mergers and market structures
DESCRIPTION
Mergers and Market Structures . Mergers. 3 Types of Mergers. Economists distinguish between three types of mergers: Horizontal Vertical Conglomerate. Horizontal mergers. The consolidation of firms that are direct rivals - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mergers and Market Structures
![Page 2: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mergers
![Page 3: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3 Types of Mergers
Economists distinguish between three types of mergers:
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
3. Conglomerate
![Page 4: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Horizontal mergers• The consolidation of firms that are direct rivals
• They sell substitutable products within overlapping geographic markets
Examples: • Boeing-McDonnell Douglas• Staples-Office Depot(unconsummated)• Chase Manhattan-Chemical Bank• Southern Pacific RR-Sante Fe RR;
![Page 5: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vertical Mergers• merger of firms that have
actual or potential buyer-seller relationships
Examples: • Time Warner-TBS• Disney-ABC Capitol Cities• Cleveland Cliffs Iron-Detroit Steel
![Page 6: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Conglomerate mergers
• Consolidated firms may sell related products, share marketing and distribution channels and production processes
• they may be wholly unrelated.
•“Product extension”: involve firms that sell non-competing products use related marketing channels of production processes.Examples:
• AOL-Time Warner• Pepsico-Pizza Hut• Proctor & Gamble-Clorox.
![Page 7: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
•“Market extension”: join together firms that sell competing products in separate geographic markets.•Examples:
• Time Warner-TCI;• Morrison Supermarkets-Safeway
•“pure conglomerate”: unites firms that have no obvious relationship of any kind.• Examples:
• BankCorp of America-Hughes Electronics • R.J. Reynolds-Burmah Oil & Gas
Conglomerate mergers (cont.)
![Page 8: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Anticompetitive Effects of Mergers
•Horizontal mergers eliminate sellers and hence reshape market structure. •Mergers may result in market foreclosure.
• For example, the Justice Department feared that Microsoft's proposed acquisition of Intuit would result in a foreclosure of the market for personal finance software.
• Mergers may diminish potential competition. • For example, the acquisition of Clorox by Proctor
& Gamble eliminated P&G as a prime potential entrant in the market for household bleach.
![Page 9: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What type of merger?
A leading manufacturer of athletic shoes, merges with a soft drink firm. The resulting company is faced with the same competition in each of its two markets after the merger as the individual firms were before the merger. One example of this merger was the merger between the Walt Disney Company and the American Broadcasting Company.
CONGLOMERATE!
![Page 10: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What type of merger?
A merger between Coca-Cola and the Pepsi beverage division, for example, would be this. The goal is to create a new, larger organization with more market share. Because the merging companies' business operations may be very similar, there may be opportunities to join certain operations, such as manufacturing, and reduce costs..
HORIZONTAL!
![Page 11: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What type of merger?The acquisition of Mobilink Telecom Inc. by Broadcom is a proper example of this. Broadcom deals in the manufacturing Bluetooth personal area network hardware systems and chips for IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN. Mobilink Telecom Inc. deals in the manufacturing of product designs meant for handsets that are equipped with the Global System for Mobile Communications technology. It is also in the process of being certified to produce wireless networking chips that have high speed and General Packet Radio Service technology. It is expected that the products of Mobilink Telecom Inc. would be complementing the wireless products of Broadcom.CONGLOMERATE!
![Page 12: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
What type of merger?
An automobile company joining with a parts supplier would be an example of this. Such a deal would allow the automobile division to obtain better pricing on parts and have better control over the manufacturing process. The parts division, in turn, would be guaranteed a steady stream of business.
VERTICAL!
![Page 13: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Draw or describe an example of a horizontal and vertical merger.
• Your descriptions should be written in a similar format to the ones we described on the previous slides!
• Your drawings should include a symbol that is reflective of the companies.
• Extra Credit: Research a conglomerate merger and draw a visual for this! (takes place of one missing homework assignment)
• You may use your computer
MAKE YOUR OWN MERGER!
![Page 14: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Market Structures
![Page 15: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Barriers to entry
Type of market structure influences how a firm behaves
PricingSupply
EfficiencyCompetition
![Page 16: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•High levels?• Perfect competition
•Limited competition• Monopoly
•Varying degrees of competition in between
What is the degree of competition in the industry?
![Page 17: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Freedom of entry and exit• Nature of the product
• Homogenous?• Differentiated?
• Control over supply and output of supply• Control over the price• Barriers to entry
What are the determinants of a market structure?
![Page 18: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Has the following: • Free entry and exit to industry• Homogenous product – identical so no consumer
preference• Large number of buyers and sellers – no individual
seller can influence price• Sellers are price takers – have to accept the
market price• Perfect information available to buyers and sellers
• Examples of Perfect Competition:• Financial markets – stock exchange, currency markets, bond
markets?• Agriculture?
Perfect Competition
![Page 19: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ADVANTAGES• High degree of competition
helps allocate resources to most efficient use
• Price = marginal costs• Normal profit made in the
long run• Firms operate at maximum
efficiency• Consumers benefit
Advantages
![Page 20: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Many buyers and sellers• Products differentiated• Relatively free entry and exit• Each firm may have a tiny ‘monopoly’ because of the differentiation of their product
• Firm has some control over price• Examples – restaurants, professions – solicitors, etc., building firms – plasterers, plumbers, etc.
Imperfect of Monopolistic Competition
![Page 21: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Industry dominated by small number of large firms• Many firms may make up the industry• High barriers to entry• Products could be highly differentiated – branding or homogenous
• Non–price competition• Price stability within the market - kinked demand curve?• Potential for collusion?• Abnormal profits• High degree of interdependence between firms• Examples:
• Supermarkets• Banking industry• Chemicals• Oil• Medicinal drugs• Broadcasting
Oligopoly- Competition amongst the few
![Page 22: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Industry dominated by two large firms• Possibility of price leader emerging – rival will follow price leaders pricing decisions
• High barriers to entry• Abnormal profits likely
Duopoly
![Page 23: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• High barriers to entry• Firm controls price OR output/supply• Abnormal profits in long run• Possibility of price discrimination• Consumer choice limited• Prices in excess of MC
Monopoly
![Page 24: Mergers and Market Structures](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051219/5681687b550346895ddeeeee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ADVANTAGESMay be appropriate if natural monopolyEncourages R&DEncourages innovationDevelopment of some products not likely without some guarantee of monopoly in productionEconomies of scale can be gained – consumer may benefit
• Exploitation of consumer – higher prices
• Potential for supply to be limited - less choice
• Potential for inefficiency – • X-inefficiency –
complacency over controls on costs
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopoly