarTveli
poetebi.
„gaumarjos nebiT mtkices, guliT diads, saqmiT marTals,
Cvens did stalins gaumarjos, qveynis belads, xalxTa sardals“.
saqarTvelos mSromelTa Ria werili leqsad gamoTqves qarTvelma poetebma: paolo
iaSvilma, giorgi leoniZem, nikoloz miwiSvilma. rusuli Targmani ki ekuTvnis valerian
gafrindaSvils, aleqsandre yanCels, giorgi cagarels. (3, 3)
15 wlis iubilesTan dakavSirebiT g. tabiZe aqveynebs leqss „didi, saxalxo“, sadac is
etrfis stalinis droSis fers, fers „saxalxo dResaswaulis“.
b. JRenti werilSi Sefasebas aZlevs mixeil javaxiSvils: „proletarul revoluciamde
profesional mwerlad mas aravin Tvlida... Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis mniSvne-
lovani figura... sabWoTa atmosferom Seqmna. „jayos xiznebi“, „marTali abdulah“, „lamba-
49
lo da yaSa“, „kvaWi kvaWantiraZe“ da „arsena marabdeli“. am nawarmoebTa meti nawili „ganTi-
adSi“ dabeWda avtorma, am konkretuli faqtiT ki erTi ramis Tqma SegviZlia, rom mix. java-
xiSvils sabWoTa mwerlad miiCnevda arsebuli droeba.
niko lorTqifaniZe beso JRentis ganmartebiT, sabWoTa mweralia, swored am dros
Seqmna man istoriul-revoluciuri warsuli masalebze „liandagidan bilikebamde“ da axla
xeli mihyo socialistur sinamdvileSi aRzrdili axali adamianebis mxatvruli saxeebis
Seqmnas.
Salva dadianma mxolod sabWoTa sinamdvileSi hpova SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobaTa
namdvili gasaqani“. asaxelebs mis romans „urdumi“ da Sefasebas aZlevs, rogorc Tanamed-
roveobis TvalTaxedvis gamomxatvels.
sandro SanSiaSvilma radikalurad icvala SemoqmedebiTi kursi. Tavi daaRwia deka-
dentur mwerlobas, nacionalizmisa da misticizmis gamoxatvas Tavi daaneba da axla, uka-
naskneli TxuTmeti wlis manZilze, misi Semoqmedeba, kerZod, „anzor“, „arsena“, „hereTis
gmirebi“ revuluciuri ideebiTaa gajerebuli.
leo qiaCeli istroiuli-revoluciuri ganwyobis Temaze qmnis „haki aZbas“, romelic
mTlianad efuZneba socialistur aRmSeneblobis ideas.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, romelic „gamoirCeoda aSkarad gamoxatuli proletari-
atisaTvis ucxo da miuRebeli ideuri poziciiT, ukanasknel periodSi wers romans „mTvaris
motacebas“, romelSic avtori xatavs „zedmet adamianTa“ ganwirulebas, gviCvenebs soflad
arsebul klasobrivi brZolis simZafres.“
werilis avtori iuwyeba, rom Zveli gza miatoves da sabWoTa literaturis Seqmnas
mihyves xeli al. abaSelma, i. griSaSvilma, k. WiWinaZem, p. kakabaZem, d. suliaSvilma, l. met-
revelma. avtori gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamoxatavs giorgi quCiSvilis misamarTiT,
romelic srulad ukavSirebs sakuTar Semoqmedebas proletariatis ideebs.
galaktion tabiZe „sabWoTa saqarTvelos pirobebSi ametyvelda sruliad axal Se-
moqmedebiTi sicocxliT da gadaiqca revoluciuri sinamdvilis namdvil STagonebul mom-
Rerlad da amsaxvelad“.
paolo iaSvili sinamdvilis da revoluciuri gancdiT wers uamrav leqss, poemas
„gafrena“. nawarmoebi asaxavs socialistur sinamdviles.
nikoloz miwiSvilma daZlia meryeoba da leqsebis cikliT „samSoblos guli“ sabWoTa
poetis saxeli daimsaxura.
tician tabiZem, romelic dekadentur-mistikuri, nacionalisturi ganwyobis leqse-
biT gaicno mkiTxvelma, ukanasknel wlebSi Seqmna socialisturi sinamdvilis amsaxveli
leqsebis cikli: „rion porti“, „axali somxeTi“, „ordenosani samSoblosaTvis“ da sxv.
valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsebSi kvlavac SeiniSneba simbolisturi poeziis ref-
leqsebi, magram mis leqsebSi simbolisturi skolis kvali mxolod mxatvrul xerxebSi
vlindeba. is nela, magram Tanmimdevrulad yalibdeba axal poetad.
giorgi leoniZesTanac rCeba esTetizmiT gatacebis safrTxe, „magram samagierod
ukanasknel xanebSi man Seqmna revoluciuri paTosiT da jansaRi grZnobebiT amRerebuli
leqsebis ciklic.“
sergo kldiaSvili sabWoTa beletristikaSi TvalsaCino mweralia. misi „ferfli“ sa-
ukeTeso nawarmoebad Seafasa arsebulma literaturulma kritikam.
raJden gvetaZem „sabWoTa saqarTvelos arsebobis periods“ saukeTesod umRera
Tavisi leqsebiT. mas Tavisi SemoqmedebiT socialuri Zvrebi Seaqvs adamianTa cxovrebaSi.
(„merkvilaZis debi“)
sabWoTa literatura gamokveTs kolau nadiraZes, Salva afxaiZes. aRniSnavs, rom
isinic TandaTan uerTdebian sabWoTa mwerlobis rigebs. demna Sengelaiam romaniT „sana-
50
vardo“ didi sityva Tqva mwerlobaSi, Tumca romaniT „baTa qeqia“ yuradReba daimsaxura
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisgan.
al. quTaTelis moTxroba „pirispir“, leqsi „beladis dedisadmi“ namdvilad igebs sab-
WoTa kritikosebis guls.
ilo mosaSvili, miuxedavad imisa rom „arifionelia“, ukanasknel xans wers revolu-
ciuri xasiaTis leqsebs, poemas „kofa Coxeli“ da a.S.
alio maSaSvilis Semoqmedeba kmayofilebiT ganawyobs proletar mkiTxvels.
konstantine lorTqifaniZe werilSi moxseniebulia, rogorc qarTuli sabWoTa be-
letristikis „mZlavri SemoqmedebiTi figura“. misi „Zirs simindis respublika“ aRwers sa-
kolmeurneo mSeneblobis pirvel nabijebs.
irakli abaSiZe beso JRentma werilSi moixsenia „sabWoTa poeziis mamoZravebel
mowinave kadrad“.
werili „damaimedebeli“ perspeqtiviT mTavrdeba: „saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerloba
mWidrod darazmuli lenin-stalinis partiis irgvliv kidev meti SemoqmedebiTi energiiT
gaSlis brZolas da muSaobas literaturidan klasobrivad ucxo gavlenebis ukanaskneli
naSTebis aRmosafxvrelad, gamarjvebuli socializmis epoqis Sesaferi literaturis Se-
saqmnelad“ (4, 3.].
beso JRentis werili fotografiuli xasiaTisaa da iZleva epoqis koniunqturiT
aRqmul suraTs. ar iqneba safuZvels moklebuli eWvi, rom sabWoTa kritika xedavda imas,
risi danaxvac surda, rac mas awyobda.
yuradRebis miRma ver davtovebT mixeil javaxiSvilis amave gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
werils „xuTmeti aTjer unda gamravldes“. avtori ganmartavs ra ukanasknel 15 weliwadSi
saqarTvelos winsvlis maxasiaTeblebs, mrewvelobis gaCenas, kerZo sakuTrebis mospobas,
koleqtivizaciis gaCaRebas, is miawers „stalinelobis“ diad Sedegebs, emadliereba sabWo-
Ta kavSirs, rom mniSvnelovnad wavida win wignebis beWdvis saqme, rom „15 wlis win kalami
arcerT mwerals ar acxovrebda, axla ki es profesia mraval mwerals acxovrebs... mwerlo-
baSi udidesi cvlileba moxda. gaqra Sxamiani dekadansi, pirquSi mistika, kulti zekacuri
individualizmisa. gaCnda axali Tema... am xanaSi qarTulma mwerlobam ganuzomeli gza
ganvlo, romelsac savsebiT da axlandelze ufro momavali Seafasebs... msoflio prole-
tariatis beladi, genialuri stalini da lavrenti beria moiTxoven, rom nabijs vumatoT,
Cvens brwyinvale momavals sixaruliT da pirnaTlad davuxvdeT“. mwerlis ganmartebiT
msoflio faSizmis SemusvrisTvis mxatvruli literatura erT-erTi moraluri iaraR-
Tagania (5, 3).
aleqsandre abaSeli (CoCia) TiTqos nanobs qarTveli xalxis im reaqcias, romelic
oqtombris revoluciis quxils mohyva. qarTvelebi „am movlenas pirjvris weriT Seegebnen:
RmerTo aacile Cvens qveyanas es gansacdelio“. maTi gagebiT, (cxadia, jansaRad azrovneb-
da!) proletariats ekisra burJuaziuli beladis mejinibis „damamcirebeli“ roli. abaSeli
ase warmoaCens am rols: „mas (proletariats) unda gamoeyvana cecxlmodebul Tavlidan Za-
lauflebis raSi da zed liberalebis „beladi“ daesva. TviTon proletariati xelcarieli
rCeboda, ukeT rom vTqvaT, mas xelSi utovebdnen maTraxs: Tu „beladis“ cxeni oCnobas
daiwyebda, proletariats maTraxi unda Semoekra misTvis da amgvarad „win waewia“ is... axla
me rom vkiTxulob stalinis namdvil werilebs, sadac gasagebi eniTaa mocemuli revolu-
ciis analizi, mikvirs, ratom ver vxedavdiT Cven im dros revoluciis am farTo gzas. sam-
wuxarod, CvenTvis es gza mxolod maSin gamoCnda, roca „demokratiuli uremi“ gadabrun-
da... proletariatis diqtaturam gamoiCina gansacvifrebeli simZlavre da mis foladis
mkerds Seelewa kontrrevoluciis cofiani talRebi“ (6.3).
51
cxadia, avtoris ganwyobaSi SeimCneva fanatizmis elementebi, Tumca al. abaSelis Se-
moqmedebiTi interesebi gvibiZgebs daskvnisken, rom eWvqveS davayenoT misi gulwrfeloba.
„literaturuli saqarTvelos“ martis nomerSi dabeWdilia lavrenti berias mimar-
Tva, gafrTxileba mwerlebis misamarTiT (t. tabiZis, l. qiaCelis, d. Sengelaias, p. Cxik-
vaZis), rom nu moeridebian TviTkritikas, Riad isaubron rogorc sxvis, aseve sakuTar nak-
lovanebebze: „movuwodebT yovel sabWoTa mwerals, vinc ki gulwrfelad dainteresebulia
Cveni socialisturi dRevandelobiTa da momavliT“ (7, 1936).
berias pasuxad SeiZleba miviCnioT ticianis werili „es ambavi yvelas gvexeba“, ro-
melSic vkiTxulobT: „darwmunebuli var, yvela patiosani sabWoTa mwerali gulwrfelad
aRiarebs Tavis danaSauls, Secdomas da codvasac, raTa aRmzrdelobiTi kritikiTa da
xelmZRvanelis amxanaguri daxmarebiT miscen saSualeba mwerlebs, rom maT gardaqmnan
TavianTi Semoqmedeba“, rogorc amas moiTxovs socialisturi realoba (8, 4).
„xelovneba xalxs ekuTvnis, vweroT masebisaTvis“ – am saTauriT daibeWda patara we-
rili gazeT „literaturul saqarTveloSi“, masSi garkveviT xazgasmulia moTxovna, rome-
lic epoqis mweralTa winaSe idga. mTavari moTxovna iyo xalxuroba da sisadave daecvaT
mwerlebs, radgan „formalizmi, romelic warmoiSva burJuaziuli dekadansis wiaRSi, xalxs
sTiSavs sinamdvilisgan“. am tradiciebs safuZvlianad jerac ver gaemijnen simbolisti
poetebi – tician tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, valerian gafrindaSvili, giorgi leoniZe, niko-
loz miwiSvili. gazeTSi atexili es gangaSi aCens kiTxvebs, Tu ra ganwyobis matarebelni
arian aq CamoTvlili poetebi, im narativis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac aRniSnul diskusias win
uZRoda (9,2).
es maSin, roca „respublikis saxalxo poetebi galaktion tabiZe, paolo iaSvili,
mixeil javaxiSvili da alio maSaSvili dajiloebulni arian sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi
jildoebiT (10, 11). valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsi „misalmeba“ daibeWda 1936 wlis „lite-
raturul saqarTvelos“ ivnisis nomerSi. leqsSi poeti „maRal varskvlavad“ saxavs „did“
sabWoTa kavSirs, gamoTqvams survils, rom „komunizmis droSam dafaros, yoveli saxli, yo-
veli quCa“. eTayvaneba „komunistur manifests“, Tu isev ironia unda veZioT mis leqsSi,
kvleva gviCvenebs. imave logikas unda davuqvemdebaroT ivlisis qronikaSi gamoqveynebuli
werilis avtoris, konstantine gamsaxurdias mrwamsis gulwrfeloba: „SromiTa da brZoliT
gavaZlieroT sabWoTa saqarTvelo, romelsac win miuZRvis Cveni Zvirfasi, didi stalinis
genia da misi uwarCinebulesi mowafis, qarTuli kulturis didi megobris, lavrenti berias
vaJkacuri marjvena“ (11, 2), xolo al. abaSeli werilSi „saamayo sabWoTa moqalaqeoba“ wers:
„WeSmaritad saamayoa sabWoTa moqalaqeoba, vinaidan Cven ganvaxorcieleT mSromelTa nam-
dvili Tavisufleba da SevqmeniT konstitucia“ (12,2). „literaturul saqarTvelos“ agvis-
tos nomerSi gamoqveynebuli „sami simRera stalinze“ ekuTvnis paolo iaSvils, giorgi le-
oniZesa da simon Ciqovans. paolos saxotbo xasiaTis leqsSi vkiTxulobT: „qveyanam dilis
ganTiads, daarqva Seni saxeli“ (p.i); „Seni saxeli qveyanam icis, arcerT sazRvars ar Seuz-
Rudia...“(g,l); „ubrZnesi da uTbilesi Cven cxovreba gviTavaze“ (s.C).
noembris nomerSi gamoqveynebulia Salva afxaiZis leqsi „rogorc simRera, amosuli
lerwmis Rerodan“, sadac poeti rusTvelis kalmis Rirsad saxavs stalins:
„gvaTbobs sinaTle, sibrZne Seni d gulTampyrobelis,
...stalin d rusTvelis kalmiT Sesamkobeli“.
dekemberSi Salva afxaiZe aseve aqveynebs stalinisadmi saxotbo leqss, leqsSi aR-
werilia grZnoba, romelic erTad ganucdiaT sandro sanSiaSvilsa da Salvas:
52
„Cven megobrebi brwyinvale xvedriT
aseT didebas mwams kidev vnaxavT“.
davakvirdeT mweralTa damokidebulebas 1937 wlis „literaturul saqarTveloSi“.
ianvris nomerSi pirvelive gverdze ganTavsebulia nawyveti giorgi leoniZis
poemidan „beladis bavSvoba“. ticianis „gelis kolxida axal orfeoss“, madlierebas gamoxa-
tavs „meore axalgazrdoba“ rom ganacdevina axalma drom, sabWoTa beladma.
maisis Tvis nomerSi iona vakeli, proletari poeti aqveynebs leqss ,,simRera sta-
linze:
„Sen didi dRe xar, didi mze xar qveynierebis,
dido mSobelo sikeTis da bednierebis“.
gazeTis 28 maisis nomerSi sandro euli siamayiT acxadebs, rom aris stalinuri
epoqis mwerali. am gancdam TviTkmayofilebasa da udardelobaSi ar unda Cagvagdos..Cven
meti yuradRebiT SeviswavliT partiis dadgenilebebs da beladis miTiTebebs, Cven Tavidan
avicdenT marcxs, rogoric iyo mavnebelTa muSaoba Cven kavSirSi“ (13, 2). „Cven mudam unda
gvaxsovdes is, rac amx. lavrenti beriam gviTxra: „sabWoTa mwerali uwinares yovlisa unda
iyos sabWoTa xelisuflebis, socialisturi samSoblos, leninis, stalinis partiis erT-
guli adamiani... igi unda gulwrfeli da marTlis mTqmeli iyos xalxis winaSe“.
literaturuli saqarTvelos 5 noembris nomerSi valerian gafrindaSvili jerac um-
Reris „did oqtombers“: leqsi miZRvnilia didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis 20
wlisTavisadmi. masSi beladi xotbaSesxmulia:
„Cven udidesi siyvaruliT vadidebT belads,
amxanag stalins, vinc oqtombris saxea sruli.“
gazeTis amave gverdze giorgi leoniZis qeba-didebas vkiTxulobT leqsSi `stalins“:
„Sen gagvixseni win Sekruli gza,
borkili gasWer gaTangulisa“.
(14, 2)
samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom am epoqaSi, konkretulad 1935-1937 wlebSi, paTosiT
„yanweli“ poetebi ar Camouvardebian WeSmaritad proletari mwerlebisa da poetebis Se-
moqmedebiT paToss. cxadia, mkiTxveli, romelic aSkarad moaklda namdvil Semoqmedebas,
WeSmarit xelovnebas, darCa sabWouri saxotbo Semoqmedebis amara, daijerebda, irwmuneb-
da, rom beladi „mzed idga“ saqarTvelosi.
sainteresoa k.gamsaxurdias mier daanonsebuli informacia: „piradad me vwer da 1938
wels gamovaqveyneb biografiul romans „stalini“.
10 dekembers, savaraudoT, daxvrites tician tabiZe, paolom ukve moikla Tavi, `li-
teraturuli saqarTvelo“ ki ar iuwyeba aranair cnobas. es aris dro, roca arCevnebi unda
gaimarTos 1937 wlis 12 dekembers ssr kavSiris uzenaesi sabWos deputatebisa. proletaru-
li mwerlobis mexotbe ir. a baSiZe aqveynebs leqss: „xmas vaZlev“: „es xma – kacobis pirvel
gazafxuls, me misaxsovra didma beladma“ (15,12).
amgvarad, literaturuli movlenebi da faqtebi warmoadgens sarkes, romelmac
mkvlevarebs gzidan acdenis safrTxe unda aacilos. am safrTxisgan gadarCenis kidev erT
53
Suquras warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculi masalebi, kerZod, mweralTa
kavSiris sxdomaTa oqmebi, sadac aSkarad ikveTeba mwerlebis ormagi saxe, saeWvio da
Seswavlis Rirsi fenomeni. rom „akldaT sifxizle“ erTi sakiTxia, „padxalimuri damokide-
buleba“ – meore, „jaSuSuri urTierToba“ – mesame. es yvela gamonaTqvami miemarTeba ti-
cians, paolos, miwiSvils, maT kritika „politikur mliqvnelebs“ uwodebs.
erTi SexedviT martivia, maT Saravandeds rom ar miadges Crdili, epoqis simZimes
avkidoT mTeli es braldebaTa seria, Tumca frTxilad, ise, rom arc maTi dideba dadges
eWvqveS, saTqmeli unda vTqvaT, rom nebiT Tu ZaliT es adamianebi sabWoeTs emsaxurebod-
nen, albaT ZirgamomTxrel kavSirebsa da saqmeebsac eweodnen, magram amis damamtkicebli
dokumenti, garda braldebebisa, gacilebiT naklebi moipoveba, vidre maTi e.w. mtkicebiT-
aRiarebiTi gamosvlebi. isini sabWoeTs umRerian, eTayvanebian da pirobasac udeben, rom
Secdomebs daaRweven Tavs [fondi 8; aRw. 2; 29; furc. 61; 1937]. am pirobis dadebidan erTi
TveRa aSorebs paolos 22 ivliss, ticians, javaxiSvilsa da miwiSvils 3-4 Tve.
samwuxaroa, rom reabilitaciis dros da verc Semdgom versad iqna mikvleuli maTi,
rogorc kontrrevolucionerobis, jaSuSobisa da „mtrobis“ damadasturebeli mtkicebu-
lebani. gvrCeba mxolod maTi Tavis mmarTlebeli gamosvlebi da Canawerebi, moaruli Wore-
bi da Semoqmedeba, romelic savsea sabWoTa propaga
literatura:
1. Wilaia s.; „ocwleuli“; Tb. 1986.
2. literaturuli saqarTvelo; (saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlobis aTdRiuri organo); 3; Tebervali. 1936.
3. literaturuli saqarTvelo; 3; Tebervali.,1936.
4. javaxiSvili m.; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; „xuTmeti aTjer unda gamravldes“; 3; Tebervali, 1936.
5. abaSeli al.; „socialisturi Semoqmedebis ferxulSi“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 3; Tebervali, 1936.
6. beria l.; „TviTkritikis maxviliT“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 28, 1936.
7. tabiZe t.; „es ambavi yvelas gvexeba“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 28, 1936.
8. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; aprilis 20, 1936.
9. „ordenosan mwerlebs“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; martis 20, 1936.
10. gamsaxurdia k.; „xorcsxmuli miswrafebani“; „lit. saqarTvelo“; ivlisi, 1936.
11. abaSeli al; „saamayo sabWoTa moqalaqeoba“; „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; ivlisi, 1936.
12. euli s.; „gavaZlieroT politikur aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba mwerlebSi“;
13. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 28 maisi,1937.
14. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 5 noemberi, 1937.
15. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“; 10 dekemberi, 1937.
54
mari totikaSvili, nanuli ecadaSvili, ciuri mezvriSvili goris saxelmwifo saswavlo
universiteti, bakalavriati,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori Tamar gogolaZe
musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi
musika aris xelovnebis erT-erTi dargi, romelsac emociuri zemoqmedebis ZaliT ba-
dali ar hyavs xelovnebis sxva dargebs Soris. cxadia, e.w musikas ar ZaluZs konkretuli
masalis Semcveli inormaciis miwodeba msmenelisaTvis, amis gamo, kompozitorebi xSirad
mimarTaven musikis sinTezs xelovnebis sxva dargebTan. mas SeuZlia iarsebos: poetur, pro-
zaul teqstsa da scenur moqmedebasTan erTad. musikis Serwyma poetur teqstTan qmnis vo-
kalur xelovnebas. amitomac, poeziis gavlena musikaze sakmaod didia. qarTvel poetTa Se-
moqmdebaSi sakmaod didi adgili ekava musikas. CvenSi saero musikis aRmocenebaSi didi ro-
li miuZRviT gamoCenil poetebsa da momRerlebs – besiksa da saiaTnovas. gansakuTrebiT
didi iyo musikis gavlena „cisferyanwelTa“ SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvs, rom „cisfer-
yanwelTa“ SemoqmedebSi Sereva moxda xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargisa (poezia, musika, fer-
wera). aseve Cveni yuradReba winamdebare naSromSi SeCerdeba i. griSaSvilisa da i.noneSvi-
lis kavSirzec musikasTan. samwuxarod, aRniSnul sakiTxebze ver mivakvlieT saTanado xe-
lovnebaTmcodneobiT Tu literaturaTmcodneobiT gamokvlevebs, amitom warmogidgenT
Cveneul gaazrebas problemisa musikaSi aJRerebuli qarTveli poetebi.
rogorc musikaTmcodne pavle xuWua aRniSnavs: „pirveli erovnuli musikaluri na-
warmoebebi warmoadgenen simRera-romansebs da sagundo piesebs. es bunebrivia, vinaidan
mSobliuri ena, organulad dakavSirebuli gasageb, advilmisawvdom melodiasTan, iolad
gaikafavda gzas qarTvelTa gulisa da gonebisaken. marTlac, 80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
1917 wlamde, pirvel yovlisa, Seiqmna qarTuli simRera-romansisa da sagundo nawarmoebTa
adrindeli nimuSebi“ (xuWua 1961: 16-17).
erT-erTi „cisferyanweli“ sandro cirekiZe Tvlida, rom winadadebaSi sityvebis Ta-
viseburi dalagebiT SeiZleba Seqmniliyo saTuTi, grZeli ritmi. sandro cirekiZis Semoq-
medebaSi musikasTan erTad, ferebicaa. es aris danisluli, ZiriTadad Rrubliani dRis fe-
rebi. igi erTmaneTisagan gamoarCevda xmovnebisa da Tanxmovnebisagan Seqmnil ritms. am
ukanasknels ki rTulad da bevrisaTvis xelmiuwvdomad miiCnevda.erTi intensivobisa da
msgavsi tonalobis bgerebi xvdebian erTmaneTis mezoblobis aRmarT-daRmarTebSi da su-
lis mdgomareobas gadmoscemen musikis laitmotiviT. sandro cirekiZe udides mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebda sityvis musikalurobasa da ferwerulobas, rogorc sxva „cisferyanwelebi“.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, „cisferyanwelebi“ xSirad mimarTvdnen sakuTar poetur
qmnilebebSi musikas, emociebisa da grZnobebis gadmosacemad.zogierT SemTxvevaSi es
emociebi iyo dadebiTi da mkiTxvels dadebiTi muxtiT aRavsebda,xSirad ki avtoris pirad
gulistkivilsa da sevdas gadmoscemda. gannsakuTrebiT xSirad axsenebs musikas sakuTar
SemoqmedebaSi paolo iaSvili („magidad Cemi parnasi“, „sakuTar Tavs“, „ukraineli qalis
simRera“, „mimarTva kolxidas“, „werili dedas“ da sxvani) da tician tabiZe („ise ubralod,
rogorc muxranze“, „gelis kolxida axal orfeoss“, „baRdaTis zeca“, „ori aragvi“, „axda
ocneba poetebisa“, „leqsi welkavi“ da sxva).
55
yoveli mxatvruli saxe erTgvari kodia. amgvar daSifrul poezias qmnidnen „cisfer-
yanwelebi“, romelTa Semoqmedebis Seswavlac kargad warmoaCens maT Sinagad samyaros. maT
SemoqmedebaSi, esTetikuri mrwamsis Sesabamisad, (azris, musikis, feris, surnelis erTia-
nobaSi warmodgena) erTmaneTs gadaewna da daSifrul mxatvrul saxed warmoCnda mxatvroba
da musika. maT kargad esmodaT, rom musikaSi xdeba yvelaze meti miaxloeba sulis siRr-
meebTan da rom musika idealurad gamoxatavs simboloebs.
`cisferyanwelebTan” mWidro kavSiri hqonda i. griSaSvils, rac gansakuTrebiT aisaxa
misi leqsebis musikalur enaze aJRerebaSi. ioseb griSaSvili XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli 50-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi saocrad popularuli poeti iyo. Tavad misi
leqsis wakiTxvis manerac, rogorc igi Semogvinaxa Canawerebma, saocrad musikaluri da
ritmuli iyo. samwerlo asparezze gamosvlisTanave ioseb griSaSvilis Semoqmedeba didi
interesis sagani gaxda. misi poezia maRali moqalaqeobrivi SegnebiTaa gamsWvaluli.
revoluciis damarcxebiT SeZrwunebuli sicocxlis, silamazisa da siyvarulis qurumad
iqca. am periodis (1909-1917ww.) ioseb griSaSvilis leqsebSi ar wydeba bgera im maJoruli
akordisa, romelic gaisma poetis pirvelive leqsebSi da romlebmac akaki wereTlis yu-
radRebac miipyro. griSaSvilis satrfialo lirikaSi ise mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli siyva-
rulisa da silamazis Tema, rom Zneli imis Tqma silamazis siyvaruls uReris poeti, Tu
siyvarulis silamazes.
gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia griSaSvilis poeziaSi musikalobis sakiTxi. poeti azrs
gamoTqvams ara marto sityviT, aramed leqsis musikiTac. griSaSvilis bevri leqsi musika-
lurad bevrad ufro natifia da melodiuri. musikaluri melodiurobis misaRwevad igi
gamorCeulad zrunavs riTmebis keTilxmovanebasa da ritmuli intonaciebis aJRerebaze.
SemTxveviTi araa is, rom didi nawili avtoris leqsebisa sasimRero ritmikas efuZneba.
„griSaSvilis lirikis versifikacia xSirad iseT saleqso sazomebs eyrdnoba, romelTa
struqturaSi musikaluri melodiis xvedriTi wili wamyvan adgils iWers“ (nikoleiSvili 1:
334).
i. griSaSvils hqonia xelnaweri, romelic inaxeba mis muzeumSi saxelwodebiT „me-mu-
sikaSi”.
aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobs mkvlevari Tamar cincaZe, romelic yuradRebas amaxvi-
lebs mis leqsebze Seqmnil romansebze.
aRiarebulia, rom griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi gansazRvruli adgili uWiravs intimur-
satrfialo Tematikas. pirveli leqsi, romelic am motivis mxatvruli gaazrebis Tvalsaz-
risiT gamoirCeva, aris „gareubneli biWis simRerebidan“ (1907w.). leqsis amRerebuli into-
nacia, qalisadmi trfoba nawarmoebis efeqturi zemoqmedebis ZiriTadi niSania. leqsis
enobriv mxares specifikur JReradobas sZens qalaquri Jargonidan motanili frazeo-
logizmebis mizanmimarTuli gamoyeneba:
„ra kargia, kaklis xis qveS
vqeifobdeT, wvimac scrides,
me gavixdi, Sen Cagacmev
bakakajan, ar Segcivdes...“
(nikoleiSvili 2: 336)
i.griSaSvilis aTiani wlebis lirikaSi didi adgili daikava originalurma, Sinagani
melodiiT aRbeWdilma maRali Sairis saleqso sazomma. manamdel mis leqsebSi ki ritmul-
versifikaciuli Ziebani ufro mravalferovani iyo.
amaze kargad metyvelebs misi leqsidan moyvanili es striqoni: „ritmisagan leqsi dav-
wan, riTmad leqsi gamovCarxe da ocneba uxilavi Sig Cavmarxe... Sig Cavmarxe...“
56
misi leqsebi faqizadaa Semkobili sxvcadasxva mxatvruli samkaulebiT. ,,musikaluri
melodiurobis principiT Seqmnili misi poezia adamianis sulis unazesi TrTolviT“ sunT-
qavs, yoveli striqoni ostatis natifi da faqizi xeliTaa cas moqnili. (nikoleiSvili 3:
338).
griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia 1917 wlis revoluciuri movlenebi, romlebsac
daukavSira ocneba samSoblos Tavisuflebasa da xalxis bednierebaze. am TvalsazriT Za-
lian sainteresoa leqsi „1917 weli“, romelsac avtorma axali „marseliozas“ hangze dawe-
rili simRera uwoda.
„da ha, moispo, rac mosaspobi
iyo winaTve, adre Tu male!..
da Sen, maSvralo, sxva raRa ginda?
gaswordi welSi, gamoicvale.
movxedoT mamuls gapartaxebuls..“
(nikoleiSvili 4: 340)
griSaSvili naTlad avlens im ideebs da erovnul miswrafebs, rolebsac qarTvelebi
maSindeli mefis xelisuflebis damxobas ukavSirebdnen.
poetma ioseb griSaSvilma pirvelma SeaRo „Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli bohemis“
kari da misi eSxiT dagvanaxa – „mwvadis boliT danisluli“ Tbilisi, orTaWalis baRebSi Tu
sardafebSi aSuSxunebuli surnelovani qarTuli Rvino da xalxis wiaRidan gadmoRvrili
sevdanarevi hangebi...
griSaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi leqsis emociuri zemoqmedebis efeqts poeturi ostato-
bis maRali done gansazRvravs. mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebidan gansakuT-
rebiT did rols asrulebs bgeriT-musikaluri keTilxmovanebiT gamorCeuli ritmebi.
„leqsis saSemsruleblo kulturis maRal dones mniSvnelovanwilad poetis mier maxvil-
gonivrulad migebuli keTilxmovani ritmebi gansazRvraven“ (nikoleiSvili 3:346).
griSaSvilis Semoqmedeba iqca siyvarulis, bednierebis, keTilSobilebisa da Tavda-
debulobis uSret wyarod. amitom Seiyvara xalxma misi poezia da mis leqsebze bevri sim-
Rera aaJRera.
ioseb griSaSvilma monawileoba miiRo viqtor doliZis operis „qeTo da kotes“ lib-
retos literaturul gamarTvaSi. operis premiera gaimarTa თbilisSი 1919 wlis 11 dekem-
berს. igi daiwera komediografis, dramaturg აvqsenti cagareliს (1857-1902) piesis „xan-
umas“ (1882) mixedviT.
avqsenti cagarelis piesis siuJetze operis Seqmnis idea viqtor doliZes kievidan
dabrunebis Semdeg daebada. kompozitoris erTi wlis muSaobis Semdeg dasrulebuli pir-
veli opera Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda. libreto piesis safuZvelze Tavad kompozitor-
ma Seqmna, Tumca, is garkveul koreqtirebas saWiroebda literaturuli gamarTulobis
TvalsazrisiT, libretos redaqtireba iTava Tbilisuri yofis brwyinvale mcodnem, cno-
bilma qarTvelma poetma ioseb griSaSvilma. mas ekuTvnis aseve sikos da saqos kupletebis
teqsti.
„qeTo da kote“ viqtor doliZis yvelaze popularul da, amave dros, mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT metad faseul nawarmoebs warmoadgens. musikaluri elvarebis, Teatraluri
sisxartis, moxdenili scenuri dramaturgiis meoxebiT qarTuli musikis istoriaSi man
samarTlianad daimkvidra erovnuli komikuri operis Janris klasikuri Sedevris adgili.
stiluri TvalsazrisiT opera dakavSirebulia Tbilisis qalaqur folklorTan da itali-
uri saopero skolis tradiciebTan, rac efeqtur musikalur saxeebsa da melodiebSi
vlindeba.
57
operas gamorCeuli scenuri istoria aqvs. sxvadasxva wlebSi თbilisis operisa da
baletis TeatrSი operis ramdenime dadgma ganxorcielda.
1920 wlis 10 ivniss, Tbilisis operis TeatrSi gaimarTa ioseb griSaSvilis Semoqmede-
biTi saRamo, romelSic vano sarajiSvilmac miiRo monawileoba. man Cveuli ufaqizesi musi-
kaluri grZnobiT Seasrula romansi griSaSvilis teqstze d „lerwami xar!“, romlis musika
axalgazrda kompozitoris Tamar SaverzaSvils ekuTvnis. xalxiT gaWedil darbazSi qariS-
xali atyda. vanom kompozitori da akompanimentis avtori ZaliT gaiyvana scenaze da taSis
grialSi, mdablad dauxares Tavi aRfrTovanebul sazogadoebas.
rogorc Tamar cincaZe aRniSnavs: „ioseb griSaSvilis leqsebze romansebi daweres:
dimitri arayiSvilma: „mindoda cremli damepatimra“, „lerwami iyav“; zaqaria faliaSvilma:
sami romansi: „nu TvalTmaqcob“, „sinanuli“, „miyvarda“; sandro mirianaSvilma: „CemTan mo-
di“ (mReris baTu kraveiSvili kinofilm „Wirveul mezoblebSi“); konstantine meRvineTuxu-
cesma: „mogiaxlovdi“; tariel baqraZem: „me Senze leqsi ar momwyindeba“; nikoloz gudiaS-
vilma: „me xom grilis eniTa mReras ar var Cveuli“; aleqsandre bukiam: „ra kargi xar, ra
kargi“; valerian gokielma: „sevda“; guguli ToraZem – lirikuli romansebi: „gulnazs“,
„siniorina“, „mezRvauris simRerebi“ (asrulebda baTu kraveiSvili); grigol kilaZem: „Sen
xar RvTaeba“ (mRerian „qeTo da koteSi“); mariam maWavarianma: „Cemi aRmarTi“, „ia da yayaCo“,
„davberdi, ara?!“; iona tuskiam: „mimRere, turfa“, „tokavda mkerdi“; oTar TevdoraZem:
„qalwuli yvavili“ (asrulebda meri Sildeli), „genacvale“(neapolur hangze vano sara-
jiSvilma Seasrula 1913 wels, notebi daibeWda 1913- 1925- 1940- ww.); Tamar SaverzaSvilma:
„lerwami xar“, „yurTbaliSi“ (asrulebda meri nakaSiZe) (leqsTmcodneoba 2013: 255-256).
Tavad ioseb noneSvili sakmaod musikaluri adamiani iyo. es kargad ikveTeba mis
SemoqmedebaSic, sadac erT mTlian danaSrevad moCans xan RrublebSi amaRlebuli da xan
veeba mdinaresaviT mdored mavali, aSkarad gamokveTili, xmieri, mJReri, maJoruli nota -
igi garemos sayviri, buki da naRara gaxldaT.
Tavad poetis leqsebSi xSirad vxvdebiT qarTul Tu araqarTul musikalur sakravebs.
am mxriv sayuradReboa Semdegi leqsebi: „aris aseTi qveyana“:
„ZirSi darweuli akvani,
salamuris saamuri kvnesa“.
(i. noneSvili, 1968: 268)
mocemul striqonSi, poetisTvis salamuri saamur kvnesasTan asocirdeba, romliTac
odiTganve irweoda akvani, vazis ZirSi mdgari.
leqsSi „alaznis arxTan“ vkiTxulobT:
„bolos, rodesac dahkres dafdafi
gadawva arxi kaxeTis gulze“.
(i. noneSvili, 1968: 12)
an kidev leqsSi „saaxalwlo“:
„Tqven qorwilSic iRuRunebs
mxiaruli Wianuri“.
(i. noneSvili, 1968: 81)
58
am mxriv aseve sainteresoa leqsi „Cemo kargo winaparo“:
„ras stiroda Seni qnari
aRsdeq, gvarqvi tkbil qarTuliT“.
zemoT moyvanil leqsebSi kargad Cans Tu ra didi adgili ukavia noneSvilis
SemoqmedebaSi musikalur sakravebs, Tumca mxolod es leqsebi ar aris.
garda musikaluri sakravebisa, mis leqsebSi vxvdebiT sxvadasxva qarTul xalxuri
simRerebis dasaxelebasac, es ki metyvelebs poetis miswrafebaze simReris xelovnebisadmi.
am mxriv sayuradReboa „aris aseTi qveyana“:
„Tvaltanadi qal-vaJebis naTqvami
iavnana, urmuli da rero“.
(i. noneSvili, 1968: 81)
an kidev leqsSi „deda“:
„Cems akvans, ferad Rilkilebians
Sen damRerodi, „nanas“, „mze Sinas“
ramdeni Rame ar gZinebia
rom CemTvis Zili geswavlebina“.
(i. noneSvili, 1968: 294)
ioseb noneSvilis leqsebze Seqmnili simRerebi popularobiT sargeblobdnen, ramde-
nime maTgani qarTul kinofilmebSic iqna gamoyenebuli. erT-erTi aseTi leqsia `yelsaba-
mi~, romelic arCil kereseliZem aaJRera. es simRera iqna gamoyenebula nikoloz saniSvi-
lis filmSi „bednieri Sexvedra“.
sakmaod popularulia ioseb noneSvilis leqsze Seqmnili simRera „Sen saqarTvelos
dedofloba dagmSvendeboda“. ioseb noneSvilis vaJi, sandro noneSvili, ixsenebs, rom
rodesac mamaCems vekiTxebodi, Tu vis miuZRvna es leqsi, xan erT qalbatonze meubneboda,
xan meoreze. dedaCemma ki es sakiTxi gadawyvita da Tqva: es leqsi me meZRvnebao (radiogada-
cemidan „retro“).
marex goZiaSvilma aamRera leqsi konstantine pevzneris mier Seqmnili nawarmoebi
„gamigonia mTvarian Rames“. poetis leqsze Seiqmna „o rero, rero“, romelsac ansambli
„orera“ da q-ni nani bregvaZe asruleben. amave leqsze Seqmna vaJa azaraSvilma lirikuli
valsi. es simRera aJRerda qarTul kinofilmSi „Sexvedra mTaSi“. sandro noneSvili ixse-
nebs, rom am simReris avtori petre gruzinski egonaT, ris gamoc uxerxuli situacia
Seqmnila. es kaci movida mamaCemTan da bodiSi mouxada, mamaCemma ki uTxra: ra bodiSs ixdi,
exla honorari mogiva da erTi kai pur-marili giSveliso da, marTlac, es pur-marili ori-
sami dRe gagrZelda da kargadac moilxineso.
revaz laRiZem noneSvilis teqstze Seqmna simRera „himni quTaiss“, romelsac daviT
gamrekeli asrulebda. es leqsi galaktionis egonaTo ixsenebda sandro noneSvili.
kidev bevri simRera aJRerebula ioseb noneSvilis leqsze. esenia: revaz laRiZis
„simRera vazze“, „siyvarulis sagalobeli“, romelsac „cisferi trio“ asrulebs, SoTa mi-
loravas „mas saqarTvelo hqvia“, nunu duRaSvilis „giyvardes saqarTvelo“. teqstze „civ
gomboridan“ Seiqmna simRera „kaxeTo, Cemo kaxeTo“. aRsaniSnavia cnobili simRera „maswav-
lebeli“, romelzedac SoTa miloravam Seqmna musika. am simReras asrulebdnen Tamar Woxo-
neliZe da maia jabua. am teqsts Tavisi istoria axlavs: ioseb noneSvili adre daoblebula,
martod darCenili misi aRzrda maswavleblebs auRiaT sakuTar Tavze, gansakuTrebiT didi
59
wvlili ki miuZRvis qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavlebels varo vardiaSvils,
romelsac miuZRvna es leqsi. rodesac iosebi gamocdebs abarebda universitetSi, sxvebs
gareT Tu mSoblebi elodebodaT, iosebs q-ni varo ucdida Turme (radiogadacemidan
„retro“).
simRerebi Seiqmna agreTve mis Semdeg leqsebze: „Semodgoma TbilisSi“, „sad ar viyav,
sad ara“, „eg saxe myinvarTa sarkeSi minaxavs“, „Sen ara gaqvs mefis gvari, frTafarfata To-
lia“da sxv.
ioseb noneSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi xSirad iyenebs iseT sityvebs, romlebic simRe-
rasTan, mRerasTan Tu musikalur sakravebTan asocirdeba, ris gamoc misi leqsebi metad
sasiamovno, harmoniuli da mJReradia.
moyvanili leqsebiT dasturdeba, rom ioseb noneSvilis Semoqmedeba erTgvarad mJRe-
ri da musikaluria. mas es musika, riTma, hangebi gulis siRrmidan amosdioda da leqsebis
saxiT mohqonda Cvenamde, mkiTxvelamde. igi iyo Tavisi „RvTaebrivi saqarTvelos“ metrfe,
Tavgadakluli mijnuri qarTuli hangisa, mgosani sruliad saqarTvelosi.
XX saukuneSi qarTuli poeziis musikis enaze aJRerebis istoriis zogierT momentze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebam migviyvana Semdeg daskvnebamde: 1. qarTvelma simbolistebma axa-
li riTmebis SemotanasTan erTad gaamdidres leqsi mxatvruli saxeebiT, ramac saocari mu-
sikaloba SesZina maT Semoqmedebas; 2. saocrad popularulad iqca TiTqmis mTeli saukunis
manZilze i. griSaSvilis uaRresad melodiuri leqsi, ramac mraval kompozitors gauCina
survili misi musikalur nawarmoebad qcevisa; 3. i. noneSvilis poezia, leqsis Sinagani bu-
nebidan gamomdinare, gansakuTrebiT miesadaga musikis enas
literatura:
1. i. noneSvili, erTtomeuli, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1968.
2. T. giorgaZe, „qarTuli mwerloba da musika“, Tbilisi, 2003.
3. av. nikoleiSvili, „qarTuli literatura III“, „saqarTvelos macne“, Tbilisi, 2009.
4. v. ciskariZe, „uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoria“, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1984,.
5. p. xuWua, qarTuli samusiko kultura, „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1961;
6. T. cincaZe, „ioseb griSaSvilis romansebi“ wignidan leqsTmcodneoba, Tbilisi, 2013.
7. http://radio1.ge/ge/videos/view/136823.html
60
vaJa sanTelaZe ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori mixeil baxtaZe
istoriuli cnobebi da legendebi ioane presviteris Sesaxeb
legendebi da Tqmulebebi uZvelesi droidan iqcevs sazogadoebis yuradRebas maTi
Sinaarsisa da interesidan gamomdinare. didi xania rac evropel, rus, qarTvel da sxva
mecnierTa Seswavlis sagani gaxda XII saukunis Tqmuleba ioane presviteris Sesaxeb.
am Tqmulebis pirveli werilobiTi cnobebi gvxdeba germaneli mematianis oto frai-
zingis (Otto von Freizing) qronikaSi. misi gadmocemiT 1145 wels romis pap evgeni III-s siriis
qalaq gabalas episkoposma daxmareba sTxova evropis qveynebis mefeebTan elCobisTvis,
raTa siriaSi myof jvarosnebs kvlav daebrunebinaT 1144 wels mosulis aTabagis mier warT-
meuli edesa. amasTanave, rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems, episkoposma Zalzed saintereso
ambavi amcno evropelebs. „ramodenime wlis win mefe da mRvdelTmTavari ioane, romelic
sparseTisa da somxeTis miRma ukidures aRmosavleTSi cxovrobda da romelic qristia-
nuli sarwmunoebis, nestorianuli eklesiis aRmsarebeli iyo, SeebrZola sparseTisa da
midiis mefe-Zmebs, Samiardod wodebulebs, daipyro maTi sataxto qalaqi ekbatana. es mefe-
ebi Tavisi sparsuli, midiuri da asiriuli jarebiT SeebrZolnen mowinaaRmdeges. sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi gauwies maT winaaRmdegoba, radgan orive mxares sikvdili erCia gaqcevas.
sabolood presbiterma (presbyter) ioanem aiZula sparselebi gaqceuliyvnen da gamarjvebu-
li darCa“. rogorc episkoposi mogviTxrobs, am gamarjvebis Semdeg ioanes undoda ieru-
salimis eklesiis daxmareb, magram jarma samgzavro saSualebebis uqonlobis gamo tigros-
ze gadasvla ver SeZlo. is CrTiloeTisaken gaemarTa, radgan mas moaxsenes, rom mdinare iq
gayinuli iyo. maSin man aq ramdenime weli dahyo, eloda ra yinvebis dadgomas, magram amindi
misi gegmebisaTvis araxelsayreli aRmoCnda. amasobaSi SeuCvevelma klimatma misi bevri
jariskacis sicocxle Seiwira. ase rom, mefe iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo Tavis
samSobloSi. „mefe ioane presbiteri saxarebaSi moxseniebuli mogvebis Camomavalia da imave
xalxze mbrZaneblobda romlebzec Tavis droze mogvebi mefobdnen. misi dideba da
simdidre iseTi didi yofila, rom igi erTi zurmuxtis skiptriT sargeblobda. Tavisi
winaprebis magaliTma, romlebic gzas gaudgnen, raTa akvanSi myofi qristesTvis Tayvani
ecaT, ubiZga mas gaelaSqra ierusalimze, magram Seqmnili garemoeba am yovelives xels
uSlida“.
XII s. Sua xanebSi mZime mdgomareobaS iyvnen mcire aziSi myofi jvarosnebi. siriis
episkoposis elCoba romis papTan miznad isaxavda axali jvarosnuli moZraobis wamowyebas,
edesis dabrunebasa da axali miwebis dakavebas. episkoposis mier Catanilma cnobam, qris-
tiani mefe presviterisa da misi mosalodneli daxmarebis Sesaxeb didad daainterese da
aRafrTovana evropelebi, magram mosalodneli daxmarebis miuxedavad arsaidan ar Canda
ioane presviteris Zlevamosili armia.
ioane presviteris Sesaxeb realur Tu ararealur istorias, romelic gavrcelda XII-
is Sua xanebSi, Semdgom kidev bevri zRapruli ambavi daemata. beri alberixis qronikebSi
Cvenamde moaRwia werilma, (romelic ioane presviteris epistoleTia cnobili) sadac
aRniSnulia, rom 1165 wels man es werilebi gaugzavna sxvadasxva qriastianuli qveynebis
mmarTvelebs. Cvenamde moaRwia bizantiis keisarisadmi gagzavnilma epistolem. mkvlevarTa
azriT, es werili nayalbevia, magram mas am istoriis kvlevisTvis mainc didi mniSvneloba
61
aqvs. am werilis erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgens romis papis aleqsandre III-is werili,
romelic man 1177 wels Tavis pirad eqims gaatana ioane presviterTan, sadac es ukanaskneli
moxseniebulia uwmindes mRvdlad da indoeTis didebul mefed, magram mis mier gagzavnili
elCobis bedi ucnobia.
ioane presviteris Sesaxeb legendis gavrceleba kvlav iwyeba XIII saukuneSi rodesac
gamoCndnen monRolebi. evropaSi gaCnda imedi rom swored monRolebi iyvnen ioane
presviteris Zlevamosili armia. maTze arasakmarisi codnis gamo isini erTi SexedviT qris-
tianebi egonaT, romlebic musulmanTa winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. am imediT evropis umaRlesi
qveynebi da romis papebi aRmosavleTSi gzavnidnen misiebs, raTa maT SeeswavlaT monRolebi
da gaegod SeZlebdnen Tu ara am ududesi Zalis gamoyenebas TavianTi miznebisTvis. amas-
Tanave maT davalebuli hqondaT rom epovaT ioane presviteris samefo. swored amgvari
davalebis Sesruleba mouxdaT im drois cnobil mogzaurebs: plano karpinis, giiom rub-
rukviss, marko polos, ioane montekorvinos da sxvebs.
mogzaurTa gadmocemiT indoeTi sam nawilad iyofoda: eTiopiad, midiad da aRmosav-
leTis ukidures mxared.
plano karpinis monaTxrobi Zalian hgavs sxva mogzaurebis istorias, igi exeba Cingiz
xans da mis laSqrobebs. amave dros gvawvdis calke cnobas ioane presviterze. monRolTa
jarebi SeebrZolnen qristianebs didi indoeTSi. maT winaaRdeg gamovida am qveynis mefe
ioane presviteri, romelmac aiZula TaTrebi gaqceuliyvnen. igi indoeTs asaxelebs im
qveynebTan erTad, romlebis dapyrobac TaTrebma ver SeZles.
giiom rubrukvisi yarakitaelebze saubrisas mogviTxrobs, rom rodesac frankebma
alya Semoartyes antioqias, Turqebma TxovniT mimarTes kon-xans. rogorc g. operti aRniS-
navs rubrukvisis cnobaSi Cans yarakitais mmarTvelis kor-xanis istoria. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom rubrukvisis ambavs imeorebs rojer bekoni, romelic aRwers kor-xanis, ioane presvi-
teris, misi Zmis iunkisa da Cingiz-xanis brZolebs. kor-xanis sikvdilis Semdeg nestoria-
nelma ioanem mefoba miisakuTra. mas bevr istorias miawerdnen vidre sinamdvileSi iyo. misi
Zma, unki, mTebSi cxovrobda da patara qalaqs flobda. ioanes sikvdilis Semdeg ukve unksa
da Cingizs Soris dapirispireba moxda ZalauflebisaTivs, sadac unki damarcxda.
marko polo gadmogvcems istorias ioane presviterisa da Cingiz xanis brZolis Se-
saxeb, romelSic Cingiz xanma daamarcxa ioane.
XIII saukuneSi legenda daukavSires vinme daviT mefes. rudolf kogaSeles, simon de
sen kaventinisa da Jak de-vitris gadmocemiT viciT, rom 1221 wels vinme daviT mefe aRmo-
savleTidan miiwevda wminda saflavis gasaTavisufleblad da wminda samefos aRsadgenad.
vincentiusi da sxva mematianebi daviTs ioanes Svilad miiCneven.
marko polo ioane presviters eTiopelad asaxelebs. Sua indoeTSi aris abasia. misi
TqmiT, am mxareSi yvelaze didi mefe qristiania. aq ganisvenebs wminda Tomas neSti, rome-
lic aq moRvaweobda. igi gamogvcems ambavs adenis sulTnisa da ioane presviteris brZolis
Sesaxeb, romelic moxda ioanes mociqulis daCagvris gamo, sadac ioanem gaimarjva. es isto-
ria gavs oto fraizeningis mier gadmocemuls. ioanes eTieopeloba gansakuTrebiT popula-
ruli iyo portugaliaSi. XV saukunidan mas eZebdnen afrikaSic. mogzaurTa da despanTa
didi kvleva-Ziebis miuxedavad mainc ar gagvaCnia am pirovnebis da misi samefos zusti ad-
gilsamyofeli da istoriuli sinamdvile.
am ambis didi mkvlevari g. operti sakiTxis Seswavlisas iyenebs im mogzaurTa cnobebs
sadac aRwerilia yara-xataeTis mmarTvelis korxanis istoria. igi exeba ioanes zedwodebas,
romelic pirvelad oto fraizingma axsena. misi azriT, fraizingis mier naxsenebi pres-
viteri 1141 wels samaryandTan sparseTis sulTnis sanjaris dammarcxebeli giurxani-iur-
xania. magram samwuxarod mas dasavleTisken aRar uwarmoebia brZolebi. igi aseve aRniSnavs,
rom iurxani laTinurad warmoiTqmeba rogorc ioane, iohane. opertma am ambavze arapirda-
piri miniSnebebi amoikiTxa zinbadis mogzaurobaSi. misi azriT, swored zindbadis mogzau-
robis wignSi daculi werili Seadgens ioane presviteris epistoles safuZvels.
62
g. opertis gauCndnen Tanamoazreebi: fr. carnke, r. henigi, l. olSki da sxvani. isini
operts eTanxmebian da ioane presviteris prototipad miiCneven 1141 wels samaryandis
brZolaSi gamarjvebul ieluidaS-iurxans. amasTanave metad saintereso da yuradsaRebia
maTi gamokvlevebic. fr. carnke da l. olSki miiCneven, rom ioane presviteris legendis
winapiroba 1122 wels romis pap kaliqtus III-Tan Casuli patriarq ioanes elCoba unda gamx-
dariyo. es ambavi gadmocemulia abat don fon rames CanawerebSi sadac saubaria indoeTSi
arsebul qristianul samefoze, mis dedaqalaqsa da mdinare fisonze, romelic moedi-
neboda samoTxidan. l. olSkis azriT, 1165 wels Sedgenili ioanes epistole aris utopia da
miwieri samoTxis panegirika.
aseve sainteresoa rusul istoriografiaSi arsebuli gamokvlevebi am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. v. bartoldi da l.gumilovi fiqroben, rom legendas safuZvlad udevs 1141
wlis samaryandis brZolis istoria. bartoldi yuradRebas amaxvilebs nestorianelobis
gavrcelebaze monRolur tomebSi da wminda Tomas moaRvaweobaze indoeTSi. l. gumilovi
mogviTxrobs ieluidaSis anu igive ioanes Sesaxeb da ibn-alasiris cnobebze dayrdnobiT
agviRwers im grandiozul brZolas, romlis msgavsi mahmadianebs jvarosnebTanac ar uwar-
moebiaT. amasTanave yuradsaRebia v. matuzovis msjelobac, igi iziarebs sxva istorikosTa
mosazrebebs da gvaZlevs am legendis sam Teorias: pirveli aziuri d ioane-ieluidaSi ya-
rakitais imperiiis damaarsebelia; meore, afrikuli d ioane abisianis mefe iyo, romlis
qveyana IV saukuneSi moeqca qristianobaze; mesame – am ambavs ar gaaCnia istoriuli sa-
wyisebi da ar hyavs prototipi. igi SeTxzulia kaTolike sasuliero piris mier.
amrigad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istorikosTa varaudiT ZiriTadad ioane presviteris
legendas safuZvlad daedo 1141 wlis ambebi. giurxani, iurxani, ieliudaSi, quxani - ioane
presviteris prototipia.
g. opertisa da mis mimdevrebs mravlad hyavs kritikosebi. f. braunma Tavis naSromSi
wamoayena Teoria, romliTac igi am legendaruli mefis prototips XII saukunis saqarTve-
loSi eZebs. misi azriT, legenda Seiqmna da Camoyalibda daviT IV-is amirsparsalaris, ioane
orbelis mier 1124 wels Zmebi ibrahim da ahmedis koaliciuri laSqrobis damarcxebisa da
maTi mokavSire sulTanis meliq-TorRulis dedaqalaqis ganZis aRebis, aseve 1138-39 wlebSi
demetre I-is mier ganZis aRebisa da darbevis, 1161 wels giorgi III-is amirsparsalaris, ioane
orbelis mier xlaTis sulTnis suqman II-is ganadgurebisa da anisis dakavebis Sedegad. am
ambebis gaerTianebis Sedegad jvarosanTa warmodgenebSi miviReT ambavi ioane presviteris
Sesaxeb. igi, aseve 1165 wlis ioanes epistoles mixedviT, samefos lokalizacias axdens
kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi. am sakiTxze al. TvaraZem monografiaSi „saqarTvelo da
kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi“ f. braunis msgavsad, ZiriTadi daskvnebi daafuZna Sua sau-
kuneebsis evropul kartografiul masalebze, sadac kavkasiis mxare kaspiis kariT gogisa
da magogis xalxebiT, bibliuri mdinareebiT erT geografiul arealSia moTavsebuli. es
teritoria zustad jdeba ioane presviteris epistoles mixedviT misi samefos arealSi.
qarTveli istorikosebi (z. avaliSvili, al. nikuraZe, d. niniZe, S. badriaZe, S. reviSvi-
li) miiCneven, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istoriuli saxe ioane presviteris legendaSi aisaxa.
mkvlevari ana doroTea fon brinkeni ar gamoricxavs, rom ioanes TqmulebaSi daviTis saxe-
lis gaCena daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweobasTan kavSirSia.
z. avaliSvili naSromSi „jvarosanTa droidan“ am sakiTxze msjelobisas ZiriTadad
eyrdnoba mecamete saukuneSi gavrcelebul ambavs, sadac ioane presviteris memkvidred
gamoyvanilia mefe daviTi. misi azriT, SesaZloa, daviTis gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis
gasvlis Semdeg moxda ioanesa da daviTis saxeebis gaerTianeba. aqve gamoTqmulia mosazreba
ioane orbelisa da ioane presviteris igiveobis Sesaxeb.
d. niniZe laSa-giorgis pirovnebas legendarul ioane presviterad miiCnevs.
S. badriZem am legendis kvlevas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo. mis ZiriTad
wyaros oto fraizingis mier mocemuli informacia warmoadgens. man paraleli gaavlo
didgoris brZolasa da ioane presviteris brZolas Soris. aseve istoriul-geografiuli
63
kuTxiTac, ioane presviteris samSoblo mdebareobda „armeniisa da sparseTis miRma ukidu-
res aRmosavleTSi“. badriZis azriT, saubari rom yofiliyo Sua aziis aRmosavleT mxareze
maSin es lokalizebuli ar iqneboda armeniaze miTiTebiT. S. badriZe da f. bruni amasTanave,
presviteris saxes ukavSireben demetre I-is mmarTvelobis xanas. badriZis mosazreba
gaiziara S. reviSvlimac. igi am sakiTxs Seexo miTologiuri xalxebis istoriul-geogra-
fiuli adgilsamyofelis identifikaciisas da eTnikuri kuTvlinebis problemaze msje-
lobisas.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom ara mxolod qarTvel istorikosTa nawili ukavSirebs
ioane presviters XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb mefeebsa da didebulebs da
maT moRvaweobas. Tumca es mosazrebebi did sifrTxiles, yuradRebasa da kvlevas
saWiroebs, radgan Tavad legenda da epistole bevr upasuxo kiTxvas badebs.
am legendis erT-erTi mkvlevari andro gogolaZe, romelic sxvadasxva kuTxiT
ikvlevs Temas, fiqrobs rom istoriulis garda legendas bibliuri safuZveli udevs.
kerZod ioane mociqulis gamocxadeba d apokalifsi, sasjeli RvTisa dedamiwaze arsebuli
yoveli uwminduri Zalisa da misi mimdevrebis mimarT. amas mianiSnebs is faqtic, rom
xalxTa warmodgenaSi ioane presviteri ar berdeba, ar kvdeba, cocxlobs saukuneebis gan-
mavlobaSi. saxarebis mecxramete TavSi swored apokalifsur gamocxadebazea saubari: „da
vixilen cani ganxumulni. da aha cxeni spetaki, da mjdomaresa mas zeda ewodeboda sarwmu-
no£ da WeSmariti, da simarTliT Sjis da ibrZvis“ aRsaniSnavia, rom ioane presviteris epis-
toleSi mravladaa bibliuri aluzia, aseve paralelebi sxvadasxva bibliur siuJetebTan.
aseve gvxvdeba miniSneba wminda graalze. amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tqmulebas gaaCnia
saxarebiseuli apokalifsis safuZvlebi. sagulisxmoa andro gogolZis kidev erTi daskvna,
romlis mixedviTac ioane presviteris samSoblos dakavSirebas saqarTvelosTan gamoric-
xavs is, rom evropelebisTvis saqarTvelo im dros sakmaod nacnobi iyo, ioane presviterze
da mis samflobeloebze ki araferi icodnen.
realur istoriaze dafuZnebuli Tu SeTxzuli legenda ioane presviteris Sesaxeb
didxans cocxlobda Sua saukuneebis xalxTa cnobierebaSi. misma ambavs Tu epistolem bev-
ri mkvlevari aalaparaka da wlebis manZilze imedi misca evropaSi myof jvarosnebs. Tumca,
dRemde sadao da dasazustebelia, efuZneba Tu ara ioane presviteris legenda realur
istorias Tu ubralod gamonagonia.
Cemi azriT, legendas ioane presviteris Sesaxeb namdvilad unda hqonoda safuZvlad
realuri istoria da vfiqrob, es ambavi swored 1141 wels momxdari brZolaa. im drois
zogierT mogzaurTa daskvnebic da evropel da rus mecnierTa nawilic swored am faqts
asaxelebs legendis sawyisad. maTi msjelobebi da daskvnebi sruliad safuZvlianad da swo-
rad mimaCnia. amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom am ambavma ganicada trans-
formacia da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi asazrdoebda evropel jvarosnebs da aramarto maT.
es bunebrivicaa radgan 1141 wels momxdari ambis Semdeg mravali ram moxda rasac sruliad
safuZvlianad SeiZleba daukavSirdes es legenda. veTanxmebi im mkvlevarebs, romlebic
fiqroben, rom ioanes epistole nayalbevia. masSi asaxulia bibliuri aluziebi da masSi
aRwerili samefo ar Seesabameba relobas. radgan jvarosnebisTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo
mdidari da Zlieri mokavSire. qarTveli istorikosebis gamoTqmuli varaudiT SesaZlebe-
lia marTlac daekavSirebinaT evropelebs daviT aRmaSenebeli ioanesTan drois garkveul
momentSi garkveuli mizezebis gamo. magram vfiqrob daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweoba ar iyo
is Ziri da safuZveli saidanac legenda momdinareobs.
vfiqrob am legendis garSemo Catarebuli kvleva ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos dasrulebu-
lad da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iZleva imis safuZvels, rom Sesaswavli da saZiebeli kidev
bevria.
64
literatura:
1. avaliSvili, zurab. jvarosanTa droidan. Tbilisi, 1989.
2. badriZe, SoTa. jvarosnuli Tqmuleba daviT aRmaSenebelsa da demetre pirvelze. Tbi-
lisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi. tomi 125. Tbilis, 1968.
3. gogolaZe, andro. ioane presviteris legendis istoriuli da bibliuri safuZvlebis Se-
saxeb. gamomcemloba meridiani Tbilisi, 2005.
4. gogolaZe, andro. statia: mefe-xucesis legendis monRoluri reminiscenciebi qarTul
wyaroebSi. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTve-
los istoriis institutis Sromebi IV. Tbilisi, 2011.
5. TinikaSvili, daviT da kazariani, ioane. statia: jvarosnebi da qarTvelebi: kritikuli
midgoma qarTuli istoriografiisadmi.
6. http://kadmos.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php/kadmos/article/viewFile/191/173
65
klara gelaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti, doqtorantura,
xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino mindiaSvili
omis paradigma qarTul mwerlobaSi — omis Tema osur literaturaSi
Cvens qveyanaSi, sabWoTa periodis nacionaluri politikis principTa danergvis kidev
erTi Sedegi, „qarTul‐osuri konfliqti“‐s saxiT warmoCnda.
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam qarTveli xalxis interesebi SezRuda, rac
orive mxarisTvis metad savalalo SedegiT dasrulda. osi separatistebisTvis miuRebeli
aRmoCnda zviad gamsaxurdias mimarTva samxreT oseTis osi mosaxleobisadmi, sadac maT
keTilgonierebisaken mouwodebda. ar gaiTvaliswines da Sedegmac ar daayovna d moxda is,
rac SesaZlebeli iyo, Tavidan agvecilebina! dampali ZafiviT dawyda da daiSala sauku-
neebis manZilze SeduRabebuli urTierTobebi. osebs ar aviwydebaT saqarTvelos uzenaesi
sabWos arCevnebis win, 1990 w. oqtomberSi z. gamsaxurdias televiziiT gamosvla, sadac igi
maT xelSeuxeblobas hpirdeboda: „Cven araerTxel gangvicxadebia, rom ar moviTxovT
araqarTvelTa gasaxlebas saqarTvelodan, rogorc amas zogierTi mogvawers. ar moviTxovT
maT diskriminacias, devnas. Cven moviTxovT Tanasworuflebianobas...“i
ar aviwydebaT, radgan am dapirebis paralelurad, intensiurad mimdinareobda eTniku-
ri osebis Seviwroeba‐gandevna saqarTvelos teritoriidan. ratomo? ‐ kiTxvas svamen isini.
es imitom, rom osi separatistebi ar wyvetdnen antiqarTul moqmedebebs, radgan maT, zurgs
yovelTvis ruseTi umagrebda da icavda. qarTul-osuri urTierTobebis daZabva, gansakuT-
rebiT 80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba. TiTqos, am ori eris mexsierebaSi, winare sab-
Wouri damokidebulebebi da dapirispirebebi amotivtivebuliyo... jer kidev „1295 wels
roca qarTlSi umefobis periodi iyo da qveyanas mxolod erisTavi da aznaurebi mar-
Tavdnen, JamTaaRmwerelis sityviT pirvelad iwyes osebma aoxreba, xocva da rbeva qarT-
lisa. maT daikaves qalaqi gori da iqidan wasvlas ar apirebdnen. maT mimarT gadamwyveti
omebi awarmoa giorgi mexuTe brwyinvalem, romelmac isini samwliani dauRalavi brZolis
Semdgom gandevna goridan.“ii mematianes arc is faqtebi daukargavs, sadac osebi qarTvelebs exmarebian mtris mo-
geriebasa da gandevnaSi, cdiloben erTguleba daumtkicon qarTvelebs, magram: „1918 wlis martSi samxreT oseTSi ajanydnen osebi. es ajanyeba saqarTvelos saxalxo gvardiam Ca-
axSo. am ajanyebiT qarTulma sazogadoebam igrZno osebisagan mosalodneli safrTxe Tumca
amas ukve veRaraferi uSvelida.“iii
arsebuli konfliqtis ganaxlebis ZiriTadi motivi qarTul‐osuri eTnonacionaluri
dapirispirebaa. „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis“ gauqmebas xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg sabWoeTis mxridan provokaciebisa da SantaJebis
kompaniam, romelic m. gorbaCovis z. gamsaxurdiasadmi muqariT „dagvirgvinda“: „saqarTve-
los sabWoTa kavSiridan SeuZlia gavides, magram samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis gareSe‐o“.
miuxedavad uamravi mcdelobisa, gons mosuliyvnen da SeecvalaT damokidebuleba,
„moskovis mier waqezebuli osi separatistebi agrZelebdnen saqarTvelos respublikis
konstituciis sawinaaRmdego qmedebas, rasac mohyva iZulebiTi nabiji qveynis teritori-
66
uli mTlianobis SenarCunebis mizniT da miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni d „samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb“ da dadgenileba d „q. cxinvalisa da
javis raionis teritoriaze sagangebo wesebis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb.“iv (1990 wlis 1 dekem-
beri).
90‐iani wlebis konfliqtis iarebi jer kidev Rrmad aCnda ori eris urTierTobas, rom
Tavi iCina axalma, bevrad ufro mtkivneulma konfliqtma, romelic Sedegebzec orive
mxarea pasuxismgebeli.
„2008 wlis agvistos omi. omi, romelmac SeZra msoflio...omi, romelmac samudamo daRi
daasva saqarTvelos... omi, romlis gameorebis safrTxe jer kidev arsebobs“.v 2008 wlis 7 agvistos saqarTvelos xelisuflebam, prezident saakaSvilis brZanebiT
samxedro operacia daiwyo qalaq cxinvalis asaRebad, radgan osi separatistebis mier pir-
veli agvistodan ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda saartilerio srolebi. momdevno dRes ru-
seTma, romelsac regionSi samSvidoboebi hyavda, qarTvelTa ieriSis sapasuxod cxinvalis
regionSi sakuTari jarebis qvedanayofebi da mZime teqnika masobrivad Seiyvana. parale-
lurad, ruseTma saqarTvelos sxva regionebis sahaero dabombvac daiwyo. 9 agvistos ru-
sulma da afxazurma Zalebma meore fronti gaxsnes kodoris xeobaze TavdasxmiT. brZola
xuT dRes gagrZelda. qarTuli jari gamodevnili iqna cxinvalis regionidan. saqarTvelom
dakarga teritoriebi, aTasobiT adamiani iqca ltolvilad. yovelive es, bunebrivia, asaxvas
hpovebda ra, qveynis, rogorc politikur, socialur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, aseve
Tavis adgils hpovebda literaturaSic. literaturis saxiT gadmocemuli suraTi wiaRi-
seulad asaxavs yvela im gancdasa da movlenas, rac waruSlel kvals stovebs rogorc pi-
rovnebaSi, aseve naTeli suraTia im erisa, romlis istoriac nawarmoebis erT‐erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi Temaa.
es iyo mokle istoriuli diskursi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra uZRoda win qarTvelebsa da osebs
Soris arsebul dapirispirebas. miuxedavad amisa, mainc Znelia ipovno WeSmaritebis marcva-
li iq, sadac sisxlia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba visia es sisxli‐sisxli, sisxlia!
2008 wlis ruseT‐saqarTvelos omidan 9 weli gavida, magram dRemde aravis daekisra pa-
suxismgebloba. pasuxgaucemelia kiTxvebi, daulagebelia urTierTobebi, rac os da qar-
Tvel mosaxleobas erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.
postkolonialuri sivrcis literaturas axalma talRam gadauara. rogorc qarTul,
aseve osur literaturaSic mkveTrad aisaxa am or ers Soris XIX saukunis bolo periodisa
da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli, ruseTisagan marTuli movlenebi. osi avtore-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvel avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi, omis Tema TviTkritikuli da miu-
kerZoebelia. omiT gamowveul SedegebTan erTad, xmamaRali saubaria gamomwvev mizezebzec.
qarTuli literatura gaJRenTilia tkiviliT‐mesame Zalam daapirispira da erTmaneTis
sisxli daaRvrevina guSindel Zmebs. saqarTvelom ar unda dakargos teritoria, arc keTil-
ganwyoba osebisadmi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom n. gelaSvili zviad gamsaxurdias politikuri kursis erT‐erTi
uaryofiTad Semfasebelia, keTilgonierebas uwunebs osebs. „derTi SemiZlia axlave vTqva,
rom Tu cxinvalma saqarTvelosgan gamoyofa aikviata, Tavs daiRupavs. imitom, rom es
usamarTlobaa.“vi
sul sxvagvari kuTxiTaa warmoCenili 2008 wlis omi os avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi. TiTqmis
Cvens mier moZiebul yvela nawarmoebSi, gamonaklisis garda, qarTvelebi maTTvis faSis-
tebTan asocirdebian.
67
1888‐89 wlebis saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis dawyebam bevri cvlileba gamoiwvia.
ukve damoukidebeli saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom 1990 wlis 11dekembers gaauqma samxreT
oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. „1991wlis martSi, prezident z. gamsaxurdias gankargulebiT, cxinvalSi Sevida sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani jaris nawili. male maT sxva araformaluri
SeiaraRebuli formirebebi daemata. daiwyo qarTul-osuri konfliqti“.vii
aRniSnuli periodis konfliqts exeba osi avtoris, tamerlan tadtaevis moTxroba „‚‐-
†‐‑‘”“ omia. osi moxaliseebi barikadebze dganan. omSi kargi iaraRia saWiro. es yvelas ar aqvs.
alanis gverdiT erTi mebrZoli daiWra. mas rom karabini uWiravs, alani swored aseT
iaraRze ocnebobs. is jer kidev cocxalia da alani cdilobs iaraRi gamowiwknos. Tan
SiSobs:
„А что, если оностался жив? Тогда он будет преследовать меня наяву Для верности надо было
раскроить ему череп прикладом. Так, может,вернуться назад и доделать дельце? Нет, лучше не
надо.“viii
modis ambavi‐cxinvalis moedani ukve qarTvelebma daikaves!.. alani garbis Tavis
naTesavTan‐arsenTan, romelsac yovelTvis aRmerTebda da baZavda, radgan TviTon sul
avadmyofobda. axla, rac omi daiwyo, aRar avadmyofobs, omma gamoakeTa. arseni sTavazobs
gaqcevas, radgan ukve yvelgan qarTvelebi arian. alani ar garbis. oTaxSia, esmis fexis xma,
fiqrobs, rom isini movidnen, isvris maRla da elodeba: „он наверняка караулит меня и застрелит,
как только пошевельнусь.“ix cota xanSi alani xedavs, rogor ecema iataks wiTeli wveTebi...
amave, 90‐iani wlebis ruseTisagan inspirirebul osur‐qarTuli konfliqtis periods
exeba tamerlan tadtaevias kidev erTi moTxroba „Отступник“.
ojaxi, romelic omis konfliqtis dawyebamde sacxovreblad Sua aziaSi gadadis,
fulis dagrovebisTanave brundeba cxinvalSi mizniT‐SeiZinos orsarTuliani saxli da
samudamod damkvidrdes aq. magram maTi CamosvlisTanave situacia iZabeba. omis dasawyisSi,
ise, rogorc yvela, am ojaxis mamac Tvlis, „Что это недоразумение скоро закончится, и он доведет
до конца начатое. Но потом понял, что это всерьез и надолго.“x
omSi uiaraRod yofna aryofnas udris. amitom biWi iZulebuli xdeba, iaraRis
SesaZenad, danazogi mamis daukiTxavad aiRos. mama uars ambobs Svilze, deda barikadebze
midis da Sin dabrunebas sTxovs. ZmasTan garigebas sdebs‐sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi iaraRi mas
rCeba. ukve iaraRiani axalgazrda cxovrebis pirispir dgeba da realobasTan Tvalis
gasworeba uwevs‐xedavs rogor maradioroben TviTon osebi da Ram‐RamobiT daucvel
ojaxebs Zarcvaven... axalgazrda biWebi quCaSi saburavebs wvaven da icinian. maTTvis omi
raRac TamaSs gavs, sadac dauRalavad TamaSoben. „Только грузином никто не хочет быть. Лучше
быть фашистом.“xi maT ician, rom im qarTvelebis mamebi, romlebic merxze maT gverdiT
isxdnen, axla maT Zmebs da mamebs xocaven. sikdilma ukve Seabija am bavSvebis ojaxebSi.
mozrdili biWebi iaraRis povnaze ocneboben, rom Suri iZion...viRaca iaraRis warTmevas
cdilobs, rom gayidos da aqedan wavides „‐ Я хочу свалить отсюда в Москву. Война не по мне. Я
понял это, как только приехал сюда.“xii barikadebisken, mopirdapire mxaris ikarusidan erTi
milicioneri maTken xelebis qneviT moemarTeba. aniSnebs, rom uiaraRoa. igi tiriliT midis
maTTan da ekiTxeba‐risTvisaa es omi saWiro?! „Мы же люди! Неужели не понимаете? Мы стреляем
друг в друга, убиваем! Ради чего, а? Это просто невыносимо! Я не могу больше этого терпеть! Не хочу
стрелять в вас! Не хочу, чтоб вы стреляли в нас! Мы же не звери, а? Посмотрите на солнце, на небо, разве
мы не можем просто жить и радоваться, глядя на эту красоту?“xiii
68
„– Мы защищаем нашу землю, – сказал ковбой, обращаясь к милиционеру. Не мы к вам пришли с
войной, а вы.“xiv qarTveli milicioneris sityvebma TanagrZnoba gamoiwvia. amasobaSi maTken
isev ori milicioneri ganiaraRebulTa JestikulaciiT gamoemarTa. isini TavianTi megob-
ris wasayvanad modiodnen. „– Эти, наверное, из личной охраны самого Гамсахурдиа, d заметил кто‐то
из ребят. – Не надо упускать такого случая. Убьем их, а?“ osebma gadawyvites esrolaT im orisTvis,
romlebsac omis uarmyofeli milicioneri ZaliT mihyavdaT. biWma Zmis mzera igrZno.
usityvod grZnobda kiTxvas. man Zmas TvalebSi Caxeda „В спину я не буду стрелять. Нет.“xv
milicioneri ZaliT aiyvanes ikarusSi. „Наступила зловещая тишина. Все смотрели на
красный, весь в пробоинах „Икарус“ и чего‐то ждали…“xvi
bunebrivia, omSi adamiani individualuria. avtoris obieqturi xedvac misasalmebeli.
mas ar daumalavs osi da rusi erovnebis maradiorebis mier cxinvalis mosaxleobis da-
yaCaRebis faqtebi. arc qarTveli milicioneris SiSi da wuxili uazro omSi sikvdilis gamo.
es yo 90‐ian wlebis cxinvalSi organizacia „adamon nixasis“ wevrebis mier antiqarTuli moZ-
raobis erT‐erTi Sedegi.
„afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT, 1989‐92 wlebSi oseTTan oms qarTuli mosaxleobis eT-
nikuri wmenda ar mohyolia. Sesabamisad, cecxlis Sewyvetis Semdeg, am or eTnikur jgufs
Soris urTierTobebis normalizeba ufro swrafad daiwyo. im droisTvis, rodesac saakaS-
vili xelisuflebaSi movida, miuxedavad imisa, rom manamde gansakuTrebul seriozul
samSvidobo iniciativebs adgili ar hqonia da separatistuli respublika oficialurad
blokadaSi iyo moqceuli, qarTvelebs da osebs Soris yofiT doneze yoveldRiuri urTi-
erTobebi ukve daregulirebuli iyo.“xvii omma, sadac ganukiTxaoba batonobda, Zirfesvianad
Secvala mSvidobiani mosaxleobis cxovreba. gaaora da rwmena Seuryia Taobas, romlis-
Tvisac warmoudgeneli iyo aseTi gaTiSva. ar enaxaT omi, sisxli, rbeva da cecxli. ver
gaarkvies, ra moxda, ratom iqcnen mtrebad is adamianebi, romlebic guSin gulSi ikravdnen
da eferebodnen. ratom gaimetes maTi mamebi da Zmebi Tanaklaselebis mamebma da Zmebma.
guSindeli moyvare mtrad iqca‐gklavs, garbevs, gwvavs, magram maT xom yavT mxsneli. meaTe
klaseli osis gogona Tavis CanaxatSi aRwers im saSinel dReebs, rodesac Tavze daeqcaT
yvelaferi. sardafSi TavSefarebulebi SiSiT Zrwian, arada, ra kargad umzerda ZmasTan
erTad olimpiadas! ocnebobda momaval ardadegebze, sofelSi wasvlaze, binis garemon-
tebaze, sasiamovno Tavgadasavlebze da, uceb, srolebi, xmauri, cis gaxsna da erTaderTi
gza gadarCenisa‐ saswrafod datovon qalaqi!.. axalgazrda gogonas Tavzars scems axal‐axa-
li cnobebi: „Когда мы услышали, что агрессоры заняли наши посты, погибли наши парни, я потеряла
сознание.“ gogonas warmodgenac ki ar SeuZlia imisa, rom maT, yvelas daxocaven, rom „Южная
Осетия, будет принадлежать этим зверям, которые не щдили детей, стариков и беременных женщин.“ es
ar moxdeba, radgan ruseTi gansacdelSi ar datovs Tavis moqalaqeebs! erTaderTi sasixa-
rulo cnoba, Tu SeiZleboda im mdgomareobaSi sixarulad rame CaTvliliyo, ise iyo cnoba
rusis jaris gamoCenisa: „Росийские воиска уже здесь! Все стали Радоваться б ктото плакал...“xviii
movidnen Cveni mxsneli rusebio, ambobs patara gogona, radgan ar icis, rom swored
maTi „wyalobiT“ Caxeda sikvdils TvalebSi, maTi mizeziT dakarga uaxloesi megobrebi da
rwmena, romelic, vimedovneb, adre Tu gvian, simarTlis SecnobasTan erTad, mainc daub-
rundeba.
rusebma, cxinvalidan, javis mimarTulebi gaiyvanes mosaxleoba. bavSvebma yvela
iaraRis saxeli iswavles. isxdnen da saubrobdnen omze. ori kviris Semdeg dabrundnen,
daxvdaT dangreuli cxinvali da SiSi imisa, Tu sad unda ecxovraT. dasrulebuli omi ar
69
niSnavs mSvidobas. dabrunebas ar moaqvs simSvide: „Приехав я не почуствовала ничего: ни страха, ни
боли, ни радости, что вернулас дамой. В моей душе было пусто, никаких чувств, ощущений.“xix
modis pirveli seqtemberi, bunebrivia uxaria Tanaklaselebis naxva, ulocaven erT-
maneTs sicocxles, magram ratomRac, patara gogona arafers wers im qarTvel megobrebze,
romlebic maT gverdiT unda msxdariyvnen...
qarTvelebisadmi mtruli ganwyobiTaa es werili gaJRenTili. Tumca, bevrad ufro
asakovani adamianebic ase Tvlian da sjeraT, rom qarTvelma erma genocidi mouwyo. aseTi
iyo misi cxovrebis yvelaze usaSinlesi zafxuli, romelic zogisTvis ukanasknelic aR-
moCnda. „Пуст все дети знают о войне только по книгам истории, а для тех, кто пережили эту войну, пусть
вся последующая жизнь будет светлой и мирной.“xx
aseTi survilebiT asrulebs Tavis werils meaTe klaseli gogona, romelic darwmu-
nebulia, rom qarTvelebze saSiSi mteri, maTTvis, ar arsebobs!
omiT miRebul sulier tramvaze leqsiT gvesaubreba mecxre klaseli gogona liza ta-
soeva. misTvis aseTi saSineleba ucxoa. iwvis qalaqi, eCveneba, rom dedamiwa kankalebs,
daundobeli adamianebis xeliT iRupebian misi Tanamoqalaqeni. mxolod erTaderTi imedi
rCeba‐rusebi ixsnian da ai, isinic gamoCndnen: „Россия привыла на помощь Вздохнула родина‐
земля“.xxi
raoden mtkivneuli mosasmenic ar unda iyos, mainc gvesmis leqsidan sityva „faSisti“.
„Фашисты смились очен быстро и люди вышли изо тьмы...“xxii omis binZuri politikis Sedegi sa-
xezea: patara gogonam icis, rom omia. mis axloblebs aviwroeben da klaven qarTvelebi! maS
ra saxeli mouZebnos ,man sxva araferi icis, politika misTvis araferia! man mxolod is icis,
rom misi rwmena da simSvide qarTvelebis xeliT dasamarda.
„omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. nebismieri donis politikis
yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasxva formis
SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.“xxiii
ver aiciles, usisxlod ver mogvarda, evropeizaciisken ltolvam ver gaaTavisufla
qveyana omis agoniisagan. da vin varT Cven, rogor avuxsnaT mecxre klasel gogonas, rom omi
binZuri politikis Sedegia da Cven ki, orive mxare, am omiT dazaralebuli, sazarbazne
xorcad gamoyenebuli adamianebi. „как много молодых погибло от рук жестокого врага..“xxiv bolos,
lana medeevas da yvela im adamianebis msgavsad, vinc met‐naklebad ganicada omis saSineleba,
lizasac erTaderTi survili aqvs: „Дай Бог, чтоб болше никогда не повторилась та война.“xxv
„pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi CaibeWda rom es misia
da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmariti fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa
da saSinelebas ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras, ina-
nebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa – saerTo.“xxvi osi avtorebis Semoq-
medebis gacnobisas, romelic omis Tematikazea Seqmnili, Cndeba survili, xmamaRla iyvi-
ro – ar SecdeT! Cven ar varT faSistebi! Cven bevri ram gvakavSirebs erTmaneTTan! –
rwmena, ena, romelic mSobliuriviT gqondaT gaTavisebuli, miwa, romelzec Tqveni ar-
sebobiT aravin Sewuxebula, Svilebi, romlebic osTa da qarTvelTa SeuRlebis nayofs
warmoadgenen da maS, raRa gvqonia gasayofi?! xelisuflebis mxridan gonierebisa da dip-
lomatiis deficitma Caamtvria is xidi, romelzec Cven, ubralo adamianebi, erTmaneTs
vxvdebodiT, Wirsa da lxins vaziarebdiT da verasodes vifiqrebdiT, rom mesame Zalis
CareviT mosisxle mtrebad gadaviqceodiT!..
„Любимый мой город“ ase ewodeba 2008 wlis 15 agvistos daweril al. Cexovis leqss,
romelzec wamZRvarebulia, rom eZRvneba 2008 wels qarTveli samxedroebisagan dan-
70
greul cxinvals. avtori dastiris CeqmiT gaTelili qalaqis silamazes, dacarielebul
ubnebs, xelyofil skolebs, suls...da aqac d erTaderTi mxsneli ruseTia: „Мой бедный
город, не в боге ли сила ?что было б с тобой ,не позвав он Россию?“xxvii
bunebrivia, tkiodes mSobliuri qalaqi, madlieri iyos im erisa, romelmac ixsna da
daicva „agresori qarTvelebisagan“, magram visi mizeziT gaxda qalaqi da misi
mosaxleoba dasacavi, amas obieqturad unda afasebdes moazrovne zrdasruli. „osebi
saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlSi XVII saukunis Semdeg iwyeben damkvidrebas. isic rogorc
maCablis uuflebo ymebi, romelTac arc araferi ekuTvnodaT da arc arafris ufleba ar
hqondaT da arc araferi ekiTxebodaT, sanam batonymoba gauqmdeboda, e. i. XIX saukunis 60‐
ian wlebamde. Semdeg ki TandaTan fexi aidges, momravldnen da Zaladobasac mimarTes.
sisxliT moirwya im Sida qarTlis sanaxebi, bolSevikebma rom samxreT oseTad
monaTles… jayom imZlavra odiTgan qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul miwaze…“xxviii
„И землю залитую кровью от нелюдей освободим.“xxix am sityvebis avtori daviT gazaaTia.
masac awuxebs cecxlSi gaxveuli qalaqi, tyviiT gangmiruli moxucebi da bavSvebi. os
axalgazrdebs isev iaraRiT uwevT Tavisuflebis dacva...magram yuradRebas iqcevs sityvebi,
romelSic, sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, erT konkretul pirovnebas adebs brals da
akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas masze, ra ubedurebac mis ocnebis qalaqs daatyda: „И снова во
власти грузинской фашисткий падонок сидит.“xxx
qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis mSvidobian urTierTobaze tkiviliT iwyeba leqsi
„Недоврые соседи“, romelic Tengiz doguzovs ekuTvnis. mere Savma katam gadairbina da
gaTiSa yvelaferi. axlac ki esmis maTi godebis xmebi. iwyeba muqara, xelis gawvdenazea
ubedureba, magram erTxel Tu gaiRviZa naTebis sisxlma, mere veraferi uSveliT maT!... „Не
сыпьте на рану мне соль злые соседи!“xxxi daskvna aseTia: „В синем океане не бивают счастливыми злом
груженых коравлей пути.“xxxii
imedi maqvs, dro mova, Cven SevZlebT isev megobruli urTierTobebis damyarebas da Tu
jer kidev ara, maSin namdvilad daerqmeva yvelafers Tavisi saxeli. Cven, moazrovne
adamianebs, meti movaleoba gvakisria eris winaSe. roca tribuna Senia, saWiro ki ara,
aucilebelia obieqturad Seafaso movlenebi, raTa Sendauneburad, xelisSemwyobi ar aR-
moCnde gaTiSvisa da siZulvilisa. Semoqmedis movaleoba xom siyvarulis Teslis gaR-
vivebaa!.. rogori sisastikiT savsea, lana Zukaevas leqsi „Мой Иристон“. an ra gasakviria, leq-
si 2009 welSia gamoqveynebuli da, rogorc Cans, dawerili omis periodSia. es xom ga-
daxsnili Wrilobidan sisxldenis periodia. gesmiT adamianebo glovis xma?! es oseTidan
modis!... didi ubedureba SemoiWra Cvens saxlebSi, Zarcvaven da wvaven Cvens saxlebs! Cven
aravis saxlSi ar SevWrilvarT, Cven vicavdiT moxucebs da bavSvebs faSisti mtrisa-
gan.....gesmiT dedebis moTqma? isini dakargul Svilebs tirian: „Их истердали до смерти грузины,
только за то что они d осетины.“xxxiii
„saqarTvelos ar SemouerTebia sxvisi miwebi. ar mounaTlavs ucxoelebi Tavis
rjulze. ar gauWria fanjara evropasa da aziaSi, ar uswavlebia sxva qveynis xalxebisaTvis
qarTulad laparaki. arc cdila sxva miwa-wylis xalxebis simdidre mieTvisebina“.xxxiv
TavisTavad, adamianebs gviWirs, simarTles TvalebSi CavxedoT, radgan Cvenive anarekli
gvaSinebs!...warsuls ardaviwyeba ki ara, gaanalizeba sWirdeba, gadafaseba sWirdeba da mere,
aseTi saxiT unda gadavceT Svilebs. ar unda dagvaviwydes imisi Tqma, raSi viyaviT marTlebi
da raSi‐damnaSaveni. unda SevZloT, vaRiaroT Cveni sisusteebi (ar aqvs mniSvneloba,
xelisufalma Sescoda Tu ubralo adamianma), ratom ar gvinda, meore mxridan, aRiareba
imisa, rom osma separatistebma, romelTac zurgs rusi samxedroebi umagrebdnen,
71
yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarbes‐miuxedavad qarTvelTa mxridan gafrTxilebebisa, ramde-
nime dRes srola ar Sewyvites da amgvari qmedebiT qarTuli mxaris gaRizianeba gamoiwvies.
„prezidentma saakaSvilma osebs mSvidobis sanacvlod farToႰაvtonomiაႰSesTavaza, rac
osebma uaryves, vinaidan maTi gacxadebuli survili sruli damoukidebloba iyo.“xxxv am
qmedebiT, Tavisive xalxi gaswires dasaRupad! Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, pasuxis-
mgebloba, yovelive amaze, prezident saakaSvils ekisreba.
qarTvelebis sircxvilze wers edvard varTanova, romelic did danaSaulad Tvlis,
genocidi mouwyo mezobel xalxs. mSvid sizmrebSi gaxveulma qalaqma araferi icoda
saakaSvilis gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb, rom cxinvali miwasTan unda gaesworebiaT. man
daapira, kombliT daewera istoria. ratom daiviwyeT „georgievskis traqtati“, Tqven xom
ruseTma gadagarCinaT genocids! me ar mcnobian qarTvelebi:
„А Сакартвело я не узнаю:
казалось мне‐ она страна поэтов,
Где славят в песнях Родину свою
И пьют вино за всех людей планеты.“xxxvi
es sityvebi omgadatanili qalaqis erT‐erT TviTmxilvel poets ekuTvnis da, dae,
eCvenebodes, rom saqarTvelo iseTi ar aRmoCnda, rogoric egona! magram esec icodnen,
(TviTmxilveli var) rom saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT gorSi, mSvidobis sadRegrZelos
cremliani TvalebiT svamen cxinvalidan ltolvili qarTveli biWebi... rogor fiqrobT,
mxolod dakarguli saxl‐kari da dafantuli axloblebi iwveven maTSi msgavs emociebs?!
isini os megobrebTan, mezoblebTan, TanamSromlebTan, TanaklaselebTan da Tundac ojaxis
osi erovnebis wevrebTan areul urTierTobas ver eguebian. nostalgia aqvT im Tbili
daZmuri urTierTobisa, romelic broliviT daamsxvria, mxolod da mxolod, politikam!
saukuneebis manZilze sxvaTa warmatebisTvis ibrZodnen alanebi, Tumca brZola da
gmiroba maTgan iswavles germanelebma, skandinavielebma. maT droSas Cirqi arasodes ar
moscxebia, magram samwuxarod, sul tyuilad, sxvaTa sasargeblod ixarjeboda maTi Zala.
mxolod da mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg warimarTa maTi Zalebi sakuTari
myofadobisTvis. „Но слишком уж разнились силы‐их сохранил седой Кавказ.“xxxvii
aseTi Sinaarsi devs merab zassetis leqsSi „Кто мы?“.
winaprebis saxelis warTmeva, raTa kavSiri gawyvetiliyo warsulTan. istoriis Secvla
da carieli furclidan arsebobis dawyeba‐ai kidev erTi braldeba, rac am leqsSi qarTve-
lebis mimarTaa gaJRerebuli. da kidev: „Коварства полные грузины скамней стесали письмена, яви-
лись миру осетины еще народ но не страна.“xxxviii velurebad gvcnes da ecadnen amayi sulis
Cakvlas, magram CvenSi alanebis sisxli Cqefs, Cven isev davmkvidrdebiT. Cvens saTqmels dro
ityvis. miuxedavad veraguli gegmebisa Cven mainc viarsebebT... sainteresoa is faqti, rom
saukuneebis manZilze sxvaTa didebisTvis brZolebSi daRlili xalxi, sulier da fizikur
simSvides mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdgom hpovebs. mxolod aq aravin sTxovs d
ibrZolon maTTvis da sakuTari saxe dakargon...
merab zasseti, meore leqsSi „Ангелы Бессмертия“, romelic 2008 wlis 10 agvistosaa
dawerili, osi axalgazrdis Tavganwirvaze mogviTxrobs. cxinvali cecxlSia gaxveuli,
erTaderTi mxsneli nestiani sardafebia. avtori xedavs ymawvils, romelic TvalanTebuli
miabijebs quCaSi. mas arc gaboroteba emCneva da arc agresia. tankebqveS Zvlebis msxvrevis
xma ismis, is ki uSiSrad miabijebs: „И встал он весстрашный, как ангел бессмертья,/ во всю свою
юную стать, / кричали ему, что он молод для смерти,‐/ рыдала вотчааааянье мать.“xxxix
72
ase daeca es guSindeli moswavle mamacuri sikvdiliT da ramdeni aseTi axalgazrda
Zlieri alanuri sisxlisa. RmerTo, acxone daRupuli biWebis suli, dromova, isev ganaTdeba
cxinvalis ca: „Грянет свобода и сбудутся грёзы Взойдёт над Цхинвалом заря Розы взойдут на могилах
как слёзы Ов ангелах память храня..“xl
udidesi tkivili igrZnoba TiToeul sityvaSi, strofSi...marTlac usazRvroa
mwuxareba yovelive imis gamo, rac Cvens Soris, mesame Zalis CareviT moxda. is ubralo
adamianebi, romlebmac Cveni Zmoba da keTilganwyoba asgzis gamoiyenes, Tvlian da faqtebs
ver gaveqceviT, Cvenive xeliT daecnen. bevrad ufro samwuxaro ki kidev isaa, rom mizezi
aravis ainteresebs!... ver xedaven, an ar undaT dainaxon is xeli, romelmac sisxlisRvrisken
ubiZga. faqtobrivad, am gansacdelisTvis gaimeta isini!.. am xels, isini, xedaven mxolod,
rogorc mxsnels da esaa, udides tkivilTan erTad, aseT TanagrZnobiT savse gaocebas rom
iwvevs CvenSi. „Он обещал мне вернуться..“ ase ewodeba alena doguzovas lirikuli xasiaTis
leqss, romelic ardabrunebis sinanuliTaa savse (leqsi dawerilia 2008 wlis rva agvistos.).
brZolis velze dacemuls mkerdis natyviaridan mosCqebs sisxli. garkveuli da gardau-
valia sikvdili. tyviebi stvena‐stveniT celaven da amcireben megobarTa rigebs. axal-
gazrdaa, magram icis, momavali Taobebis bednierebisTvisaa saWiro es sikvdili. wuxili imis
gamo, rom ver Seasrula dabrunebis piroba:
„Я обещал тебе вернуться...
Ты верила и так ждала,
Писала мне, молила бога...
А я не смог... прости меня!...“xli
vfiqrob, am usaSvelo tkivilTan, yvela sityva uZluria...
amave avtoris aseTive patara, usaTauro leqsSic cxinvalze da misTvis Tavganwirul
adamianebzea saubari. TebervalSic ki, Tu rogor yvavian xeebi. aq, Tavisufal miwaSi,
alanebTan da skviTebTan erTad sZinavT gasuli saukuneebis legendebsa da zRaprebs.
magram ar Tvlems qvrivebisa da oblebis sifxizle!...me vyviri xmamaRla, rom jer kidev
cocxali var, jer kidev ar movqceulvar granitis qveS! „Я с тобою Цхинвал, я такой не один,‐В
каждом русском живет его врат‐осетин!...“xlii
„samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis“ SeqmniT ruseTs yovelTvis SeeZlo zewola moex-
dina saqarTveloze, ramac SesaniSnavad gaamarTla 70 wlis Semdegac ki – damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos arsebobis pirobebSi. ruseTis reaqciuli Zalebis mxardaWeriT osma separa-
tistebma Suagul saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlSi gamoacxades „samxreT oseTis damou- kide-
beli, suverenuli respublika.“ osi xalxisaTvis sakmaod didma, jansaRma nawilma maSine
igrZno da dagmo erTi muWa osi separatistebis yovlad uazro da daufiqrebeli moqmedeba.
saqveynod cnobilma osma mecnierma v. abaevma, romelic moskovi moRvaweobda, gamoaqveyna
statia „samxreT oseTis tragedia“ man istoriul realobebze dayrdnobiT obieqturad
Seafasa 1990‐iani wlebis dasawyisSi „samxreT oseTSi“ mimdinare procesebi. igi aRniSnavda:
„minda viyo obieqturi da gavarkvio, iyo Tu ara osebis mxridan raime naCqarevi, moufiq-
rebeli moqmedebebi, romlebmac provokaciis mowyobiT gaamwvaves dapirispireba da unda
gamovtyde, rom aseTi moqmedebebi iyo. mxedvelobaSi maqvs suverenitetis gamocxadeba,
romelic mTlianad orientirebuli iyo moskovze, perspeqtivaSi samxreTi da CrdiloeTi
oseTis gaerTianebiT. samxreTeli osebis miswrafeba Tavis Crdiloeli Tvistomebisaken
adamianurad gasagebia, magram geopolitikuri planiT es Secdomaa. kavkasiis mTavari qedi d
73
bunebrivi sazRvaria saqarTvelosa da oseTs Soris, da am sazRvris moSlis yovelgvari
mcdeloba gamoiwvevs permanentul konfliqtur mdgomareobas qarTvelebsa da osebs
Soris. imisaTvis, rom aRvadginoT tradiciuli megobruli urTierTobebi or xalxs Soris,
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa davamTavroT saubari saqarTvelodan samxreT oseTis gamo-
yofis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos arc erTi xelisufleba amas arasodes Seurigdeba da marTalic
iqneba“. misive azriT, samxreT oseTi unda ganTavisufldes butaforuli „suverenite-
tisagan“.xliii
aseTia osi erovnebis moazrovneTa umetesi nawilis Sexeduleba qarTul-osuri
konfliqtebis warmoSob mizezTa Sesaxeb. Tumca, osur literaturaSi, samwuxarod, msgavss
verafers vkiTxulobT. merab zassetis leqsi „В добрый путь“, romelic 2009 wlis 29 de-
kembersaa dawerili, mTlianad ruseTisadmi da kerZod medvedevisadmi did samadlobels
warmoadgens:
„Это он совершил исторический шаг,
Он расширил России влияние.
преподал он урок и развит лживий враг,
Он же вечность обрел за признание!“xliv
dameTanxmebiT, rom Tema, romelsac Cven vexebiT, aqtualobasTan erTad tkivilis did
dozas Seicavs. amitom metad didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rom Semrigebluri politikis
nacvlad, Cvendauneburad, gamaRizianeblis roli ar viTamaSoT, magram qarTveli xalxis
dadanaSauleba osebis genocidSi, gvaiZulebs 1992 weli SevaxsenoT Cvens avtorebs, roca
prigorodnSi inguSebis sasaklao moewyo. „1992 wlis inguSi xalxis genocidis Sedegad,
romelic osurma bandformirebebma, kerZod ki erovnulma gvardiam da saxalxo razmelebma
moawyves, daiRupa 400‐ze meti mSvidobiani moqalaqe, daaxloebiT 200‐mde dResac ugzo-
ukvlod dakargulad iTvleba, daingra inguSebis 4 aTasamde sacxovrebeli saxli, 60 aTa-
samde inguSi erovnebis adamiani gaZevebuli iqna Tavis istoriuli samSoblodan, xolo maTi
qoneba daitaces rus jariskacebs amofarebulma osma maradiorebma.“xlv
rac maSin osma separatistebma rusebis daxmarebiT inguSebs mouwyes, igive qar-
Tvelebsac SeeZloT gaekeTebiaT, magram maT uyoymanod dauTmes inguSebs is teritoriebi,
romelic 1944 wels, stalinma maT iZulebiT daatovebia. „inguSebis genocidSi monawileob-
da 38 aTasiani osuri SeiaraRebuli Zalebi – „gvardia“ (maT Soris 6 aTasi e. w. „samxreT
oseTidan“) rogorc saqarTveloSi – samaCablosa da afxazeTSi, – sabrZolo operaciebs ata-
reben. w. „rusi samSvidoboebi“ xolo maT ukan mihyvebodnen osi „boevikebi“ – romlebic
uiaraRo adamianebs xvretdnen.“xlvi
yovelive es, imisTvis, rom istoria ar dagvaviwydes...
gasul saukuneebSi kavkasiaSi mogzaurobda safrangeTis „didi eris“ Svili ufrosi
aleqsandre diuma, romelsac unaxavs kavkasiis kalTebze mobinadre osebi da ase dauxasia-
Tebia isini: „osebi, romlebic binadroben saqarTvelos samxedro gzis maxloblad akeTeben
bevr fuls magram arian mflangvelebi moTamaSeni da loTebi, amitom yovelTvis cudad
acviaT, an, ufrore, sulac ar acviaT. isini miwurebSi, dangreul koSkebSi cxovroben da
mTel TavianT Semosavals xarjaven Tambaqosa da arayze. Znelia maT Soris mdidrisa da
Raribis garCeva, radgan yvelas erTnairad cudad acviaT. osebi, rogorc inguSebi Tamar
mefis dros qristianebi iyvnen, magram dRes TviTonac ar ician ra rwmenisani arian. mTel
dedamiwaze okeanisa da Sida afrikis warmarTebs Sorisac ver ipovni veluri ideebis da
gaugebari rwmenis aseT nazavs.“xlvii
74
XIX saukunis cnobili sazogado moRvawe s. mgalobliSvili igonebs: „lekTa TareSi ra mosatania, an ra Sesadarebelia osTa TareSobasTan. osebi yvela Tavad maCablebisa da erisTavebis ymebi iyvnen, Semdeg da Semdeg, roca gamravldnen, sxvadasxva TavadTa da az-
naurTa mamulebSi gaixiznen da moedvnen TiTqmis mTels qarTlis mTa-tyeebsa… osebi mTa-tyeebSi cxovrobdnen; saxnav-saTesi ar hqondaT… osebis nawili qurdoba-avazakobas misdevda… dairRva myudroeba soflisa, leks morCnen da osebma uaresi dRe daayenes“xlviii
am borotebis aRmosafxvrelad rusi generlebi gadaudebel saWiroebad Tvlidnen
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebas. generali tormosovi 1809 wels avazakobisaTvis xuT
oss usjis sikvdils CamoxrCobiT. ufro mogvianebiT, 1824 wels generali xonevi upatakebs
general ermolovs: „imisaTvis, rom Sewydes qarTvelebze Tavdasxmebi da maTi Zarcva-gle-
ja osebis mxridan, qarTlis mcxovrebT unda mivceT saSualeba daicvan Tavi mZarcve-
lebisagan an iaraRiT, ise rogorc kaxeTis mcxovrebni icaven Tavs lekebisagan. amitom qar-
Tvels mZarcvelis mkvlelobisaTvis kanonis wesiT devnas nu davuwyebT. CavagonoT
rogorc memamuleebs, aseve qarTlis mcxovreblebs, rom isini pasuxs ar ageben borot-
moqmedTa da avazakTa mkvlelobisaTvis. qarTvelebi mxolod valdebuli gavxadoT yoveli
aseTi SemTxveva Seatyobinon adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas, kerZod, rom esa Tu is osi
moklulia Tavdasxmisa Tu Zarcvis dros.“xlix
istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da aseve, osi erovnebis avtoris gadmocemiT, osebi
mxolod kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis Semdeg grZnoben Tavs myarad da daculad. saboloodac aq
mkvidrdebian. gadis dro da, politikur dafaze arasasurvel svlebs akeTeben rogorc osi
separatistebi, aseve Cveni qveynis xelisufalni. da ai, Sedegic! Tavzardacemuli adamia-
nebi – iqiT osebi da aqeT qarTvelebi. „o, RmerTo, risTvis“?! dasgzis daismis kiTxva da
dRemde, Wriloba gaxsnili adamianebi Tvlian, rom Cvens Soris yvelaferi damTavrda!
magram es ase araa... ama Tu im eris Semadgeneli nawilis 90 procenti, ubralo adamianebi
arian. adamianebi, romelTac brali araferSi miuZRviT da dRemde tkiviliT da sinanuliT
umzeren Catexil xids da ocneboben im dReze roca yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqmeva da
urTierTobebi aRsdgeba.
„ПРОСТИ МЕНЯ, ЦХИНВАЛ!“ – aseTi saTauri aqvs osi Jurnalistis, natalia Zuka-
evas Canaxats, romelic, rogorc TviTmxilveli, omis realur suraTs gadmogvcems.
avtori Tanmimdevrulad, mxatvrulad aRwers da Tu ra xdeboda cxinvalSi omis da-
wyebis pirveli dRidanve. CanaxatSi ar Cans agresiiT da siZulviliT aRsavse adamianis saxe,
Tumca yoveli fraza usazRvro tkiviliTaa gaJRenTili. realur faqtebze dayrdnobiT igi
uamravi Tavisi Tanamemamulis saTqmels ambobs da wuxs imis gamo, rac moxda. mivyveT mo-
naTxrobs. avtori iwyebs imiT, rom TiTqmis didi xnis manZilze iyo mcdelobebi dapi-
rispirebebisa. yovelive es, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, uaryofiTad ileqeboda da bunebrivia,
Tavis kvals Tovda. politikis wyalobiT daiZaba da airia urTierTobebi. cxinvalSi, ra-
tomRac, omis dawyebisTanave yvela ase fiqrobda-qarTvelebi Semovidodnen Tu ara, qa-
laqSi yvela da yvelaferi aRigveboda.. da mere aucileblad aRimarTeboda osebis ganad-
gurebis mauwyebeli droSa. swored amitom iyo, rom osebi ase TavganwirviT ibrZodnen.
qalaqi ibrZoda TiToeuli saxlisTvis, TiToeuli quCisTvis, Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis
gadasarCenad. fiqriTac ar eTmobodaT qalaqi!... amiT SeiZleba aixsnas qarTveli jaris
damarcxeba. omis dasawyisSi upiratesoba qarTvelebs hqondaT. darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi,
rom yvela damcveli datovebda cxinvals, bavSvebi da qalebi ki winaaRmdegobas ver
gauwevdnen. magram Cqara darwmundnen, rom saqme ase ar iyo. osi moxaliseebi mTels qalaqSi
ganlagdnen da daiwyes qarTuli jaris blokireba. pirveli Seteva kavkasiis sxvadasxva
moxaliseebis daxmarebiT moigeries. mere iTqva, rom cxinvalSi 70,000 jariskaci da rezer-
visti Semovida. erTma ixumra-ra arastumarTmoyvaruli faqtia, amdeni „stumari“ sad unda
davtioTo?! meorem ki-Cven ise cotani varT, rom Cveni mxridan srola Tu Sewyda, CaT-
75
valeT, aRar varsebobTo... bunkerSi myofi qalebi aTas saSinelebebs yvebodnen qarTve-
lebze. yvela panikam moicva. rusis jari 24 saaTis Semdeg movida. manamde qalaqi damou-
kideblad icavda Tavs.
avtori, romelic am omSi Jurnalistur misias asrulebda, wers, rom imisma warmodge-
namac ki, rom maTi qalaqi da miwebi sxvebs darCebodaT, cudad gaxada. winaprebisa Sercxva,
isini xom goj miwasac ki TavganwirviT icavdnen! (?)
damafiqrebelia is faqti, rom aq, am omSi, isini winaprebis miwis dacvas cdilobdnen!...
vinc ar unda iyo da sadac ar unda cxovrobde, movale xar mters winaaRmdegoba gauwio,
daicva Seni ojaxi, saxli, ufleba-cxovrobde mSvidobian qveyanaSi... magram man, vinc sam-
werlo tribunidan esaubreba samwysos, sul mcire, is mainc unda icodes, rom „1886 wlis
saojaxo siebis mixedviT cxinvalSi cxovrobda 3832 kaci, aqedan: 1135 – qarTveli, 1953 –
ebraeli da 744 – somexi. 1886 wels arcerTs cxinvalSi ar ucxovria.“l sainteresoa, vis
kuTvnilebas metad warmoadgenda miwa, romelzec dRevandeli mdgomareobiT ruseTi met
uflebas da pretenzias flobs, vidre osebi, an qarTvelebi?! n. Zukaevas monaTxrobiT
ramdenime wlis win, cxinvalis quCaSi mozardi biWebis Cxubs Seeswro. dainteresdnen, ra
iyo Cxubis mizezi. erT-erTi maTgani tiroda: „Он назвал меня грузином!“ – gasaocaria, ratom
iyo es Seuracxmyofeli, roca es biWi namdvilad iyo qarTveli?!. ki, namdvilad iyo
qarTveli gvar-saxeliT, magram man icoda, rom es sityva asocirdeboda mterTan da
faSistTan. raRa unda yofiliyo amaze uaresi! „И, если подобное отношение к грузии и грузинам
было у подрастающего поколения еще до августовских совбытий , то что говорит о сегодняшем положении
дел? Обвинять в етом старших, неправильно воспитывающих своих детей, вряд ли уместно.“ li
mxolod samad samma dRem gaTela misi bavSvobis nafexurebi cxinvalSi. autaneli gaxda
qalaqis mtkivneuli Tvalebi... roca cxinvalSi rusebis 58-e armia Semovida, qarTvelebi
„gmirulad“ garbodnen. da ara marto cxinvalidan-TviTmxilvelebis cnobiT
dedaqalaqidanac bevri emzadeboda gasafrenad. qarTvelebis jari xuxulasaviT daiSala.
qalaqi aRar arsebobda!.. „мне хотелось опуститься на колени,овнят город и тихо прошептать: „Прости
меня, мой Цхинвал!“lii risTvis? eWvi mepareba, am kiTxvas odesme vupasuxo!.. roca xedav
sacodav koWls, guli gewvis da ver Sveli, damnaSave ar xar, magram Tavs mainc idanaSauleb.
Tu adamians aqvs suli, aucileblad etkineba. arsebobs mudmivi sulieri tkivili, romelic
mudmivia. „У моей боли есть короткое имя- Цхинвал.“liii
esaa kidev erTi TviTmxilvelis mier danaxuli qarTvelebis mier „gametebuli“ qalaqi!..
qalaqi, sadac TiTqos, mxolod osi erovnebis moqalaqeebi daecnen! qalaqi, romelzec
saqarTvelom omi „gamoucxada“ da ruseTma „ixsna“. nelia, roca ar ici, Semrigebluri po-
litikis meqanizmi, mtrad qceuli eris romeli fenidan aamoqmedo! amdenad, 90‐iani wlebis
bolos saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma qveynis yvela sferoze moaxdina gavlena.
yovelive aman Tavisi kvali datova rogorc politikur, aseve literaturul sivrceSi.
mwerlobas uyuradRebod ar dautovebia qarTveli xalxis brZola, rogorc erovnuli
TavisuflebisaTvis, aseve teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. sulierma wnexma da
tragikulma Sedegma asaxva hpova qarTul literaturaSi, romelic kolonialuri sivrcis
ideologiuri wnexidan mimdinare procesebis fonze sxva ganzomilebaSi aRmoCnda.
Cndeba kiTxva, ra xdeboda am dros osur, Tundac afxazur literaturaSi? ra Se-
fasebas aZlevdnen momxdars, vis adanaSaulebdnen ,ra pozicias inarCunebda im erTa mo-
azrovne fena, romelebic Tvlidnen, rom saqarTvelom isini gaimeta da genocidi mouyo?!
vfiqrobT, swored am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT kidev ufro saintereso iqneba Tema,
romelic qarTul, osur da afxazur literaturas drois erT monakveTSi warmoaCens. am-
gvarad, istoriis am monakveTma, romelmac erovnuli depresia gamoiwvia, sami eris
sxadasxvagvari SexedulebebiT datvirTuli da, amavdroulad, metad saintereso lite-
76
ratura SemogvTavaza. am etapze, SeZlebisdagvarad vecadeT, osuri literaturis is
nimuSebi gagveSuqebina, sadac maTi TvaliT danaxuli 2008 wlis omis suraTi, misi gamomwvevi
mizezebi da Sedegebia gadmocemuli.
literatura:
1. kanonTa omi https://www.militarium.org/
2. ToTaZe a. „osebi saqarTveloSi“ http://www.bu.org.ge
3. iqve.
4. konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi [http://conflictcaucasus.blogspot.com
5. 2008 wlis agvistos omi http://teushateo.blogspot.com/
6. gelaSvili n. „pirveli ori wre d yvela sxva“ Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 372.
7. konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi [http://conflictcaucasus.blogspot.com
8. ТАДТАЕВ – КАРАБИН Т. Т. - Библиотека журнала "ÄàÀ¼¿ë"[http://biblio.darialonline.ru
9. iqve
10. ТАДТАЕВ Т. „Отступник“. [http://ugo-osetia.ru/8_123+124.htm]
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14. iqve.
15. iqve.
16. iqve.
17. (gadatrialebebis teqnologia saqarTveloSi. http://simartle.altervista.org/userfiles/media
Медеева Л. „как я провела лето“ „Южная Осетя“ N101, респувликанская овшественно- политическая газета
25.10.2008 ]
18. iqve.
19. iqve.
20. Тасоева Л. „Война“, „Южная Осетя“ N15, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета 21.
02.2009] http://ugo-osetia.ru
21. iqve.
22. [Jan-Jak ruso. http://intermedia.ge]
23. Чехов Ал. „Любимый мой город“ Южная Осетя“ N82, респувликанская овшественно-политическая
газета 27.08.2008] http://ugo-osetia.ru
24. osebis-istoria-nawili https://rezoshatakishvili.wordpress.com
25. Газаати Д. - стихи о Осетии молодых осетинских поетов,10.08.2008,www. vk.com]
26. iqve.
27. Догузов Т. „Недобрые соседи'' www.rospisatel.ru]
28. iqve.
29. Дзукаева Л. „Мой Ирыстон“, “ Южная Осетя“ N18, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета
04.03.2009] [ http://ugo-osetia.ru
30. sonRulaSvili a. osebis Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi da maTi gansaxlebis areali
iberiana.wordpress.com
31. ruseT-saqarTvelos omi — 2008 https://ka.wikipedia.org
32. Вартанов Е. „Схинвал“, „Южная Осетя“ N79 12 06 2011] http://ugo-osetia.ru
33. Зассеты М. „Кто Мы?“, „Южная Осетя“ N67, респувликанская овшественно-политическая газета 14 06
2011] http://ugo-osetia.ru
34. iqve.
35. Зассеты М. „Ангелы бессмертия“,„Южная Осетя“ N90, 06.08.2011] http://ugo-osetia.ru
36. iqve.
37. Догузова А. ,,Я умирал на поле боя “„Южная Осетя“ N97, ,06.08 2013]
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38. Догузова А. „Это рай '', „Южная Осетя“ , N97, 2013http://ugo-osetia.ru
39. ToTaZe a. „osebi saqarTveloSi “http://www.bu.org.g
40. Зассеты М. „В добрий путь“, „Южная Осетя“ N98-99, 26.08. 2011] http://ugo-osetia.ru
41. inguSebis genocidi http://gmas.ge/
42. osebi inguSebis winaRmdeg http://gmas.ge/
43. diuma al. “kavkasiidan“ dRiuri gza Tbilisidan vladikavkazamde“, gv. 358.
ToTaZe a. „osebi saqarTveloSi“ http://www.bu.org.ge
44. iqve.
45. iqve.
46. Дзукоева Н. „ПРОСТИ МЕНЯ, ЦХИНВАЛ!“.“ [http://www.darial-online.ru/2009
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48. iqve
78
skandinavistika
mariam mania ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria
runebi-qvaze gacocxlebuli istoria
runebi germaneli tomebisTvis uZveles anbans warmoadgens. runuli damwerloba
SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc saerTo germanikuli weriTi niSnebi Sesrulebuli xeze,
qvaze, Zvalze, liTonze, mogvianebiT ki – qaRaldzec. am damwerlobis niSnebi gansakuT-
rebuli moxazulobisaa, ufro zustad ki, maT aqvT specifikurad kuTxovani forma. es ki
aixsneba runebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli weris teqnikiT, amotvifra-amokawvriT, radganac
rogorc ukve vaxseneT, isini ZiriTadad magar masalaze- xeze, Zvalze, qvaze, liTonze
sruldeboda. ufro metic, runuli damwerlobis Zeglebs vxdebiT kldeebzec ki.
publius kornelius tacitusi, romaeli istorikosi, romelic germanikuli tomebis
Sesaxeb uZveles wyaroebis avtoria, wers rom germanikul tomebs hqondaT niSnebi - notae,
romlebsac isini xis joxebze tvifravdnen da misnobis da winaswarmetyvelebisTvis iye-
nebdnen. aqve unda iTqvas, rom TviTon sityva „runa“ niSnavda saidumlos da am sityviT ma-
giur warwerebs moixseniebdnen. Tumca, Semdeg runam funqcia Seicvala da is ukve amgvari
warwerebisTvis gamoyenebuli niSnebis aRmniSvnel sityvad iqca.
runuli warwerebiT Sesrulebuli germanikuli werilobiTi Zeglebi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom isini warmoadgenen germanikuli enis uZ-
veles arqaul formebs. miRebulia mosazreba, rom es anbani Seiqmna I—II saukuneebSi da ga-
moiyeneboda Sua saukuneebamde, xolo gavrcelebuli iyo grenlandiidan dneprispire-
Tamde, CrdiloeT skandinaviidan balkaneTamde. Tumca, paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT Tu
vimsjelebT, runebi gacilebiT adre, daaxloebiT Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis dasasrulsa da
pirveli aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. es ki SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom Tavdapirvelad
isini warmoadgendnen magiur niSnebs, xolo maTi sistematizacia moxda TandaTanobiT. am
procesma ki dasrulebuli saxe miaxloebiT Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi miiRi da
dauaxllovda Cveulebriv anbanur sistemas. swored amis Semdeg, anu roca runebma miiRo
bgeriTi mniSvneloba iwyeba maTi gaSifvra. runuli anbanis warmoSobis Teoriebisa da
periodis Sesaxeb dRemde ar arsebobs erTxmad aRiarebuli gadawyvetileba.
runebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia iseT
problematur sakiTxTan, rogoricaa anbanis Seqmnis istoria. kerZod, zogi mkvlevari
(liudvig vimeri, holger pederseni, sigurd agreli) miiCnevda, rom runebis warmoSoba
dakavSirebuli iyo laTinur anbanTan da amis daSvebis safuZvlad miiCneoda runikuli
damwerlobis daaxloebiT aTi niSnis fizikuri msgavseba laTinuri anbanis aso-niSnebTan.
Tumca, es mosazreba maleve iqna uaryofili. iyvnen mkvlevrebi (sofus buge, oto fon
riseri), romlebic runebis warmoSobis sawyisebs arqaul berZnul werilobiT sistemaSi
eZebdnen. Tumca, arc es hipoTeza aRmoCnda sicocxlisunariani. adolf hitleris peri-
odSi gaCnda mosazreba, rom runebis fuZemdeblebi germanelebi iyvnen, Tumca verc am ideam
moipova raime seriozuli mxardaWera. mosazreba, romelic ukavSirdeba runebis Crdi-
loetruskuli anbanisgan momdinareobas, yvelaze aRiarebuli da aqtualuri gamodga.
aRniSnuli anbani ar miekuTvneba indoevropul enaTa ojaxs1 da is ZiriTadad preita-
79
likuri tomebis mier gamoiyeneboda aRmosavleT italiaSi. etruskebis e.w. maRali
kultura gavlenas axdenda Crdiloitalikur tomebze, romlebTanac uSualo mezoblobaSi
aRmoCndnen germanikuli tomebi. runikuli anbani hgavs Crdiloetruskul anbans. amavdro-
ulad, runuli teqstebi aRmoCenilia alpebis aRmosavleT nawilSi, xolo Tavis mxriv
germanikul warwerebs vxdebiT subalpur anbanzec. magaliTad, 1812 wels asvtria-un-
greTSi aRmoaCines brinjaos muzaradebi, romlebzec warwera alpuri niSnebiT iyo Sesru-
lebuli, magram ikiTxeboda germanuli teqsti. runebis Crdiloetruskuli anbanisgan
momdinareobis Teorias safuZveli Cauyara germanelma mecnierma karl vainholdma,
romelmac 1856 wels uaryo runebis warmoSobis laTinuri da berZnuli mosazrebebi da
Tqva, rom es anbani germanul tomebSi gavrcelda Crdiloitalikur-etruskulis Suamav-
lobiT. SemdgomSi es Teoria ganaviTara da ganamtkica norvegielma mecnierma, karl mar-
stranderma, romlis Tanaxmadac Crdiloetruskuli niSnebis mixedviT axali welTaR-
ricxvis dasawyisSi markomanebis 2 tomma zemo rainisa da zemo dunais regionSi runuli
damwerloba Seqmna.
runuli anbani berZnuli da laTinuri anbanebisgan gansxvavdeba asoTa Tanmimdev-
robiT da swored asoTa Tanmimdevroba gaxda amosavali wertili klasikuri runuli dam-
werlobisa saxelwodebis – pirveli eqvsi runis fonemis Sesabamisad mas „fuTarqi“ ewoda
(fuþark). klasikuri runuli damwerloba Sedgeboda 24 niSnisgan. anbani iyofoda sam jgu-
fad (etirad) da TiToeulSi Sedioda 8 runa. yvela runas gaaCnda dasaxeleba. xolo, Tavad
runis fonetikuri warmomavloba ase aris gansazRvruli:
1 — mecnierebis mier ar aris dadgenili enaTa romel ojaxs ekuTvnoda etruskuli.
2 — Zvel germanelTa tomi. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis II naxevarSi saxlobdnen Tanamedrove
saqsoniisa da Tiuringiis teritoriaze.
mniSvneloba swored am dasaxelebis pirvel asos Seesabameboda.
mogvianebiT, kerZod ki mecxre saukunidan iqmneba e.w. skandinaviuri, anu axali
runebi. skandinaviaSi Semcirda runebis raodenoba anbanSi da igi 16-mde davida.
Tumca, amas xeli ar SeuSlia imisTvis, rom skandinaviur enebSi arsebuli 40-amde
bgera gadmoeca 16 runian damwerlobas. runaTa am saxesxvaobaSi Tavis mxriv gamoiyofa da-
niuri da Svedur-norvegiuli varianti, romelTa Soris sxvaoba iyo is, rom daniuri runa
naklebad ganicdida cvlilebebs moxatulobis TvalsazrisiT maSin, roca Svedur-nor-
vegiuli varianti miiswrafoda grafikuli minimalizaciisaken. mogvianebiT ki norvegi-
ulma variantma damoukideblad daiwyo ganviTareba da dauaxlovda daniur runebs. axali
runebi skandinaviaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda meTormete saukunemde.
arsebobda runebis sxva lokaluri variantebic. magaliTad, goTuri runebi –
saeerTo germanuli adreuli saxesaxvaoba, daTariRebuli pirvelidan meoTxe saukunemde;
anglosaqsuri runebi – britaneTis kunZulebze germanuli tomebis (anglebis, saqsebis,
iutebis ) gadasaxlebis Semdeg ganviTarebuli; markomanuli runebi - TviTon markomanebTan
mas araviTari saerTo ar aqvs. is warmoadgens saerTogermanuli da anglosaqsonuri ru-
nebis saintereso nazavs da daTariRebuli meSvide-merve saukuneebiT; helsinkis runebi –
Seqmnili savaraudod SvedeTSi, melarenis tbis maxloblad da daTariRebuli meTerTmete
saukuniT; menis runebi – norvegiuli runebis iseTi varianti, romelSic ar aris 16 runac ki
da TariRdeba meTormete saukuniT; wertilovani runebi – Svedur-norvegiuli variantis
gaumjobesebis mizniT Seqmnili, daTariRebuli meTormete saukuniT.
garda skandinaviaSi aRmoCenili runebisa, yuradRebas iqcevs 1898 wels aSS-Si,
kensingtonSi (minesotas Stati) aRmoCenili runuli qva. fila 92 kilograms iwonis da Ses-
dgeba grauvakis danaleqi qanebisgan. kensingtonis runuli qva TariRdeba me-14 saukuniT ,
ramac mosazreba amerikis vikingebis mier aRmoCenis Sesaxeb gaamyara (amerikis kontinentze
aRmoCenilia arqeologiuri masalac). am qvis garSemo arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi.
zogi mecnieri mas yalbs uwodebs, zogisTvis ki is amerikas vikingebis aRmoCenas uwodebs,
80
radgan am filis mixedviT isini iq qristefore kolumbis mogzaurobamde bevrad adre im-
yofebodnen.
runebis calkeuli variantebis Seswavla metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es
aris werilobiTi Zeglebi, romlis aramxolod semantikuri gaSifvra hfens naTels isto-
riul faqtebs, aramed garegnuli gamoxatvis Taviseburebebi da funqciuri mniSvneloba
faqtobrivad gasaRebia im xalxis materialuri da sulieri kulturisaTvis, romlebic am
damwerlobas iyenebdnen, metad gansxvavebuls sxva anbanuri damwerlobebisgan.
literatura:
1. margalitaZe T. germanikuli damwerlobis istoria. http://margaliti. com/ members/
lect4geo2014.pdf
qvriviSvili o. 2010. kolxuri runebi. evropuli runebi.
Kensigton Runestone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington_Runestone
3. Stocklund M. 2006. Runes and Their Secrets: Study in Runology
4. https://books.google.ge/books?id=USIpSluLe10C&pg=PA385&redir_esc=y&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
81
nani metreveli, sofiko qsovreli ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, bakalavriati
xelmZRvaneli: profesori kaxaber loria
keTildReobis saxelmwifos modelebi: nordikuli qveynebi
kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze, albaT, samarTliani iqneba, Tu yvelaze rTul da
kompleqsur periodad ekonomikuri sferos ganxilvis dros dasaxeldeba meoce saukune,
radgan, am aswleulma msoflio yvelaze msxvilmasStabian omebsa da did sisxlisRvramde
miiyvana interesTa sxvadasxvaobis gamo da am interesebSi, upirvelesad igulisxmeba poli-
tikuri ideologiebis Tanxvedris ararseboba.
meoce saukuneSi msoflio gaxda uSualo arena ori udidesi ekonomikuri sistemis da-
pirispirebisa, romlebic TavianTi masStaburi xasiaTis wyalobiT gascda ekonomikur sazR-
vrebs da Camoyalibda ideologiebad.
samyaroSi, sadac kerZo sakuTrebisa da konkurenciis mxardamWeri sistema daupiris-
pirda socialuri Tanasworobis principebze damyarebuli sazogadoebis principebis ideis
damcvel sistemas, Cndeba axali alternativis Seqmnis saWiroeba. es movlena ki istoriis
furclebze Caiwera „mesame gzis“ saxeliT.
dResdReobiT yvela saubrobs nordikuli modelis farTomasStabian warmatebaze. aR-
niSnuli modeli ucilobliv ganixileba etalonad mravali ekonomikuri da socialuri
kvlevebis monacemebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. misi amgvari warmateba, albaT, pirvel
rigSi, unda aixsnas misive maxasiaTeblebis efeqturobiT.
upirvelesad, nordikuli modeli warmoadgens keTildReobis skandinaviur saxecvli-
lebas, romelic Zireuladaa dafuZnebuli mTel rig Rirebulebebze:
– keTildReoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba;
– Tanasworoba;
– socialuri dacva;
– ndoba.
nordikuli modelis gansakuTrebulobas ganapirobebs misive maxasiaTeblebi, ro-
gorc zemoT aRiniSna. isini ki, upirvelesad mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
igi warmoadgens kapitalisturi Tavisufali bazrisa da socialisturi sargeblis
unikalur kombinacias, rac ZiriTadi mizezia imisa, rom nordikuli sazogadoeba Tamamad
liderobs keTildReobis saxelmwifoTa reitingebSi da sargeblobs iseTi maRali xarisxis
servisebiT, rogoricaa: ufaso ganaTleba, universaluri jandacva, sakuTrebis Seulaxavi
uflebebiT, biznesis keTebisaTvis martivi da xelsayreli pirobebis arseboba, Tavisufali
vaWrobis dabali barierebi, saxalxo pensiebis sqemebi da a.S.
miuxedavad nordikuli keTildReobis modelis mimarT gamoTqmuli uamravi saqebari
sityvisa, SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan uCveulo efeq-
turobas kargavs aRniSnuli modeli. amas ramdenime wlis win arsebuli krizisic ki amtki-
cebs, romelmac sakmaod didi danakargi moutana skandinaviur xuTeuls. miuxedavad imisa,
rom norvegiam da SvedeTma met-naklebad advilad gadaitana rTuli ekonomikuri periodi,
daniasa da fineTisTvis „dacemidan aRzevebamde“ gza ar yofila advilad gasavleli, xolo
islandias ki mniSvnelovani zarali daatyda Tavs, radgan bankebis gakotrebam pirdapiri
reaqciiT gamoiwvia recesia.
82
kritikosebi da, aseve, momxreebic Tanxmdebian, rom msoflioSi arsebuli ganviTa-
rebis swrafi tempi umTavresi mizezia nordikuli modelis efeqturobis Sesustebisa. sxva
ZiriTad mizezebad ki, rogorc wesi, ganixileba:
– globaluri konkurencia;
– teqnologiuri progresi;
– mosaxleobisa da samuSao Zalis daberebis procesi.
ra Tqma unda, aqtiurad ganixileba mTeli rigi qmedebebisa da RonisZiebebisa, rom-
lebmac, SesaZlebelia, konkurencia gauwios zemoT dasaxelebul nordikuli modelis Se-
masustebel faqtorebs:
– ganaTlebis, codnisa da gamocdilebis gaumjobeseba;
– meti xalxis CarTva samsaxurebSi: magaliTad, sapensio asakis gazrda;
– Sromis bazarze meti moqnilobis xelSewyoba;
– gadasaxadebis reformebi;
– mosaxerxebeli pirobebis Seqmna inovaciebisTvis;
– ufro metad qmediTi sajaro seqtorebis arseboba.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodis SvedeTSi warmatebulad gamoinaxa „mesame gza.
Sveduri ekonomikuri modeli rogorc socializmis, aseve kapitalizmis elementebiT
sazrdoobda: warmoebis saSualebebi umetesad kerZo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, Tumca so-
cialuri dacvis uprecedento sistemisa da msoflioSi yvelaze maRali gadasaxadebis meS-
veobiT, aq socialuri samarTlianobis maRali donec iyo.
SemdgomSi ukve gaCnda kiTxvebi: ramdenad moxerxdeba socialuri dacvis aseTi maRali
donis SenarCuneba mzardi globaluri konkurentuli ekonomikis pirobebSi. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT safrTxe Tavad SvedeTmac igrZno, amitom TandaTan, saerTaSoriso konku-
renciis wnexis gamo (meoce saukunis 80-90iani wlebi) uari Tqves sayovelTao keTildReo-
bis prioritetul tendenciebze.
norvegia:
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, keTildReobis saxelmwifo es aris saxelmwifo, romelic
sazogadoebis wevrebs aZlevs daxmarebis garantias im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT aqvT janmrTe-
lobis an socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, ar aqvT Semosavali, samsa-
xuri... garda amisa, uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebs ganaTlebis uflebiT. keTildReobis sa-
xelmwifo moicavs iseT samTavrobo RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa: socialuri politika – da-
kavSirebuli asakTan Tu invalidobasTan, umuSevrobasa Tu socialur mxardaWerasTan;
jandacvis momsaxureba – saavadmyofoebi da moxucTa saxlebi; saganmanaTleblo dawesebu-
lebebi – skolebi da universitetebi; saojaxo politikis RonisZiebebi – bavSvTa dazRveva,
dekretuli Svebulebebi da sabavSvo baRebi.
keTildReobis RonisZiebebi finansdeba an zogadad saSemosavlo gadasaxadebidan, an
sxvadasxva saxis premiebisa da samomxmareblo gadasaxdebis meSveobiT.
saerTo jamSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifo es aris dazRvevis saxelmwifo, romelic
finansurad uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeebs sxvadasxva riskebis winaaRmdeg, magaliTad iseTis,
rogoricaa umuSevroba, avadmyofoba an sikvdili. TandaTanobiT ki socialuri uflebebi
keTildReobis saxelmwifos ideis ganuyrel nawilad iqca.
rac Seexeba Tavad keTildReobis saxelmwifos norvegiul models, es aris metad
vrceli da mravlismomcveli saxelmwifos magaliTi, romelic universaluri keTildRe-
obis uflebebiT xasiaTdeba, es ki niSnavs imas, rom yvelas aqvs Tanabari ufleba miiRos
keTildReobis sargebeli, ganurCevlad sqesisa da Semosavlebisa. amis sapirispiroa saWi-
roebis Semowmeba da seleqciuri RonisZiebebi, romlebic mimarTulia im adamianebis mi-
marT, vinc fiqsirebuli saarsebo minimumis zRvars qvemoT imyofebian.
83
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom norvegiuli modelisTvis damaxasiaTebel universa-
luorobaSi, pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba keTildReobis farglebSi arsebuli momsaxureba:
maRali da dabali Semosavlebis mqone norvegielebs aqvT Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba jan-
dacvaze, ganaTlebasa Tu sxva saxis servisis miRebaze. saxelmwifo gadaricxvebi, minima-
lur zRvars zeviT, rogorc wesi fasdeba Semosavlebis mixedviT, garkveuli gamonaklise-
bis garda, magaliTad rogoricaa bavSvTa dazRveva.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani principi norvegiaSi aris is, rom universaluri momsaxure-
ba warmodgenili iyos iseTi maRali xarisxiT, rom maRali Semosavlebis mqone adamianebs ar
gauCndeT survili da moTxovnileba imave saxis momsaxureba miiRon kerZo dawesebulebeb-
Si. is faqti, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba sargeblobs sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT,
warmoadgens winapirobas keTildReobis saxelmwifos mxardaWerisa.
norvegiaSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifos dafinanseba didwilad xdeba saerTo, genera-
luri dabegvris meSveobiT, anu Semosavlebis, gasavlebisa da dovlaTis gadasaxadebiT,
romlebic pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli keTildReobis sargebelTan. sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis didi nawili aris ufaso an, zog SemTxvevaSi, saWiroebs mcire Tanxebis dama-
tebas moqalaqeebisgan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini, visac meti Semosavali aqvs, ixdian met gadasaxads, sazo-
gadoebrivi sargebeli SedarebiT Tanabrad nawildeba mTel mosaxleobaSi. es ki norvegiu-
li keTildReobis saxelmwifos mniSvnelovnad sZens gadanawilebis efeqts. keTildReobis
saxelmwifos yovlismomceloba warmoadgens mizezs imisa, rom Semosavlebis uTanasworoba
norvegiaSi aris gacilebiT naklebi, vidre sxva qveynebSi.
norvegiam da sxva nordikulma qveynebma, mcire da Ria ekonomikis farglebSi, droTa
ganmavlobaSi moaxerxes daekavSirebinaT ekonomikuri zrda da stabiluroba kargad fun-
qcionirebad Sromis bazarTan, ris mizansac warmoadgenda: Sromis bazarSi maRali CarTu-
loba, Semosavlebis samarTliani ganawileba, cxovrebis maRali donis miRweva da metwilad
socialuri Tanasworobis miRweva. keTildReobis norvegiuli modelis ZiriTad Tavisebu-
rebebSi miCneven Semdegs:
saxelmwifos mizans warmoadgens xeli Seuwyos moqalaqeTa maRal profesionalur
CarTulobas, maT Soris ufaso ganaTlebisa da aqtiuri Sromis bazris politikis xazgas-
miT.
kargad regulirebuli samuSao garemo da sammxrivi TanamSromloba Zlier damsaqme-
bel da mSromelTa organizaciebs Soris.
sagadasaxado gadasaxadis mniSvnelovnad maRali zRvaris meSveobiT dafinanseba ke-
TildReobis sajaro obieqtebisa da momsaxurebis maRali xarisxis SeTavazeba,maT Soris
jandacva da ganaTleba, kanoniT dadgenili uflebebis srulad gamoyeneba da sargebloba.
kargad ganviTarebuli da universaluri keTildReobis sistema, romelic xasiaTdeba
umuSevrebisTvis, avadmyofebisTvis, invalidebisa Tu moxucebisTvis maRali gadaricxve-
biT daxmarebis saxiT.
vrceli saojaxo politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs sqesTa Soris Tanasworobas.
norvegiuli modeli keTildReobis politikis Zlieri ambiciebiT xasiaTdeba. monawi-
leobis maRali xarisxi yvela jgufisTvis, maT Soris moxucebisTvis, imigrantebisTvis, qa-
lebisa da samuSaod unardaqveiTebulTaTvis aris erT-erTi yvelaze centraluri mizani
ekonomikuri da im TvalsazrisiT, rom samuSao garemo aris socialuri CarTulobis umniS-
vnelovanesi arena. amave dros farTod aris aRiarebuli, rom adamianebi, romlebic ver mo-
nawileoben Sromis bazarSi, unda iyvnen uzrunvelyofilebi garkveuli donis cxovrebis
standartebiT.
keTildReobis nordikuli modelis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels warmo-
adgens ndobis maRali xarisxi, rogorc es gamokiTxvebSia dafiqsirebuli. nordikuli qvey-
nebis moqalaqeebi gamoxataven ndobas rogorc erTmaneTis, ise xelisuflebis mimarT da
ndobis xarisxiT es qveynebi mowinave adgilas dganan mTels evropaSi. ndoba aris umniSvne-
84
lovanesi Tviseba bazris ganviTarebisTvis da mas SeiZleba hqondes konkurentuli upi-
ratesoba: is faqti rom skandinaviuri qveynebis moqalaqeebs aqvT ndobis maRali xarisxi
erTmaneTis, sasamarTlosa Tu sxva sajaro dawesebulebebis mimarT, saxelmwifos exmareba
Seamciros finansuri saoperacio xarjebi. efeqturi socialuri institutebi arsi erT-
erTi im mizezTagani, Tu ratom aqvs am qveynebs maRali Sefaseba samrewvelo biznesSi da
rogori advilia biznesis keTeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos rom xe-
lisuflebisa da sistemisadmi ndoba aucilebelia keTildReobis saxelmwifos funqcioni-
rebisTvis.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom keTildReobis saxelmwifos norvegiul models aqvs Zalian
bevri msgavseba im RonisZiebebTan, romelsac atareben SvedeTsa da daniaSi, samive sa-
xelmwifos miakuTvneben keTildReobis skandinaviur, an socialur-demokratiuli keTil-
dReobis models.
socialur-demokratiuli modeli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba keTildReobis libera-
luri modelisgan, romelic amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva anglosaqsur saxelmwi-
foebSi gvxvdeba. liberaluri keTildReobis saxelmwifoebi didwilad warmoadgenen ro-
gorc sadazRvevo sistemebs, sadac keTildReobis sargeblis miReba damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ramdeni aqvs adamians gadaxdili saxelmwifosTvis. am sistemebSi, sazogadoebrivi sar-
gebeli gadasaxadebisgan aris sakmaod zomieri, rogorc masStabiT, is xarisxiT da Ziri-
Tadad mimarTulia mosaxleobis yvelaze Rarib fenaze. magaliTad aSS-Si ar arsebobs sa-
xelmwifo dazRvevis sisetma, romelic moicavs mTels mosaxleobas. arsebobs momsaxurebis
minimaluri paketi, romelic gaTvlilia moxucebze, invalidebsa da uRaribes adamianebze,
mosaxleobis danaraCeni nawili ki ixdis Tanxas kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniebSi an biznes
organizaciebSi, romelTa meSveobiTac iReben saTanado momsaxurebas.
literatura:
1. http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d99DY1jcGqI
3. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2011-07/id642496/sec4
4. https://snl.no/velferdsstat
5. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_norske_velferdsstaten
gamomcemlobis
redaqtori
maia ejibia
garekanis dizaineri mariam ebraliZe
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Tel 995 (32) 225 14 32 www.press.tsu.edu.ge