menduga produktivitas tanaman “quantitative measure of crop yield in given measured area of...

MENDUGAPRODUKTIVITAS

TANAMAN“Quantitative measure of crop yield in given

measured area of field”.

Bahan Kajian MK. STELA – smno.fpub.juni2013

FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH

Sumber: http://broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc051/Lec3.htm

Pertumbuhan tanaman berhubungan dengan faktor-faktor yg mempengaruhinya.

G = f (X1, X2, X3 .....Xn)

G = measure of growthXi = growth factors

The factors that affect plant growth can be classified as genetic or environmental. Waktu. time

Pertumbuhan

Mathematical Growth Functions

Sumber: http://www.diprove.unimi.it/groups/agro_rg3.htm

Ekspresi CROP Growth Analysis (CGA)

biasanya menunjukkan seperangkat metode

kuantitatif untuk mendeskripsikan dan menginterpretasikan

perilaku sistem tanaman pada kondisi alamiah, semi-natural atau dalam lingkungan

terkendali.

KURVA RESPON TANAMAN

Sumber: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~teloynac/354gcur.pdf

Liebig (1860, German)

(Linear): Y = mX + b

dimana: Y = Hasil tanaman.m = slope - i.e. rate of yield

increase. It is a function of the environment and nutrient.

X = Jumlah hara (pupuk) yang ditambahkan.

b = minimum yield, one would get this yield with no nutrient additions.



Mitscherlich (1910, German)(Law of Diminishing Returns)

(1) ….. dy/dx = (A-Y)C

Kalau persamaan (1) diintegralkan maka diperoleh:

(2) ….. log (A-Y) = log(A) – cXdimana: A = maximum possible yield theoretical).Y = actual yield.dy/dx = slope - i.e. rate of yield increase. It is a

function of the environment, the nutrient, and amount of nutrient already present. This value gets smaller as nutrient amount increases.

x = Jumlah hara (pupuk) yang ditambahkan nutrient added.

c = Konstante.



Bray (1920, U. Illinois) ... (soil interactions)Pengembangan Model dasar Mitscherlich menjadi:

log (A-Y) = log(A) - c1B – cX

dimana: A = Hasil maksimum yang mungkin (teoretis).Y = Hasil aktual.dy/dx = slope - i.e. rate of yield increase. It is a

function of the environment, the nutrient, and amount of nutrient already present. This value gets smaller as nutrient amount increases.

X = amount of nutrient added.c1 = constant that is for B.c = constant.B = value explaining behavior of ‘immobile’ nutrients

(e.g. K, P, Ca, Mg). The c1B term takes into account the reality that nutrients interact with soil and not all nutrients behave identically.



Practically, this equation says when one Baule Unit of a nutrient is added, then yield increases 50% of the difference between current yield and possible yield. If a second Baule Unit is

added, then yield increase will be 1/2-way closer to the maximum possible yield, so 2 Baule Unites would result in 75% of the maximum possible yield increase. If a third Baule Unit of a

nutrient is added, move 1/2-way closer to the maximum possible yield, or 87.5% of the maximum possible yield would result.

Baule (c. 1920, German mathematician, worked with Mitscherlich) (nutrient interactions)

Baule developed idea of “half-way points.”Using the identical relationship as Mitscherlich, Baule

concluded thatY = A - A(1/2) # Baule Units

dimana: A = Hasil maksimum yg mungkin (teoretis).Y = Hasil tanaman aktual.# Baule Unit = the amount of nutrient that when added

results in moving Y (yield) one-half way closer to A (maximum possible yield).


Sumber: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IC-002.pdf

KURVA RESPON PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN THE "LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS“

When all growth factors except one are adequately supplied, adding increments of the limiting growth factor will increase yields. One of the best known attempts to express growth curves mathematically was that of Mitscherlich. His equation predicts that each succeeding

increment of growth factor (a plant nutrient, for example) will produce a smaller increment of growth than the preceding increment.

The Mitscherlich yield response curve is an example of a well-known concept in economic theory-the law of diminishing returns. The equation has the form

dy/ dx = (A-y)C where dy is yield increase from an increment of growth factor dx, A is maximum yield

attainable as the result of adding an unlimited amount of growth factor, y is the yield obtained after any given quantity of the factor x has been applied, and C is a proportionality constant. Actual yield response curves always pass through a maximum; and, excess nutrient depresses yield. Sometimes initial increments of added nutrient are so immobilized by the soil or utilized

by soil organisms or weeds that they increase growth less than later increments.


Sumber: http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/IC-002.pdf

ILLUSTRATED CONCEPTS IN

TROPICAL AGRICULTURE

A series prepared by the Department ofAgronomy and

Soil Science College of Tropical Agriculture

University ofHawaii

GROWTH RESPONSE CURVES-THE "LAW OF DIMINISHING

RETURNS“

DOSIS PUPUK

HASIL TANAMAN

Crop Forecasting by using Crop-Yield Weather Regression Model M. Rezaul Karim Talukder & M. Sayedur Rahman.

Sumber: www.nfpcsp.org/.../Workshop_on_Regression_Model_Hand_Note_0.do...

MODEL REGRESI TANAMAN-IKLIM Regression analysis is a statistical technique for investigating

and modelling the relationship between variables. Applications of regression are numerous and occur in almost

every field, including food management, engineering, the physical sciences, economics, life and biological sciences,

and the social sciences. In fact, regression analysis may be the most widely used statistical technique.

Model regresi yg melibatkan lebih dari satu variabel bebas disebut “multiple regression model”.



Model regresi tanaman-iklim:m n

Yi = i+ ij Wj + ik Ik + ui

j=1 k=1

Where Yi is the yield of the ith crop, Wj is the jth agro-climatic variable in the production of the ith crop, Ik is the kth input variable in the

production of the ith crop, j and k are the coefficient of the relevant variable, o is the constant and ui is the disturbance term.

For a particular crop, the explicit form of the equation will be determined by the variables relevant for the crop. In the present exercise, the full model contained ten regressors, which were to

explain the yield of Boro rice for the 2001-02 season.



Formula model regresi linear berganda:

Y = o + 1 MXT + 2 MNT + 3 AVT + 4 DTR + 5 TRF + 6 CRF

+ 7 NSR + PR + FERT + TIME + e

dimana: Y= Yield of Boro rice (Mt/ha).

MXT= Maximum temperature (0c); MNT= Minimum temperature (0c); AVT= Average temperature (0c); DTR= Diurnal temperature range (0c); TRF= Total rainfall of the week (mm); CRF= Cumulative rainfall for the season up to the

week (mm); NSR= Net solar radiation (cal/cm2/day); PR = Price value (Tk. per quintal) ; FERT = Fertilizer (‘000 Mt.); TIME= Year; e= Stochastic term/

residual term / error term.



FAKTOR GENETIK

1. Field crops - Yield potential is determined by genes of the plant. A large part of the increase in yield over the years has been due to hybrids and improved varieties. Other characteristics such as quality, disease resistance, drought hardiness are determined by the genetic makeup. Corn hybrids are an example of a dramatic yiel incease resulting from genetics. Genetic engineering is now becoming an important tool in changing a plants potential.

2. Nursery crops and turf - not interested in total growth as much as appearance. Ex. is Bermudagrass

3. Variety and Plant Nutrient needs-Hybrid corn producing 200 bu/ac requires more plant nutrients than a hybrid producing 100 bu/ac. As potential crop yields are increased, the plant nutrients required are increased. Current research in the Soil Science and Genetics department is concerned with developing corn hybrids that use nitrogen more efficiently - Produce more grain per pound of N - fertilizer.

4. A producer has control over the genetic factor by his choice of variety. Field crops - highest yielding, disease resistant, etc.Nursery - Best appearance - dwarf vs larger shrubs



FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN

All external conditions and influences affecting the life and development of an organism. The following are regarded as the most

important environmental factors 1. Temperatur2. Suplai Air3. Energi radiasi matahari4. Komposisi atmosfir5. Soil aeration and soil structure6. Kemasaman tanah = Soil reaction7. Faktor biotik8. Supply of mineral nutrients9. Absence of growth-restricting substances



Temperature A measure of the intensity of heat. Plant growth occurs in a fairly

narrow range - 60 - 100 degrees F

1. Temperatur Secara langsung mempengaruji:1. FOTOSINTESIS2. RESPIRASI3. TRANSPIRASI - loss of water4. PENYERAPAN AIR DAN HARA DARI TANAH.

2. The rate of these processes increases with an increase in temperature responses are different with different crops cotton vs collards or potatoes fescue vs bermuda grass. These generalizations hold within a crops range of adaptation

3. Temperature also affects soil organisms nitrifying bacteria inhibited by low temperature. pH may decrease in summer due to activities of microorganisms

4. Temperatur tanah mempengaruhi penyerapan air dan hara



AERASI TANAH

Compact soils of high bulk density and poor structure are aerated poorly.

Pore space is occupied by air and water so the amount of air and water are inversely proportional to the amount of

oxygen in the soil. On well drained soils, oxygen content is not likely to be limiting to plant growth.

Plants vary widely in their sensitivity to soil oxygen. Paddy rice vs tobacco



KEMASAMAN TANAH = Soil reaction

pH influences availability of certain nutrients ex phosphate availability low on

acid soils.

Al is toxic to plants diseases affected by pH

Potato scab controlled by keeping pH below 5.5



SUPLAI AIRPlant growth restricted by low and

high levels of soil moisture :1. can be regulated with drainage and

irrigation2. good soil moisture improves

nutrient uptake

If moisture is a limiting factor fertilizer is not used efficiently.

Sumber: http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_92448.html

Hubungan antara stabilitas struktur (agregat) tanah dnegan hasil tanaman pd berbagai perlakuan olah tanah (TDD = triple disc drill ;

SC/TDD = scarify and triple disc drill ; DDC = direct drill with combine ; DP = district practice - cultivate and seed with combine

Sumber: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/fertilizer-application-rates

HUBUNGAN DOSIS PUPUK DG HASIL TANAMAN


FAKTOR PEMBATAS HASIL TANAMAN


DOSIS PUPUK untuk HASIL OPTIMUM-EKONOMIS

A yield goal is the yield you hope to harvest. In order to be profitable, it is very important that you set a yield goal that is realistic and achievable and that you use

the right tools and practices to achieve that goal.

KERUGIAN

KEUNTUNGAN

A Typical Nitrogen Response Curve

Sumber: http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/adlib/defra/content.aspx?doc=262994&id=263054

Maximum yield (C) is reached at a nitrogen

rate greater than the on-farm economic optimum and this is never a target if farm profits are to be

maximised.

Application of nitrogen above point C does not increase yield, and with

further applications yield falls and the need for

agro-chemicals such as fungicides and growth

regulators may increase.

Hasil maksimum

Dosis pupuk optimum ekonomis

on-farm

Sumber: http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu/research/MYP.html

A typical N response curve (orange line) versus a response

curve for a 'workhorse' hybrid

(blue line).

The response curve for a workhorse

hybrid has a higher check plot yield

(yield at 0 lb N/acre) and an above

average response to 60 lb N/acre.

KURVA RESPON PUPUK NITROGEN

MENDUGA PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN

Sumber: Predicting corn and soybean productivity for Illinois soils. J.D. Garcia-Paredes, K.R. Olson , J.M. Lang. Agricultural Systems 64 (2000) 151±170

Penelitian DILAKUKAN untuk memprediksi hasil jagung dan kedelai sebagai indeks produktivitas tanah-tanah di Illinois , kedua tanaman

ini meliputi 90% dari keseluruhan lahan pertanian yang ada.

Model regresi berganda digunakan untuk evaluasi hubungan antara 16 sifat tanah yg terpilih dari 34 tipe tanah-utama dengan hasil jagung dan kedelai yang telah ditetapkan (data sekunder) periode 1970-an

(1967±1976). Statistical models developed from major soils were tested internally by calculating the 10-year average corn and soybean yields for each of the

34 major soils. The coefcients generated from multiple regression were further tested using the soil property values for the additional 165 soils identi®ed in nine counties representing the crop reporting districts and weather

districts in Illinois.



Crop yields are the result of environmental factors such as soil, climate, and management inputs. The e€ect of technology and

management on crop yield is determined, in part, by the type of soil. Consequently more specific information on the influence of soil

properties on crop yields is required. Banyak pakar mencoba menemukan hubungan antara sifat-sifat tanah,

iklim, hasil tanaman, dan tanah-tanah , kemudian membandingkannya.

Banyak penelitian agronomis membuktikan bahwa “kedalaman tanah” sangat menentukan hasil tanaman, secara langsung dan tidak

langsung.Banyak sifat-sifat tanah yg dianggap sangat mnenentukan hasil tanaman , ternyata berhubungan dengan kemampuan tanah

menyimpan air (WHC - Water holding capacity).



Perbedaan hasil tanaman dan produktivitas tanah dapat dicerminkan dalam bentuk Indeks Produktivitas.

Productivity ratings are a good indicator of the suitability of soils for crop production. They are useful in determining

optimum soil management and use. Accurate and reliable soil productivity information is desired for crop yield estimates and productivity indices of each soil type to complement land appraisal and use management.

Data sekunder tentang produktivitas tanaman masa lalu dapat dikoreksi dengan penyesuaian numerik sesuai dnegan

perkembangan teknologi tanaman.



Hasil tanaman meningkat secara signifikan di daerah Illinois USA selama periode 1945 hingga 1995.

Peningkatan hasil tanaman ini ternyata disebabkan oleh perbaikan teknologi tanaman (Swanson et al., 1977) yang meliputi:

1. Input kimia-biologis seperti jenis unggul, pupuk mineral, pestisida, dan populasi tanaman yang lebih tinggi.

2. Sumberdaya mekanik, ALSINTAN3. Pengelolaan.

Along with augmented crop yield trend, there were annual fluctuations from weather effects.

4. Swanson, E.R., Smith, D.G., Nyankori, J.C., 1977. Have corn and soybean yields reached a plateau? Series E, Agricultural Economics No 77, E-17.



Trends in crop yields are important for economic decision makers, as well as for farm owners and operators because yield performance may influence determinations regarding

agricultural inputs levels and adoption of new technologies.

Additionally, past, present and future crop yield data could be used as a basis for land valuation (assessment), crop

insurance, and other related farm business.



Kecenderungan hasil tanaman menjadi salah satu issue penting dalam pembangunan pertanian. Berbagai kajian

dilakukan untuk analisis kecenderungan hasil tanaman dan meramalkan prospek masa depannya.

Many of these studies were focused at or within a state level.

Greater yield increments were identified in the previous 5-year period compared to the latter period.



The overall objective of this study was to update the corn and soybean yields which serve as a productivity index for

Illinois soils since these crops are grown on 90% of the cropland. An approach based on multiple

regression was used to evaluate the relationship between 16 selected soil

properties of major soils and established corn and soybean yields.



Prosedur AnalisisTahapan analisisnya adalah:

1. To develop crop yield-soil property models by stepwise multiple regression with 1970s crop yields along with soil properties from 34 major (base and benchmark) soils;

2. To internally check by calculating average corn and soybean yields using the model generated coecients and the soil properties values �for each of the 34 major soils;

3. To test coeficients generated from multiple regression using the soil property values for an additional 165 soils identified in nine counties representing the crop reporting districts and weather districts in Illinois;

4. Mengidentifikasi data “pencilan” hasil jagung dan kedelai (lebih dari 2 simpangan baku.)



Prosedur Analisis

5. Menentukan alasan terjadinya pencilan data dan mengusulkan perbaikan model prediktif.

6. Menentukan besarnya perubahan hasil jagung dan kedelai yang dilaporkan petani selama periode waktu tertentu (1976 – 1995) di berbagai daerah sentra produksi;

7. To use the 20-year crop regional yield increases to predict 1990s crop yields for 199 soils in nine northern and southern Illinois counties;

8. To evaluate the model predicted plus 20-year trend increased crop yields and established plus 20-year trend increased crop yields for nine selected test counties by comparing with the 1990s farmer reported county crop production.



PEMILIHAN TIPE TANAH

Thirty-four major soil types were chosen for a model development to determine crop yield estimates. These included nine base soils which

were selected to represent the best producing soils under basic management which were assigned the highest basic productivity

indices (Pis). Each of these soils have extensive acreage in Illinois. From various soil survey and soil conservation programs, it was determined that a list of

30 benchmark soils represented most of the major soil conditions in the state.

Hasil penelitian menemukan lima tipe utama tanah dan disarankan digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengembangkan model hubungan

hasil tanaman dnegan sifat tanah.



PEMILIHAN TIPE TANAH

Sejumlah sifat fisika dan kimia tanah yang mempengaruhi hasil tanaman dapat diidentifikasi dnegan bantuan model regresi linear

berganda, yaitu:

1. Tebalnya lapisan permukaan (topsoil) (cm); 11. % debu pada topsoil; 2. % BOT pada topsoil; 12. KTK pada topsoil; 3. Depth (cm) to redoxamorphic (wetness) features drainage class (relates to

drainage class); 13. Subsoil thickness (cm); 4. Plant available water to a depth of 150 cm; 5. Rooting depth as a function of soil structure (cm); 6. Depth in cm to 2nd parent material (usually thickness of loess); 7. Permeability; 14. Nilai pH topsoil ; 8. Subsoil pH; 15. Nilai BI topsoil; 9. Nilai BI subsoil; 16. Kejenuhan Na topsoil; 10. % liat pada subsoil.



Analisis Regresi Hasil Tanaman

Stepwise multiple regression was implemented to establish the relationship between 10-year crop yield estimates and

selected soil property values.

Sifat-sifat tanah dinyatakan dalam bentuk “nilai numerik” untuk setiap karakteristik tanah.

Hanya satu nilai ditetapkan oleh tipe tanah atau sifat tanah pada horison A, horison B atau profil tanah.



STATISTICAL ANALYSISAnalisis korelasi digunakan nuntuk memberikan informasi ttg sifat

peubah yg dipakai dlm model regresi berganda, dan untuk mengidentifikasi peubah-peubah mana yg korelasinya lebih kuat. Simple statistical data analyses were evaluated (stemleaf diagrams,

box plot, and normal probability plot) in order to check the usual assumption in regression analysis.

The diagrams for most of the predictor variables were acceptable bell-shaped curves. The variable exchangeable sodium was not a bell-

shaped curve, since all but one of the soils had values of zero.

The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was applied to analyze the soil and yield data.

The R-square option was utilized with emphasis on maximizing R for regression.



Analisis regresi linear berganda dipakai untuk meng-estimasi hubungan antara hasil tanaman dan peubah-peubah sifat-tanah.

Perhitungan dilakukan dnegan model:

Yi = β0 + β1X1 + β 2X2 ...... βiXi + εi .............. (1)

where Yi is the response or dependent variable, which represents the predicted crop yields.

The explanatory factors X1, X2, . . . Xi are assumed to be independent. i is the error due to the fact that the postulated independent variables

do not completely account for the variation in Y.

The parameter b0, b1 . . . bi are the population regression coecients for �the soil effects.



Model sifat tanah yg dikembangkan dari tanah-tanah utama, diuji dengan menghitung rataan hasil tanaman pada semua tanah

pertanian di daerah sentra produksi tanaman.

The predicted crop yields were compared to the established yield estimates for each crop, and to the farmer reported crop yields in IAS.

The coeficients generated by multiple regression in the models were used with the soil property values for 165 additional soils found in the nine

counties. These were not included in the original 34 major (base and benchmark) soils

list. The sign and magnitude of the coeficients generated in the multiple regression models did not establish the absolute relationship between

specific soil properties and crop yields since the variables were not completely independent

and since multi-collinearity did not exist between some soil variables.



Teknik regresi dipakai untuk meng-evaluasi hubungan antara tahun dan hasil jagung dan kedelai.

Pendekatan pertama dipakai untuk analisis data hasil tanaman untuk semua lokasi, dan pendekatan ke dua untuk menganalisis dua jenis

tanah di suatu daerah survei. Data hasil tanaman (data sekunder) dianalisis untuk dua periode

waktu yang berbeda, misalnya periode 1945 - 1995, dan periode 1976 - 1995.

Yield trend was measured using the least squares method which employed the following trend equation:

Y = a + bx where Y, predicted value of Y based on the selected year; a, estimated value of Y where X=0; b, average change in Y for each change in year.



KORELASI ANTARA HASIL TANAMAN DAN NILAI SIFAT-SIFAT TANAH

Secara umum variabel (sifat tanah) bahan organik (OM), available water (AvW), bulk density horison AE (DbAE), dan bulk density horison B (DbB), Tebalnya horison AE (ThAE);

Kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) dan pH horison AE (pHAE) secara signifikan berkorelasi dengan hasil jagung dan

kedelai.



Table 2. Simple statistics for response and predictor variables for major soils



Korelasi paling kuat ditemukan antara kandungan BOT dan KTK tanah. Air tersedia, pH dan BI dari horison AE dan

horison B juga berkorelasi dnegan kandungan BOT.

Other significant correlations were observed between available water and thickness of AE horizons.

High correlations between paired variables, such as organic matter and cation exchange capacity, silt of AE horizons and

available water, explain, in part, why cation exchange capacity and available water were not selected in the

reduced models.



Seleksi Peubah dan Analisis Regresi

Model sifat tanah yang diperoleh dalam penelitian biasanya berdasarkan pada respon hasil tanaman (jagung dan

kedelai) terhadap karakteristik fisika dan kimia tanah.

Most of these soil types occur in only the northern (including central) or southern region.

Therefore, the influence of climate had been considered on a regional basis.



Analisis Regresi Hasil TanamanModel regresi digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pentingnya sifat-sifat

tanah yang terpilih untuk memprediksi hasil tanaman.

Prosedurnya adalah sbb: Analisis regresi pendahuluan dilakukan dg mengadoksi prosedur pemilihan variabel Cp , untuk mengidentifikasi variabel yg paling mempengaruhi hasil tanaman, dan kemudian memilih tiga model

regresi terbaik berdasarkan statistik Cp Mallow. Prosedur pemilihan Cp menghasilkan n perangkat model yg dianggap

optimeum menurut kriteria Cp.

Model-model ini kemudian diuji dengan memprediksi hasil tanaman berdasarkan sifat-sifat tanah dari 34 tipe tanah yg dipilih.



Model regresi berganda yg terbaik antara sifat-sifat tanah dan koefisien-koefisiennya bagi setiap tanaman disajikan dalam Tabel 3.

Persamaan ini mencerminkan model regresi berganda yg paling signifikan berdasarkan nilai koefisien determinasinya R2.

Tanaman jagung dan kedelai dipengaruhi oleh beberapa sifat tanah yang menghasilkan persamaan model yang distingtif.

Tabel 3. Model Regresi sifat-sifat tanah dengan hasil jagung dan kedelai pada kondisi tingkat pengelolaan rata-rata 1970-an (1967±1976)



BI horison B dan Na-tukar ternyata sangat berkorelasi dengan hasil tanaman, dan kedua peubah sifat-tanah ini

muncul dalam model regresi hasil tanaman.

Clay content of the B horizon was a non-significant correlated variable with crop yields, however, it was an

important parameter in determining variations within both models.

Kedalaman zone perakaran dan kedalaman bahan induk tanah tidak berkorelasi dengan hasil tanaman.



Prediksi hasil tanaman dengan menggunakan model regresi sifat-sifat tanah mempunyai nilai R2 (koef determinasi) yg tinggi kalau dibandingkan (diuji)

dengan nilai-nilai hasil tanaman dari data sekunder.

Untuk tipe-tipe tanah yang dianalisis, ternyata persentase variasi hasil jagung dan kedelai yang dapat dijelaskan oleh model regresi sebesar 90%

(Figs. 2 and 3).



Nilai hasil jagung tahun 1970-an

(1967±1976) dari data sekunder

dan nilai prediksi hasil jagung

(menggunakan model) untuk 34

tipe tanah di Illinois.



Nilai hasil kedelai tahun

1970-an (1967±1976) dari data sekunder

dan nilai prediksi hasil kedelai

(menggunakan model) untuk 34

tipe tanah di Illinois.



Prediksi hasil tanaman untuk 165 tipe tanah lainnya dilakukan di sembilan negara bagian di USA.

Dua model hasil tanaman yang dikembangkan dari 34 tipe tanah diuji pada tipe-tipe tanah lainnya di

smebilan negara bagian untuk mendapatkan prediksi hasil tanaman.

Model-model tersebut juga digunakan untuk memprediksi hasil tanaman berdasarkan sifat-sifat

tanah di daerah-daerah pertanian Illinois.



Table 4. Number of observations with residuals greater than one and two standard deviations by (S.D.)crop.



Hasil jagung yang telah ditetapkan untuk periode 1970s (1967±1976) (published in Circular 1156 Soil Productivity in Illinois) dan prediksi hasil jagung pada 165 tipe

tanah di Illinois.



Fig. 5. Hasil kedelai yang telah ditetapkan untuk periode 1970s (1967±1976) (published in Circular 1156 Soil Productivity in Illinois) dan prediksi hasil kedelai

pada 165 tipe tanah di Illinois.



Nilai prediktif dari 16 sifat-sifat kimia dan fisika tanah diuji dengan menggunakan 34 tipe tanah-

utama yg mewakili kondisi tanah pertanian di Illinois.

Model regresi berganda untuk memprediksai hasil jagung dan kedelai, yg berfungsi sebagai indeks

produktivitas tanah-tanah di Illinois, ternyata dapat bekerja dnegan baik dan dapat digunakan di daerah-

daerah sekitarnya.

PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN

Sumber: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/crop-yield.asp

Definisi ‘HASIL TANAMAN '

A measurement of the amount of a crop that was harvested per unit of land area. Crop yield is the measurement often

used for a cereal, grain or legume and is normally measured in metric tons per hectare (or kilograms per hectare).

“Hasil Tanaman” juga menunjukkan produksi benih (biji) dari tanaman.

Misalnya, sebutir benih jagung menghasilkan tiga benih baru, maka hasil tanaman ini 1:3.


Sumber:

In agriculture, crop yield (also known as "agricultural output") refers to both the measure

of the yield of a crop per unit area of land cultivation, and the seed generation of the plant

itself (e.g. one wheat grain produces a stalk yielding three grain, or 1:3)

Hasil tanaman biasanya diukur dengan satuan ton per hektar.


PERANAN TANAH DALAM PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN

1. Penunjang fisik ..... roots anchor plant to maintain upright stature so leaves can intercept sunlight

2. Pori tanah menahan air dan udara yg tersedia bagi tanaman ….....both are essential to root growth

3. Hara tanaman … soils supply variable amounts of nutrients. Also, soils retain / release nutrients applied as fertilizers, manures, and other organic sources

4. Tekstur Tanah sangat menentukan WHC dan ketersediaan hara dalam tanah.

Sumber: http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc185/student_files/ClassNotes/ClassNotes.7a.Soil%20and%20Plant%20Relationships.12.pdf


Sumber: Crop yield predictions based on properties of soils in Sevilla, Spain. D. De La Rosa, F. Cardona, J. Almorza. Geoderma, Volume 25, Issues 3–4, May 1981, Pages 267–274

Model estimasi hasil tanaman gandum, jagung, dan kapas biasanya berdasarkan pada sifat-sifat tanah tertentu.

The procedure consisted of computing algebraic equations following analyses by multiple regression.

Sifat-sifat tanah yang lazim digunakan : Kedalaman tanah, Kandungan liat, Kedalaman muka-air-tanah jenuh, Kandungan karbonat, Salinity,

Kejenuhan Na dan KTK.

The selected properties accounted for 78 to 84% in the general model and for 56 to 80% in the quadratic model of the variations in yields of the three crops.

Estimates were also made of the optimum expressions of two properties, useful depth and depth to hydromorphic features, to maximize yields of the crops.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00167061/25/3


Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/soils/harmonized-world-soil-database/soil-quality-for-crop-production/en/

KUALITAS TANAH unt. PRODUKSI TANAMAN

On the basis of soil parameters provided by HWSD seven key soil qualities important for crop production have been derived, namely: nutrient availability, nutrient retention capacity, rooting conditions, oxygen availability to roots, excess salts, toxicities, and workability.

Soil qualities are related to the agricultural use of the soil and more specifically to specific crop requirements and tolerances.

Untuk ilustrasi kualitas tanah, jagung dipilih sebagai tanaman referens karena distribusinya sangat luas dan nilai ekonominya tinggi.


Sumber: http://www.fao.org/nr/land/soils/harmonized-world-soil-database/soil-quality-for-crop-production/en/

Kualitas Tanah dan Karakteristik Tanahnya

KUALITAS TANAH KARAKTERISTIK TANAHSQ1 Nutrient availability Soil texture, soil organic carbon, soil pH, total exchangeable

basesSQ2 Nutrient retention

capacitySoil Organic carbon, Soil texture, base saturation, cation

exchange capacity of soil and of clay fraction

SQ3 Rooting conditions Soil textures, bulk density, coarse fragments, vertic soil properties and soil phases affecting root penetration and soil

depth and soil volume

SQ4 Oxygen availability to roots

Soil drainage and soil phases affecting soil drainage

SQ5 Excess salts. Soil salinity, soil sodicity and soil phases influencing salt conditions

SQ6 Toxicity Calcium carbonate and gypsumSQ7 Workability

(constraining field management)

Soil texture, effective soil depth/volume, and soil phases constraining soil management (soil depth, rock outcrop,

stoniness, gravel/concretions and hardpans)


Sumber: http://www.fisicadosolo.ccr.ufsm.quoos.com.br/downloads/Relationship_between_soil_physical.pdf

Hubungan antara sifat fisika tanah dnegan produksi tanaman


Sumber: http://www.fisicadosolo.ccr.ufsm.quoos.com.br/downloads/Relationship_between_soil_physical.pdf

Hubungan antara isfat alamiah tanah, agroteknologi, dan hasil tanaman

FUNGSI PRODUKSI TANAMAN

Sumber: Crop production function – study. Tereza Suchánková, Radka Bezděkovská. Proceedings of 30th International Conference Mathematical Methods in Economics . http://mme2012.opf.slu.cz/proceedings/pdf/144_Suchankova.pdf

In general, the agricultural crops are significantly dependent on climate factors. Such variables could be not only the temperature and

rainfall but also the soil moisture and the level of evaporation. Nevertheless the other factors have also an important role in the

variability of crop production - classical production factors (capital, land and labor) or fertilizers and pesticides.

The modeling of crop production is complex problem and needs the sophisticated approach. The aim of the paper is to study the most

appropriate form of crop production function - the applied variables and mathematical form.

Fungsi produksi CES (Constant elasticity of substitution) dan VES (Variable elasticity of substitution) menjadi alat bantu analisis yang

mudah dilakukan.



Fungsi produksi dapat menjelaskan nilai output yang dihasilkan dari kombinasi faktor-faktor produksi pada tingkat teknologi yang ada.

Penjelasan detail tentang fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas production function (PFCD) banyak dibahas dalam pustaka ilmiah.

The same literature explains the principles of the constant elasticity of substitution production function (PFCES), including well-known

Kmenta’s approximations for two inputs.

Detailed description can be found in literature. The variable elasticity of substitution production function (PFVES) can

be found in literature.



FUNGSI PRODUKSI N Cobb-Douglas (PFCD)

Persamaan berikut menunjukkan model PFCD dengan dua faktor produksi:

dimana :Yit is a crop yield in the region i and in the time t, ai represents the level of achieved

technology in the region i, g the non-objectified technological progress – the parameter for the proxy variable time t, Ait and Bit are the explanatory variables – production factors in the

region i and in the time t. The coefficients α and β are the elasticities of output (harvest) with respect to the explanatory variables. The sum of these elasticities gives the information about

the returns to scale. The uit is the stochastic disturbance term. For more information about the individual effects of each region, it is useful to log-transform the model in order to obtain

the form linearized in parameters.Maka diperoleh bentuk persamaan:

lnYit = ln ai + gt +α ln Ait +β lnBit + uit.



Pendekatan linear telah dilakukan oleh Kmenta [5]. Model dengan efek-efek individual adalah: :

where αi is a deviation from the constant, representing the influence of each individual region i, β1 is common constant, g the non-

objectified technological progress – the parameter for the proxy variable time t, β2 and β3 are the elasticity coefficients of the

explanatory variables A and B and β4 expresses the elasticity of correction part of the model.

Kmenta, J.: On estimation of the CES production Function. International Economic Review 8 (1967),80-89.

Phosphorus Fertilization Modes Affect Crop Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Soil Biological Properties in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System

Guan Guan, Shuxin Tu, Hailan Li, Juncheng Yang, Jianfeng Zhang, Shilin Wen and Li Yang.Soil Science Society of America Journal. SSSAJ. 2012.. Vol. 77 No. 1, p. 166-172

Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/77/1/166

Field experiments were performed to investigate the effects of different P fertilizer application modes on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil enzyme activity, number of microbes (bacteria,

actinomycetes, and fungi), and diversity of microbes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system.

Pengurangan dosis pupuk P-anorganik sebesar 20% tidak menyebabkan penurunan hasil tanaman, serapan hara, aktivitas enzim tanah, atau jumlah mikroba tanah.

In addition, both the 20% reduction in applied P and the mixed application of organic manure and chemical P fertilizer increased not only the activity of neutral phosphatase, sucrase,

protease and urease, but also the number of soil microbes, as well as the Shannon’s microbial diversity index (H), although they had no impact on crop yield and nutrient uptake.

Pengurangan aplikasi dosis pupuk P sebesar 20% dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi efek pencemaran pada lahan pertanian. Aplikasi kombinasi rabuk organik dengan

pupuk P-anorganik disarankan untuk memperbaiki kualitas kesuburan tanah.

Correlation of Soil Tests for Available Phosphorus and Potassium with Crop Yield Responses to FertilizationO. H. Long and L. F. Seatz. SSSAJ. Vol. 17 No. 3, p. 258-262. Published: July, 1953.

Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/17/3/SS0170030258

Results are presented in graphic form showing soil-test values for P and K plotted against crop yields obtained without P or K expressed as percent of yields where phosphate or potash was

applied.Two methods of approach are used in showing the degree of correlation. One method is

concerned with “prediction accuracy” at only the lower values of soil P or K. The other method is concerned with the regression curves and correlation coefficients for the experiments as a

whole.Responses of corn to phosphorus fertilization on loess-derived soils correlated least

satisfactorily with the soil test where a predicted yield response was obtained in only 17% of the tests. Permanent pastures showed the best correlation; all experiments were on soils low

in phosphate and responded to applications of P. The prediction accuracies obtained with other crops were as follows: corn, on limestone-derived soils, 64%; cotton, 54%; small grains,

70%; and legume hays, 63%.Responses of cotton to potassium fertilization indicated the best correlation with the soil test,

the prediction accuracy being 60%. The prediction accuracies obtained with the other crops were: corn, 44%; small grains, 47%; legume hays, 33%; and permanent pastures, 57%.

The correlation coefficient (r) was not significant with respect to P on any crop; it was significant with respect to K only on corn.

Phosphorus Soil Test Correlation to Sugarcane Grown on Histosols in the EvergladesG. H. Korndörfer, D. L. Anderson, K. M. Portier and E. A. Hanlon. SSSAJ. 1995. Vol. 59 No.

6, p. 1655-1661


Metode ekstraksi P-tanah digunakan untuk menduga jumlah P-tersedia dalam tanah, dan hasil ekstraksinya dapat dikorelasikan dengan hasil

tanaman. Hasil ekstraksi P-tanah dnegan mengekstraks air, asam asetat, dan Mehlich-1

dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor respon hasil tanaman terhadap pemupukan P.

Acetic acid extractable P was more highly correlated to sugar and cane yields (r = 0.72* and 0.63**, respectively) than water-extractable P (r = 0.27** and 0.39**, respectively). Mehlich-1 extractable P was poorly correlated to sugar

(r = 0.25*) and cane (r = 0.05ns) yields. P-terekstrak asam asetat terpilih menjadi indikator terbaik untuk menduga

respon tanaman tebu terhadap pemupukan P. Kriteria P-terekstraks asam asetat dikembangkan untuk mendefinisikan

kelompok tingkat hasil uji tanah yg berhubungan dnegan respon tanaman: Tingkat RENDAH berkisar 0 - 9 mg L−1, MEDIUM berkisar 9 - 39 mg L−1, dan

TINGGI : lebih dari 39 mg P L−1.

Long-Term P and K Applications: I. Effect on Soil Test Incline and Decline Rates and Critical Soil Test Levels

G. W. Randall, T. K. Iragavarapu and S. D. Evans. JPA. 2013. doi: 10.2134/jpa1997.0565Vol. 10 No. 4, p. 565-571..

Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/jpa/abstracts/10/4/565

Kondisi awal hasil uji tanah P-Bray dan K-tukar adalah 22 dan 150 ppmuntuk tanah lempung liat Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Qpic Endoaquolls) di lokasi Waseca, MN,

10 dan 228 ppm, untuk tanah lempung liat Aastad (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Pachic Udic Haploboroll) di lokasi Morris, MN.

Aplikasi sebar pupuk P dan K setiap tahun selama 12 tahun dengan dosis 0, 50, 100 lb P2O5/acre dan 0,50, 100 lb K2O/acre.

For the Webster soil, STP increased by 0.42 and 1.92 ppm/yr with the 50- and 100-lb P2O5 rates, respectively, and by 0.69 and 2.49 ppm/yr for the Aastad sol Decline rates of STP ranged

from as high as 3.3 pp/yr at an initial STP of 40 ppm to 0.4 ppdyr at initial STP of ≤10 ppm.

Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Crycine mar (L.) Merr,] yields were not increased by broadcast applications of P when STP was >13 ppm on the Webster soil and >19 ppm on the Aastad soil. Year-to-year STK variability was very high and precluded calculation of incline or decline rates

or the critical STK concentration. Uji P-tanah dapat dipertahankan pada tingkat 18 - 20 ppm untuk

profitabilitas optimum dengan aplikasi 40 - 50 lb P2O5/acre /tahun.

SOIL TESTING FOR SITE SPECIFIC CROP MANAGEMENT: RESIN-EXTRACTABLE RATIOS AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTION

Olness, Alan Gesch, Russell Barbour, Nancy Rinke, Jana . International Conference on Site Specific Agriculture . Proceedings . Publication Acceptance Date: July 19, 2000 .

Sumber: http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=112432

Hasil tanaman meningkat sebesar 27% kalau rasio molar Mg : (Mg + Ca) ekstraks resin meningkat 0.2 - 0.8.

Seed yields of 9061 increased in 2 of 3 years as the Mg:(Mg + Ca) molar ratio increased. Seed yields of 704 increased as

the resin extractable Mg:(Mg + Ca) molar ratio increased in both years in which it was grown.

Hasil kedelai meningkat dengan adanya aplikasi MgPO4; hal ini mendukung temuan bahwa kandungan Mg ekstraks resin

berhubungan erat dengan haisl kedelai.

http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=26169





Maize Yield as Affected by Water Availability, Soil Depth, and Crop ManagementP. A. Calviño, F. H. Andrade and V. O. Sadras. AJ. 2003. doi: 10.2134/agronj2003.2750Vol. 95

No. 2, p. 275-281.

Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/abstracts/95/2/275

1. Fungsi dasar dikembangkan untuk mengkuantifikasikan hubungan antara hasil tanaman dnegan ketersediaan air (W) selama periode pembentukan biji.

2. Fungsi dasar diuji dnegan seperangkat data independen.3. Fungsi dasar digunakan untuk evaluasi efek kedalaman tanah dan praktek

pengelolaan thdhasil tanaman.

Yield varied between 4.2 and 10 t ha−1, and most of this variation (>84%) was accounted for by W during the period bracketing flowering. Shallow soils presented

lower yield than deep soils at a given rainfall. Efek praktek pengelolaan thd produktivitas dapat dianalisis dengan fungsi

hubungan antara hasil tanaman dengan ketersediaan air (W).

Technology-related yield increases were (a) 2.3 t ha−1 from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s, mainly explained by P fertilization, better and earlier weed control, and

improved hybrids; (b) 0.9 t ha−1 from the mid-1990s to 1996–1998, related to no-till and higher plant density; and (c) 0.8 t ha−1 from 1996–1998 to 1999–2000, mainly

explained by enhanced rates of N fertilization.

The probability of precipitation and the crop-yield, soil-depth function

Angelos Pagoulatos. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation July/August 1989 vol. 44 no. 4 349-351

Sumber: http://www.jswconline.org/content/44/4/349.abstract

Kedalaman horison fragipan pada tanah lempung-debu Zanesville ternyata sangat mempengaruhi hasil

tanaman.

Semakin dalam lokasi horison fragipan, semakin tinggi hasil tanaman jagungnya; efek ini ternyata

juga dipengaruhi oleh distribusi hujan selama periode pertumbuhan tanaman jagung.

Effect of soil type and depth on crop productionJ. W. S. Reitha1, R. H. E. Inksona1, K. S. Caldwella1, W. E. Simpsona1 and J. A. M. Ross

The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 103 / Issue 02 / October 1984, pp 377-386.

Sumber: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4654960

Tanah bergambut mampu menghasilkan tanaman lebih baik daripada tanah mineral, diduga karena ia mampu melepaskan N lebih banyak. Topsoil yang dalam (tebal) menunjukkan hasil tanaman yg tertinggi.

Topsoil dengan subsoil pasir menunjukkan hasil tanaman yang terendah.

All the crops on the peaty soil had higher concentrations of P in the dry matter than those from the seven mineral soils. Crops and herbage on the Laurencekirk and

Foud-land soils had consistently slightly higher P concentrations than those on the other five mineral soils. Compared with the amounts applied, the crops removed

considerably more K but only 45–68% of the P. Berbagai serie-tanah menunjukkan proporsi P-residu yang terekstraks asam asetat

dengan nilai yang berbeda-beda.

Kedalaman topsoil sangat menentukan hasil tanaman, dan dapat dipakai sebagai faktor utama dalam Klasifikasi Kapabilitas Lahan pertanian.

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=AGS

Simulating the Effects of Soil Depth and Climatic Factors on Corn YieldJ. B. Swan, M. J. Shaffer, W. H. Paulson and A. E. Peterson

SSSAJ. 1987. Vol. 51 No. 4, p. 1025-1032.


Model simulasi dipakai untuk meng-estimasi respon hasil tanaman terhadap kondisi iklim dan simpanan lengas tanah.

Ada efek interaksi antara kondisi iklim dan WHC tanah terhadap hasil jagung. Pada 1983, 1984, dan 1985 hasil jagung meningkat kalau

kedalaman tanah meningkat; pada tahun 1981 dan 1982 hasil jagung hanya sedikit berhubungan dengan kedalaman tanah.

The observed differential effect of soil depth to residuum on corn yield under different years' climatic conditions necessitated the use of a simulation model to

estimate corn yield accurately in a given year and to express the probability of obtaining a given yield level. Frequency distributions for grain yield were determined

for specific soil depths to residuum.

Hasil biji jagung ditentukan sebagai fungsi kedalaman tanah berdasarkan nilai-nilai simulasi faktor iklim harian di suatu lokasi, selama periode 100 tahun.

CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL SALINITY: EVALUATION OF FIELD DATA FROM INDIA BY SEGMENTED LINEAR REGRESSION WITH BREAKPOINTR.J. Oosterbaan , D.P. Sharma , K.N. Singh and K.V.G.K Rao.

Proceedings of the Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, February 25th to March 2nd, 1990, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 3, Session V, p. 373 - 383

Sumber: www.waterlog.info/pdf/segmregr.pdf

Hubungan antara hasil

gandum dengan salinitas

tanah (ECe)

CROP PRODUCTION AND SOIL SALINITY: EVALUATION OF FIELD DATA FROM INDIA BY SEGMENTED LINEAR REGRESSION WITH BREAKPOINTR.J. Oosterbaan , D.P. Sharma , K.N. Singh and K.V.G.K Rao.

Proceedings of the Symposium on Land Drainage for Salinity Control in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, February 25th to March 2nd, 1990, Cairo, Egypt, Vol. 3, Session V, p. 373 - 383

Salinitas tanah, Ec (dS/m)

Hasil tanaman sawi (t/ha)

DEPTH OF SOIL CULTIVATION AS AN INFLUENCING FACTOR ON CROP YIELDS OF GREENHOUSE TOMATOES

Dr. J. SkierkowskiISHS Acta Horticulturae 17: Symposium on Protected Growing of Vegetables

Sumber: http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=17_12

Pengolahan tanah secara-dalam menunjukkan efek yg bagus terhadap hasil buah tanaman tomat.

Higher yields are obtained of spring tomatoes, even though in the case of autumn tomatoes significant differences in favour of the deep cultivation of soil

were obtained.

. Soil Properties and Crop Yields along the Terraces and Toposequece of Anjeni Watershed, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Tadele Amare, Aemro Terefe, Yihenew G. Selassie, Birru Yitaferu, Bettina Wolfgramm, Hans HurniJAS. Vol 5, No 2 (2013) .

Sumber:http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/23934

Hasil-hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH tanah, kation-tukar, P-tersedia, jumlah kation basa dan persen kejenuhan basa tidak berbeda antara “loss zone” dan “deposition zone”, sedangkan C-organik, dan N-total lebih tinggi pada lokasi

“deposition zone”. For both testing crops, higher mean yields were found at deposition zones followed by the middle zones while the lowest value was obtained from the loss zones. Soil

pH, exchangeable cations, available phosphorus, sum of exchangeable bases, percent base saturation, organic carbon and total nitrogen showed significant

variation due to slope position differences. Toe slope position followed by crest slope position showed higher mean value of the parameters.

Implementasi tindakan konservasi tanah di DAS Anjeni dapat mengurangi erosi tanah, memperbaiki kualitas tanah dan

meningkatkan hasil tanaman.

http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/issue/view/734

http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/issue/view/734

THE EFFECT OF SOIL THICKNESS ON CROP YIELDSRichard Barnhisel2, James Powell, and R. Brent Gray .

Paper was presented at the 2005 National Meeting of the American Society of Mining and Reclamation, Breckenridge, CO, June, 19-23, 2005.

Sumber: http://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference%20Proceedings/2005/0040-Barnhisel-KY.pdf

Ketebalan tanah pada lokasi lahan-reklamasi bekas tambang sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil-hasil berbagai jenis tanaman.

The soil thickness was most important for corn, followed by grain sorghum, soybeans, wheat, and alfalfa. Soil compaction also affected crop yields, especially for

corn. Since the primary standard used to determine Phase III bond release in the mid-western states is based on corn yield, several studies were conducted on the

effect of both soil depth and bulk density data as controlling factors in determining corn yield.

Hasil kedelai dan gandum tidak terlalu terpengaruh oleh kedalaman tanah, dibandingkan dnegan hasil jagung. Hasil Alfalfa paling tidak-terpengaruhi oleh kedalaman tanah, dan tanaman ini membantu mengurangi pemadatan tanah. Hasil jagung lebih baik setelah lima tahun lahan digunakan untuk memproduksi

alfalfa.

Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and conventional farming systems

Christopher Brock, Andreas Fließbach, Hans-Rudolf Oberholzer, Franz Schulz, Klaus Wiesinger , Frank Reinicke, Wernfried Koch, Bernhard Pallutt, Bärbel Dittman, Jörg Zimmer, Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen,

Günter Leithold. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. Volume 174, Issue 4, pages 568–575, August, 2011.

Sumber: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.201000272/abstract

Bagaimana hubungan antara haisl tanaman dnegan kandungan BOT pada kondisi pertanian organik dan pertanian konvensional ?.

Yield levels of nonlegume crops were positively correlated with SOM levels, but the correlation was significant only under conditions of

organic farming, and not with conventional farming treatments. While absolute SOM levels had a positive impact on yield levels of nonlegumes, the yield levels of nonlegumes and SOM-level

development over time correlated negatively.

Semakin tinggi hasil tanaman non-legume, semakin banyak diperlukan suplai BO untuk mempertahankan kandungan BOT.

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpln.v174.4/issuetoc

. Dryland Crop Yields and Soil Organic Matter as Influenced by Long-Term Tillage and Cropping Sequence

Upendra M. Sainju , Andrew W. Lenssen, Thecan Caesar-TonThat and Robert G. EvansAJ. 2009. doi: 10.2134/agronj2008.0080xVol. 101 No. 2, p. 243-251.

Sumber: https://www.agronomy.org/publications/aj/abstracts/101/2/243?access=0&view=pdf

Praktek budidaya tanaman yg lebih baik diperlukan untuk memperbaiki hasil tanaman lahan kering dan mempertahankan

kandungan BOT. Spring wheat grain and biomass yields increased with crop growing season

precipitation (GSP) and were greater in STW-F than in FSTCW and FSTW-B/P when GSP was <250 mm. Although mean grain and biomass yields were greater,

annualized yields were lower in STW-F than in other treatments. In FSTW-B/P, barley and pea grain and biomass yields also increased with increased

GSP. Kandungan C-organik dan N-total tanah berkorelasi linear dengan total

residu biomasa yang dikembalikan ke tanah. Sistem pertanaman semusim dengan minimum atau tanpa olah tanah

disarankan untuk melestarikan hasil tanaman lahan kering dan menjaga kandungan BOT.

. Soil Organic Matter Levels and Crop Yields in Puerto RicoM. A. Lugo-López, J. A. Bonnet, E. Hernández-Medina, P. Landrau and G. Samuels

SSSAJ. 1954. Vol. 18 No. 4, p. 489-493.

Sumber: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/abstracts/18/4/SS0180040489?access=0&view=pdf

No increases in organic-matter content were observed in some latosols of Puerto Rico with an open porous structure and low fertility level when treated with different quantities of velvetbean green manure,

sugarcane trash, and filter-press cake.

Peningkatan hasil jagung diperoleh dnegan perlakuan pupuk hijau “velvet-bean”, mungkin karena peningkatan suplai N-tersedia dalam

tanah.Aplikasi bahan organik dapat meningkatkan kandungan BOT, tetapi

tidak terlalu berdampak pada kondisi fisika tanah.

Peningkatan hasil tebu dan nanas diduga ada hubungannya dengan perbaikan kondisi fisika tanah akibat peningkatan kandungan BOT.

Air dan Hasil Tanaman..Respon hasil tanaman thd air : the original FAO water

production function

Sumber: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2800e/i2800e02.pdf

FAO addressed the relationship between crop yield and water use in thelate seventies proposing a simple equation where relative yield reduction

is related to the corresponding relative reduction in evapotranspiration(ET). Specifically, the yield response to ET is expressed as:

where Yx and Ya are the maximum and actual yields, ETx and ETa are themaximum and actual evapotranspiration, and Ky is a yield response factor

representing the effect of a reduction in evapotranspiration on yieldlosses. Equation 1 is a water production function and can be applied to all

agricultural crops, i.e. herbaceous, trees and vines.

Gradien Hasil-Irigasi dan Fungsi produksi tanaman-air

Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377406002010

Sumber: http://stephane.decara.free.fr/mypdf/GodaBamiDeboDeCaJayeNian05.pdf

Contoh kurva respon nitrogen untuk tanaman gandum dari petani di Picardie (Northern France)

Dosis pupuk N, kg/ha

Hasi

l tan

aman

, t/

ha

Penyesuaian kurva STICS dg memperhatikan kalibrasi model ekonomi berdasarkan hasil-referensi dan referensi biaya variabel.

Sumber: http://stephane.decara.free.fr/mypdf/GodaBamiDeboDeCaJayeNian05.pdf

The potential contribution of plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce environmental degradation – A comprehensive evaluation

Luz E. de-Bashan, Juan-Pablo Hernandez, Yoav BashanApplied Soil Ecology. Volume 61, October 2012, Pages 171–189


Schematic representation of uses

of plant growth-

promoting bacteria and AM fungi in

bioremediation

processes.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139311001983

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09291393/61/supp/C

The potential contribution of plant growth-promoting bacteria to reduce environmental degradation – A comprehensive evaluation

Luz E. de-Bashan, Juan-Pablo Hernandez, Yoav BashanApplied Soil Ecology. Volume 61, October 2012, Pages 171–189


Potential rehabilitation strategies to

address desertification of eroded

land.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929139311001983

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09291393/61/supp/C



Ketersediaan hara tanaman menjadi faktor pembatas bagi pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman.

Definition of growth - The progressive development of an organism.

Usually expressed as dry weight (total of the part we're interested in such as grain), height, length, diameter

Pertumbuhan tanaman merupakan fungsi waktu, berbentuk kurva S selama musimpertumbuhannya.

Sumber: foto smno.hutan jati.saradan.febr2013

Bagaimana menduga produktivitas tegakan hutan tanaman jati….. ?

menduga produktivitas tanaman “quantitative measure of crop yield in given measured area of...

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