memosens technology - endress+hauser · pdf filecorrosion salt bridges. 09/24/2013 memosens...

09/24/2013

Liquid Analysis Introduction

Jeff LowSlide 1

Memosens Technology

09/24/2013

Conventional or AnalogIntroduction to Liquid Analysis

Jeff LowSlide 2

Sensor/Cableconnection

Cableproperties

Cable/transmitterconnection

Sensorsensitivity

Ground potentialdifference offset

Highimpedanceinput board

Analog - The analoguesignal loop stretches fromthe sensing element tothe transmitterelectronics

MoistureCorrosionSalt bridges

09/24/2013

Memosens Technology ‒ Inductive and DigitalIntroduction to Liquid Analysis

Jeff LowSlide 3

Measuringelectrode

3 mol KCl+

Internal buffer3 mol

KCl

Referenceelectrode

Sensor HeadA

D

pH TransmitterWith digital input

boardInductive digitaldata transfer

Cable head

Conductive digitaldata transfer

No metal connectionNo moistureNo corrosion

09/24/2013

Introduction to Liquid Analysis

Jeff LowSlide 4

Memosens Technology

• The electric connection between cable and sensor is Inductive

• No Metal Connection ‒ no chance for corrosion or moisture

• Built-in Memory chip in each memosens sensor

• Hot Plug and Play feature, even possible to be Connected Under Water

induktive Signalübertragung

induktive Energieübertragunginductive energy transmission

inductive signal transmission

09/24/2013

Memosens Technology ‒ Key FeaturesPure water / Water for injection

Easy Maintenance

AdvancedDiagnostics

PredictiveMaintenance

Slide 5 Jeff Low

Safety

09/24/2013

Liquid Analysis Measurement in Oil and Gas

1. Safety

JeloSlide 6

• Maximum Process SafetyCable pinched off ? Cable defect ? Cable disconnected from sensor ?• Conventional sensor No Alarm

• Digital sensorAlarm

• No communication between sensor and transmitter

Alarm automatically

• Hot Plug and Play system

• EMC compliance

• Hazardous Area Approval

09/24/2013

2. Easy MaintenanceIntroduction to Liquid Analysis

Jeff LowSlide 7

09/24/2013

Easy MaintenanceLiquid Analysis Measurement in Oil and Gas

JeloSlide 8

09/24/2013

Memobase Plus: less hardware, more functionalityMemobase Plus

PC

USB cable

MemoLink box

Memosens cable

Sensor

Data + energy transfer

All in one: Measure • Calibrate • Document

Slide 9 Launchteam

09/24/2013

MeasurementMemobase Plus

Slide 11 Launchteam

09/24/2013


3. Advanced Diagnostics

Jeff LowSlide 12

• Diagnostic message classified according to NAMUR NE107• NE107 is essential to distinguish between messages for maintenance and

operational staff

Failure(F)

A malfunction has been detected, find out theerror, inform maintenance

Functional Check(C)

Observe process, device is under maintenance

Out of Specification(S)

Less accuracy, operated outside specification

Maintenance required(M)

Device still measure correctly, however propermaintenance required

09/24/2013

4. Predictive Maintenance

• Manufacturing data• Serial number

• Order code

• Date of manufacture

• Calibration data• Calibration date

• Calibrated slope, zero point

• Number of calibrations

• Temperature offset

• Application data• Temperature application range

• pH application range

• Date of first commissioning

• Maximum temperature value

• Operating hours at temperature above80°C and 100°C

• Operating hours at very low and veryhigh pH values

• Number of sterilization

• Glass membrane impedance


JeloSlide 13

09/24/2013

Predictive MaintenanceCalibration Timer

• The date of the last calibration is stored in theMemosens sensor

• A warning and alarm can be set for the expiry ofthat date


JeloSlide 14

Prediction of sensor life span

• Approaching the end of an sensor life span thecalibration values zero and slope degrease faster.

• Delta zero and delta slope increase faster.

• Diagnosis message can be set if exceed certainlimits

09/24/2013

Predictive MaintenanceOperation hour counter

• The overall operating hours, temperature above80°C and 100°C and extreme measuring values arebeing counted

• The warning and alarm limits can be set


JeloSlide 15

Sterilisation Counter• In the regulated industry the sensors are

evaluated by the amount of sterilisation cycles• Memosens sensors recognise a sterilisation cycle

and store the amount of cycles• If the counter exceed the limits set in the

transmitter they lead to a diagnosis message

09/24/2013

Memosens is an open standard, not a proprietary system!Introduction to Liquid Analysis

Jeff LowSlide 16

• Up to now, three companies are working togetherconcerning Memosens

09/24/2013


www.memosens.org

Jeff LowSlide 17

Memosens standard now with its own homepage

09/24/2013

Transmitter PortfolioLiquid Analysis Measurement

Liquisys CxM253/223Liquiline CM42Liquiline CM44x

Slide 18 Dr.Yongbo Liu

• Memosens• Multi-parameter• Hot Plug & Play• Modular ‒ expandable• Max 8 Channels• 4-20mA, HART• Relays• Modbus• Profibus

• Memosens or analog• 1 channel• SIL 2• Hot Plug & Play• Loop-powered• 4-20mA, HART• Profibus• Foundation Fieldbus

• Memosens or analog• 1 channel• Field or panel mount• 4-20mA, HART• Relays• Profibus

09/24/2013


Jeff LowSlide 19

Memosens Sensors ‒ with Liquiline platformDigital fixed-cable sensorswith Memosens protocol• Nitrate, SAC• Turbidity• ISE• DO optical• Conductivity toroidial• sludge level

Memosens sensors withinductive plug-in head• pH glass• pH ISFET• pH enamel• ORP and pH/ORP• Conductivity cond.• DO amp.• Chlorine

Easy handling

• Memosens technology• Hot Plug & Play for all sensors• modular extendable• identical HMI and hardware for

1-8 channels

High Flexibility• 8 Memosens• 4-20 mA analog in• 1-4 relays out• 1-8 x 0/4...20mA

out

• Ethernet configuration viaweb browser

• Bus connections

CM44X

09/24/2013

Liquid Analysis Measurement

Conducta MarketingSlide 20

Memosens sensors Portfolio

CPS441DCPS491DCPS471DCPS11D

CPS41D CPS91DCPS71D CPF81D

pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC/COD/TOC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

09/24/2013

Assembly (holder) PortfolioIm

mer

sion

Flow

-thr

ough

Pipe

orta

nkCPA 111 CYA 112 CPA 140

PVDF

Stainless steel

CPA 510 CPA 530 CYH 112

PVDF Stainless steel

CPA 240 CPA 250 CPA 640

CPA 450 CPA 471 CPA 472 CPA 472DCPA 442 CPA 473 CPA 475 CPA 477

16/03/2013

Products Solutions Services

pH / ORP measurement

Slide 1 Jeff Low

16/03/2013

What’s pH good for ?

Slide 3

• pH measurement is an important measurementand touches us all the time in our daily life

• Cleaning solutions: soap, bleacher, etc.

• Food products: yogurt, cheese, coke, beer,water etc.

• Wastewater: industrial, municipal

• Chemical production: Pesticide, TiO2, synthetic dye, epoxy resin

• Plastic production: PVC, PP, etc.

• Pharmaceutical: insulin, penicillin, anti bodies, etc.

• Pulp & Paper: inlet of paper machine, reject water, etc.

Without pH measurement it would be impossible for theindustry to deliver the life style we take for granted

16/03/2013

Definition of pH (“potentia Hydrogenii”)

Dr. M. FreudenbergerSlide 4

• Pure water dissociates into ions (charged particles)

H2O H+ + OH-

• Dissociation of a H2O molecule to each one H+ and OH- ion

c(H+) = c(OH-) = 10-7 mol/l

• 1 mol/l

• pH is defined as the negative decadal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity(but mostly used instead is concentration):

pH = - lg c(H+)

• Result when calculating the pH value of pure water:pH = - lg (10-7) = 7

= 1 g/l of hydrogen ions (H+)

= 17 g/l of hydroxide ions (OH-)

16/03/2013

Definition of pH

• The pH value is measured on a scale of 0 to 14

• pH value under 7: liquid is acidic• pH value of 7: liquid is neutral• pH value over 7: liquid is alkaline

• Acid means: Excess of H+ ions• Neutral means: Equilibrium of H+ and OH- ions• Base means: Excess of OH- ions

Slide 5 Dr. M. Freudenberger

16/03/2013

The logarithmic pH scale

pH

01234567891011121314

Range

100

10-1

10-2

.

.

.

10-14

alkaline

acid

neutral

H+ concentration[mol/l]

10,10,010,0010,00010,000010,0000010,00000010,000000010,0000000010,00000000010,000000000010,0000000000010,00000000000010,00000000000001


16/03/2013

Typical examples of pH values

Coca Cola 2,5 Fanta 3,0Apple juice 3,5

Beer 4,1 - 4,6Butter 4,8 - 4,9

Human skin 4,8 - 5,8

Fresh milk 6,7 - 7,1Human blood 7,4

Albumen 7,6 - 8,0

Soap 9 - 10

Drain pipe cleaner 11-12

Sodium hydroxide 14(1 mol/l)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

Gastric acid 1,7

16/03/2013

Working Principle

Potentiometric

• pH-sensitive glass membrane

• Measuring electrode

• Reference electrode made ofsilver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl)

• Reference Junction

Internal Training

Jeff LowSlide 8

1

2

3

4

1

3

2

4

16/03/2013

Video ‒ pH principlepH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 9

16/03/2013

Basics: two half cells make one combination electrode

Slide 10

16/03/2013

Working principle of glass membrane

If “inside” pH = “outside” pHno potential difference = 0 mV (= pH 7)

with excess of H+-ions = positive charge “outside”with lack of H+-ions = negative charge “outside”

potential difference

+++ +

--

--

Internalbuffer

AcidsolutionpH < 7

AlkalinesolutionpH > 7

Gel layer:0,0001 mm

Glass membranethickness:0.2-0.5 mm

pH 7H+H+


16/03/2013

Ceramicdiaphragm

Ring-shapedPTFE diaphragm

Openaperture


Very robust Slow response Dirt repellent

Fast response Soiling sensitive Biocompatible

Very fast response Soiling sensitive Danger of poisoning

16/03/2013

The degree of the acidic or alkaline character of anaqueous solution is related to the activity of hydrogen ions.

U ... Sensor voltageUo ... Voltage at pH=7.00R ... Gas constantT ... Temperature in KelvinF ... Faraday constantH+ ... Activity of H+-ionsn ... Load of the ion (H+=1)

Nernst Formula

Generation of an electrical potential according to pH

Slope59,16 mV at 25 °C


16/03/2013

8

• The voltage of a pH sensor respects the “Nernst´s law”

Slope:58,16 mV/pH (20°C)59,16 mV/pH (25°C)60,15 mV/pH (30°C)61,14 mV/pH (35°C)74,04 mV/pH (100°C)

Slide 14

Characteristic curve of a pH sensor

pH < 7: Positive voltage

pH > 7: Negative voltage

Slope 59,16 mV/pHat 25°C

400

300

200

0

-100

-200

-300

-400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14

mV

pH

100

25°C

Exercise:What is the output voltage in Coca-Cola @ 25°C ?Solution:Coca-Cola = pH 2,5 4,5 x 59,16 mV = +266 mV

3 x 59,16 mV = 177,48 mV

4

2 x 59,16 mV = 118,32 mV

51 x 59,16 mV = 59,16 mV

6

16/03/2013

Influence of temperature on pH value

What´s the pH of water at 0°C ??7,47

What´s the pH of water at 100°C ??6,13

Each measuring solution has a characteristic temperature and pHbehaviour (temperature coefficient).

Reason: Dissociation which causes a change in the H+concentration is temperature dependent.

Slide 15 Pechstein/Freudenberger

16/03/2013

Influence of temperature on pH Slope

Slide 16

Slope of the pH electrode:54,20 mV/pH at 0 °C59,16 mV/pH at 25 °C74,04 mV/pH at 100 °C

pH 1 pH 7 pH 130 °C - 0,4 0 - 0,4

20 °C 0 0 040 °C + 0,4 0 + 0,460 °C + 0,81 0 + 0,8180 °C + 1,23 0 + 1,23

16/03/2013 Jeff LowSlide 17

Non-glass pH

16/03/2013

Non-glass pH : Ion-selective

• Ion-selective field effect transistor

(ISFET)

• Unbreakable PEEK body

• Reduce acid and alkaline errors in

extreme pH range.

• Measurement stability and stable

response time

Reference Junction

Gate insulator

Internal Training

Jeff LowSlide 18

1

2

1

2

16/03/2013

How it works

IsFET

H+H+

H+

- - -

Gate insulator

Thickness : about 0,1 µmMaterial : Ta2O5 (tantalum oxide)

the insulator is an amphoteric material(acting as acid or base), thus surfacecharges are occurring by the reversiblereaction with H+ resp. OH- -ions

important: in contrary to the glass electrode no charges are transportedthrough the insulator the effect is produced purely electrostatically


16/03/2013

pH Technology

Any additonal charge will affect the IsFET.Therefore a reference electrode for compensating is needed.

Reference systemISFET

How it works !


16/03/2013

pH Technology

Schematic view

1 gate insulator with semiconductor phase

2 ceramic board

3 special flat sealing

4 temperature sensor

5 diaphragm

6 reference part

7 elastic fixing

8 PEEK body

1

2

3 4

56

78


16/03/2013

pH Technology

Slide 23

Slope of ISFET

-500

mV

0m

V+5

00m

V

0 7 pH 14

- 55,8 mV / pH at 8°C- 61.5 mV / pH at 37°C- 66.3 mV / pH at 61°C

- 59,1 mV / pH at 25°C

IsFETs are following the NERNSTs law

16/03/2013


ORP

Slide 24 Jeff Low

16/03/2013

ORP : Potentiometric

• Oxidation Reduction Potential or Redox

• The ORP value is an indicator of the Oxidizing orReducing properties of a process medium

• Theory of ORP measurement very close to theoryof pH measurement• pH measure activity of H+ ions• ORP measure activity of electrons

• pH deliver mV signal, convert to pH• ORP measure mV signal.

• Noble metal electrode ‒ platinum, gold or silver

Internal Training

Jeff LowSlide 25

16/03/2013

ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 26

• the measuring range isbetween -1 500 mV and+1 500 mV

- mV+ mV

Reduction

Oxidation

16/03/2013

Gold, silver or platinum

Dr. M. FreudenbergerSlide 27

• Platinum is the most universal noble metal which can be used in ORPmeasurements.

• The limits are ozone (O3) or peroxide (H2O2). Platinum shows here theeffect of a catalyst.

• Platinum is oxidized in air and strong oxidizing reagents. That caused amemory effect and a slow response time.

• Don’t use platinum in ozone and peroxide applications !

• Gold has a higher electrochemical potential than platinum, is more noble.You can use it in ozone and peroxide and it is also the best for detoxificationof cyanide waste water,

• Don’t use gold in strong acids with high concentration of chlorine. Gold andchlorine are forming a complex, you will find a wrong result !

Internal Training

16/03/2013

Transmitter Portfolio ‒ pH/ORP TransmitterPure water / Water for injection

Liquisys CPM253/223Liquiline CM42Liquiline CM44x


• Memosens• Multi-parameter• Hot Plug & Play• Modular ‒ expandable• 8 Channels• 4-20mA, HART• Relays• Modbus

• Memosens or analog• SIL 2• Hot Plug & Play• Loop-powered• 4-20mA, HART

• Memosens or analog• Field or panel mount• 4-20mA, HART• Relays

16/03/2013

Liquiline CM44 and its Memosens


Liquiline CM44 platform ‒ OverviewDigital fixed-cable sensorswith Memosens protocol• Nitrate, SAC• Turbidity• ISE• DO opt.• Conductivity tor.

Memosens sensors withinductive plug-in head• pH• ORP• Conductivity cond.• DO amp.• Chlorine

Product strategy

Memosens technology

Hot Plug & Play for all sensors

modular extendable

identical HMI for 1..8 channels

identical hardware for 1..8 channels

Product properties

Backlit display

CDI-interface

1..4 relays

1..8 x 0/4..20mAanalog output,HART

Profibus DP,Modbus TCP,Modbus RS485 (RTU)

Ethernet configurationvia web browser

4..20mA analog input

16/03/2013



Digital sensors for liquid analysis by Endress+Hauser



pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

16/03/2013


Jeff LowSlide 33

Application of pH sensorGlass Orbisint Orbipac Ceragel Orbipore Ceraliquid

Non-glass TophitCPS471D

TophitCPS491D

TophitCPS441D

Technicalcharacteristics

• Teflondiaphragm

• Double gel

• Teflondiaphragm

• Double chamberreference

• Flat membrane(optional)

• Ceramicdiaphragm

• Doublechamberreference

• Opendiaphragm

• Double gel

• Ceramicdiaphragm

• Liquidreference

Preferredapplicationareas

• Long-termcheck ofstableprocesses

• Stableprocesses

• Poisoningmedia

• Abrasivemedia

• Hygienic andsterileapplications

• Poisoningmedia

• Fermentationprocesses

• Media withchangingcomposition

• Intensivelyblockingmedia

• Stronglycontaminatedmedia

• Suspensions

• Emulsions

• Precipitations

CPS71DCPS76DCPS72D(ORP)


CPS41DCPS42D(ORP)


CPF81DCPF82D(ORP)

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 34

Installation of pH sensor

*Sensor must always in wet condition

Ok with upside down versionCPS71/71D - BU

16/03/2013

pH Technology

Effects on the pH electrode


16/03/2013


Cleaning, Calibration and Storing

Jeff LowSlide 36

Cleaning

• pH sensors are recommended to be cleaned ‒ Weekly

• Poor response time, low slope & unstable readings ‒ perform

cleaning

16/03/2013

pH cleaning and calibration

Bart KüpersSlide 37

Electrode cleaning• Rinse with tap water, if crystallization occurs with hot tap

water (> 70°C)

• Soak in cleaning agent for removal of:

Oil, fat: Alkaline, AlcoholLime: HCL (4%)Metal hydroxide: HCL (4%)Cyanide: HCL (4%)Sulfide: HCL (4%)+ thiourea (sat.)Protein: HCL (4%)+ pepsin (sat.)Heavy biol. deposit: HCL (4%)Silicon: Acetone

• Wipe with paper tissue

• Rinse with tap water

16/03/2013


Cleaning, Calibration and Storing

Jeff LowSlide 38

Calibration• Calibration corrects the measuring error caused by potential changes.• recommended - 2 to 4 Monthly• Sensor to be replaced; when calibration cannot be done (refer to

sensor data: Slope & Zero Point)• Slope below 55mV ‒> Change new sensor

Storing• Out of operation pH sensors should be stored wet.(horizontally)• Buffer pH 7 or 3 M KCl is the best storage solution.

(Service/Maintenance schedule depends on applications & process conditions)

16/03/2013

Fully automated solutionpH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 40

Measuring of pH+ cleaning+ calibrationoutside of process

Topclean S - CPC30 Topcal S - CPC310

Measuring of pH+ cleaningoutside of process

16/03/2013

Topcal S CPC310

• Fully automatic measuring, cleaning and calibrating

• suitable for all industries: chemistry, pharmaceuticals,water & waste water, food, power, mining, pulp & paper.

• Benefits :

• Very high degree of process safety

• Securing of product quality

• High availability of plant

• Features

• 7 freely configurable programs for cleaning, calibrationand sterilization

• Industry approved PVDF membrane pumps, allowsusage of aggressive cleaners

• Basic version with controller for two external valves,e.g. for additional cleaners, steam for sterilization, etc…


Jeff LowSlide 41

CYC310 Plastics

CYC310 Stainless steel

16/03/2013

Topcal S CPC310pH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 42

16/03/2013

pH sensor productionpH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 43

16/03/2013

Sensor Stress testpH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 44

16/03/2013

ApplicationpH / ORP measurement

Jeff LowSlide 46

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 47

Installation Example (Water)

Customer: Puncak Niaga, SSP2Location: Actiflo Plant

CPS 11

Field mountCPM 253

DipFitCPA 111

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 48


Customer: Puncak Niaga, SSP2Location: Filtration Plant

Field mountCPM 253

CPS 11

CPA 250

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 49


Customer: Kuching Water BoardLocation: Analyzer Rack

Measurement: Raw water pH

CPF 81

Sensor autocleaning system

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 50

Installation Example (Power)

Customer: Alstom Power

Panel mountCPM 223

CPS 11D(memosens)

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KL

Slide 51

Installation Example (Wastewater)

Customer: Guinness Anchor BerhadLocation: Effluent Treatment Plant

CPM 253 CPM 153

CPS 11D(memosens)

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KL

Slide 52

Installation Example (Wastewater)

Panel mountCPM 223

CPF 81

Customer: UniqemaLocation: Wastewater Treatment Plant

16/03/2013

pH

Ong KLSlide 53

Installation Example (Scrubber)

CPS 11D(memosens)

Panel mountCPM 223

Customer: Top GloveLocation: Scrubber

(Chlorine gas absorption)

16/03/2013

Topcal S applications

Application: Food Industry, Cheese Production

Process:

- Production of soft cheese

Process conditions:

- pH 6,9, max 1 bar, 8 -9 °C,

- hygienic

- with CPS471, cleaning withOxonia

Solution:

- Topcal S with CPS471

- CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Food Industry, Dairy

Process:

- Control of milk processing,

2 measuring points

Process condition:

- pH 6,75-7,00

Solution:

- Topcal with Tophit CPS 471

- Assembly CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Food Industry, Soja Products

Process:

- Production of soja yogurt

Process conditions:

- pH 7,4, 1 bar, 40 °C,

- hygienic

Solution:

- Topcal S PROFIBUS

with CPS 11

- CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Food Industry

Process:

- Production of marmelade, jam

Process condition:

- pH 1,5-2, T=70°C

- media >50% sugar

Solution:

- Topcal S with Tophit CPS 471

- Assembly CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Pharmaceutical Industry

Process:

- Production of drugs against liverdisease, neutralisation processes

- 2 measuring points

Process condition:

- pH 6-7, 3 bar, 70-100°C

- sensor in maintenance positionduring high temperature phases of theprocess

Solution:

- Topcal S with CPS 41

- CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Pharmaceutical Industry

Process:

- Blood plasma production(comparison Tophit CPS471 andglass-electrode)

Process condition:

- pH 4-5, low conductivity,water/ethanol mixture

Solution:

- Topcal S with Tophit CPS471

- CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Chemical Industry, Neutralisation

Process:

- Silicate Powder Production,preproduction for semiconductor‘smaterial, washing media containsH2, N2 for pneumatic control

Process condition:

- pH 2 - 3, max 1 bar, up to 35°C,abrassive

- outdoor installation

Solution:

- Topcal S

- assembly with ball valve


16/03/2013


Application: Chemical Industry, Resin Production

Process:

- Production of melanin resin

Process condition:

- pH 7,5, 60°C

- neutralization process

- aggressive media (formaldehyd)

- sensor in maintenance position

Solution:


- Assembly CPA 475


16/03/2013


Application: Industrial Waste Water

Process:

- neutralization in WWTP of a bigpharma plant for production of drugs

- neutralization is done in tank

Process condition:

- 4 - 7 pH, 1 bar, 15 - 30°C

- contents of oils and solvents

Solution:

2 pieces: in tank and outlet


- CPA 463


16/03/2013


Application: Power plant, Gas Washing

Process:

- gas washing

Process condition:

- pH 0,5-0,6; T=75°C

- continuous measuring

- lifetime electrode > 4 weeks

Solution:

- Topcal S with CPS11

- CPA 463


16/03/2013



Process:

- CaSO4 dispersion

-Process condition:

- pH 7-7,5, T=50°C


- lifetime electrode >8 weeks

Solution:


- CPA 463


16/03/2013



Process: Gas washing

Process condition:

- pH 4,9-5,5; T=49-56°C; flow=50m³/h

- CaSO4-dispersion


- 3 measuring points

Solution:


- CPA 463


16/03/2013


Application: Production of Bleacher

Process:

- Production of domestic bleacher,

- 3 measuring points incl. Redox

Process condition:

- pH 5, max 2 bar, ambient temp.

- pH 5,4, max 2 bar, ambient temp.

Solution:


- CPA 471


16/03/2013


Application: Pulp and Paper

Process: pulp and paper

- pH control separating agent forpaper nip roll

Process condition:

- Alaun, Al2(SO4)3 for separation

T=36 - 37°C; pH=6.60

Solution:


- CPA471

- CPR40 for intensive flushing withwater

- CleanC 1 time a day


16/03/2013


Thank you very much for your attention

Slide 68 Jeff Low

16/03/2013


Conductivity measurement

Resistivity (MΩ⋅cm)Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)Concentration (%, ppm, mg/l)

Slide 1 Jeff Low

16/03/2013

Measurement of Conductivity

Dr. Dieter KöngeterSlide 2

Introduction : Current Transport in Liquids

• In solid conductors (wires) the current flow is effected by free electrons.

• In liquid conductors (solutions) the current flow is effected by free ions.

• Substances where the current transport is effected by ions are calledelectrolytes.

During molecules dissociation, positive ions (cations, C+) and negative ions(anions, A-) arise.

Cation

Anion

- +

ClNaClNaSalt:

ClHClH

Acid:

OHNaOHNa

Base:

16/03/2013



Dissociation

• Electrolytes in aqueous solution:

• Dissociation: NaCl Na+ + Cl-

H2SO4 + 2 H2O 2 H3O+ + SO42-

NH4OH NH4+ + OH-

• Charge carriers: Cations (Na+, H3O+, NH4+)

Anions (Cl-, OH-, SO42-)

no free electrons exist in liquids

• Strong electrolytes: dissociate nearly completely(in diluted solutions),thus, a lot of charge carriers are available(hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, caustic soda)

• Weak electrolytes: dissociate only partiallythus, not so much charge carriers are available(acetic acid, citric acid, ammonium hydroxide)

16/03/2013

Video ‒ Conductivity principleConductivity measurement

Jeff LowSlide 4

16/03/2013



Basics of the Measurement

Determination from voltage Uand current I with Ohm’s law:

I = U / R= U * G

U = voltage [V]R = resistance []I = current [A]G = conductance [S = 1/]

d = electrode distanceA = electrode surface

Conductivity (greek: kappa) [mS/cm, µS/cm]:

= G * d/A

is defined as product specific quantityindependent from measuring deviceswith a „geometry factor“:

cell constant k = d/A [cm-1].

Thus:

= G * k

d

16/03/2013

Type of Conductivity measurement

• Conductive • Inductive

Internal Training

Jeff LowSlide 8

16/03/2013



Design of Sensors

Typical conductive conductivitysensor with two electrodes,cylindrical design

16/03/2013



Design of Sensors: Conductive Measurement

k = 0,01 / cm k = 0,1 / cm k = 1 / cm

for low and medium conductivity

Big cell constant:• small electrode surface• big electrode distance• for medium conductivity

Small cell constant:• big electrode surface• small electrode distance• for low conductivity

16/03/2013



Polarisation effect

• Very high ion concentrations

• Very small electrode surfaces

result in carriers clouds at the electrodes

which obstruct the ion current.

Remedy :

• bigger electrode surface

• higher measuring frequency

• use of Inductive sensors

AC I

U

16/03/2013

Conductivity Measurement : Inductive

• Oscillator generates an alternatingmagnetic field in the primary coil whichinduces a current

• This current flow generates anothermagnetic field in the secondary coil andsignal receive as conductivity.

• The strength of Induced Currentproportional to Conductivity and ionConcentration of the medium.

• No electrodes, No Polarization effects• Accurate in high soiling medium.



Oscillator(Sender)

Receiver

Primarycoil

Secondarycoil

Inducedcurrent flow

CLS50D CLS54D

16/03/2013

Pure water / Water for injection

Conductivity scale of different liquids

Ultrapure water

Pure water

Industrial water

Potable water

BeerMilkOrange juiceApple juiceTomato juice

Phosphoric acidSulphoric acidCaustic soda

0,05 µS/cm

1 µS/cm

10 µS/cm

100 µS/cm

1 mS/cm

10 mS/cm

100 mS/cm

1000 mS/cm

Water

Food

Process

conductivesensors inductive

sensors


16/03/2013

Measurement range E+H conductivity sensorsPure water / Water for injection

0,1 1,0 10 100 1 10 100 1000µS/cm mS/cm

k= 0,1 cm -1 CLS12/CLS13/CLS15/CLS15D/CLS19

k= 0,01 cm -1 CLS12/CLS13/CLS15/CLS15D/CLS19

k= 0,1 cm -1 CLS16/CLS16D

k= 1 cm -1 CLS21/CLS21D

k =1,98 1/cmCLS50, CLS50D

k =5,9 1/cmCLS52

k =6,3 1/cmCLS54, CLS54D


16/03/2013



Influence of Temperature on Conductivity

Conductivity:

= F (n+ c + µ+ + n- c- µ-)

with = conductivity [S/cm]F = Faraday’s constant = 96 463 As/mol (fundamental constant)n+/- = valence of the ionsc+/- = concentration of the ions [mol/cm]µ+/- = mobility of the ions [cm²/Vs]

Influence of temperature:

• In weak electrolytes (very important in H2O) the degree of dissociationdepends on temperature.

• The mobility of the ions („tenacity“) depends on temperature.

Temperature compensation:Calculation of the conductivity from the measured “raw” value and display as ifthe liquid had the reference temperature (generally 25 °C).

16/03/2013



Influence of Concentration on Conductivity

Conductivity:

= F (n+ c + µ+ + n- c- µ-)

with = conductivity [S/cm]F = Faraday’s constant = 96 463 As/mol (fundamental constant)n+/- = valence of the ionsc+/- = concentration of the ions [mol/cm]µ+/- = mobility of the ions [cm²/Vs]

Influence of the concentration on the conductivity:• Amount of substance• Degree of dissociation (for weak elektrolytes)• Limitation of the dissociation at strong concentration respective oversaturation• At strong concentrations the ions obstruct themselves the mobility decreases.

Thus: The concentration measurement is non-linear.

16/03/2013



Influence of Concentration on ConductivityConductivity of Strong Electrolytes

• In strong electrolytes theconductivity increased firstwith the concentration.

• The increase of theconcentration leads tointeractions between theionsand thus to an obstruction(hindering) of theirmotion and a decrease ofthe conductivity.

• Thus, the concentrationcurve has a maximum.Behind the maximum, thecurve falls down.

16/03/2013



Influence of Concentration on Conductivity

Concentration Tables

Depending of the respective transmitter, the following functionalitiesare implemented:

• Free programmable tables(value triples: conductivity (uncompensated), concentration, temperature)

• Fixed algorithms for some CIP liquids (CIP = Cleaning in Place):NaOH 0 ... 15 %

H2SO4 0 ... 30 %

H3PO4 0 ... 15 %

HNO3 0 ... 25 %

16/03/2013






pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

16/03/2013

Conductivity

Installation of conductivity sensor - Conductive

Slide 25

16/03/2013

Launch of the perfect team: Liquiline CM442 and its sensors

Product ManagementConductaSlide 26

Application in WWTP• Industrial and municipal

wastewater

• Inlet to sewage plant

• Sewage plant effluent

• River monitoring

• Product monitoring e.g. HF acid,HCl or lye

• Interface detection in nonhazardous

areas

• Rinsing bath monitoring

Environmental

Chemical industry

Electroplating

16/03/2013



Conductivity Measurement ApplicationsProduct Basket Food / Beverage

Inline measurement:• CIP return control• CIP remaking• Phase separation• Leakage monitoring

CLS 54D

CLD 134

Transmitter

Sensor

MycomCLM 253

Smartec SCLD 134

Inductive sensorInduMax HCLS 54D

Smartec SCLD 134

compact version

-5 ... 125 °Cshort-time 140 °C

LiquisysCLM 223

16/03/2013



Conductivity Measurement Applications

Product Basket Chemistry / Energy

Pure and Ultrapure Water Boiler Feed Water Concentration Measurement

• Ion exchanger

• Reverse osmosis

• Distillation

• Chip cleaning

• Boiler feed water circuit

• Leakage monitoring

• Condenser

• Ion exchanger

• Acids, bases, salts

• Corrosive media

• Phase separations

• Process control

16/03/2013

ApplicationConductivity measurement

Jeff LowSlide 29

16/03/2013

Conductivity

Ong Kar LeongSlide 30

Examples of Installation

Customer: HACO Asia PacificLocation: CIP

Measurement: mS/cmField mount

CLM 253

CLS 52

16/03/2013

Conductivity



Customer: Huat Lai Liquid EggsLocation: CIP

Measurement: 0 ‒ 200 mS/cm

SmartecCLD 132

(Compact)

16/03/2013

Conductivity



SmartecCLD 132(Remote)

CLS 52

Customer: Malaysia MilkLocation: CIP

Measurement:0 - 200mS/cm

16/03/2013

Conductivity

Ong Kar Leong

Slide 33


CLM 152

CLS 52

Customer: Carlsberg BreweryLocation: Bottle Cleaning Plant

Application: ConcentrationMeasurement: 0 ‒ 5.0 % NaOH

16/03/2013



Slide 34 Jeff Low


CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity and Sludge Measurement

CONFIDENTIAL

Liquid Analytics Introduction

Turbidity and sludge measurement

Slide 2

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity : BasicTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

Turbidity is the phenomen where by a specific portion of a light beampassing through a liquid medium is deflected from undissolvedparticles.

What is turbidity ?

Slide 3

CONFIDENTIAL

Basics: diffusion of lightTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

the type of the particles (absorbtion)

the size of particles

the concentration (the number of particle)

the type and shape of particle

the wavelength of the radiated light

The diffusion of light caused by undissolved particles in the mediumto a lesser or greater degree of the deflection depends on:

Slide 4

CONFIDENTIAL

Basics: scattered lightTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

lightbeam

The reflection is a function of the sizeand shape of the particles

Slide 5

CONFIDENTIAL

Basics: wavelength for turbidity measurementTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

10

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

visible light

nminfrared district ( >800 nm )

Color means absorbtion of specific wavelengths in thevisible spectra of the light.

Avoiding absorbtion

Apply with a wavelength = 860 nm +/- 30 !

UV light < 340 nm

Slide 6

CONFIDENTIAL

Basics: measuring principleTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

90° scattered light method (according EN 27027)

90° +/- 2,5°

max. 30°

Lightbeam = 860 nm

30 nm

Calibration standard: Formazine

max. 10 cm

Slide 7

CONFIDENTIAL Dr. Ralf HuesgesSlide 10

242 NHCFormazine

1 FNU = 1 FTU = 1 NTU = 1 TU/F = 0,25 EBC

standard-formazin-solution = 4000 FNU

FNU = formazine nephelometric unitFTU = formazine turbidity unitNTU = nephelometric turbidity unitTU/F= turbidity units formazinEBC = European Brewery Convention

Basics: reference standard formazine

ingredients: Hexamethylentetramine + Hydrazinsulfate

CONFIDENTIAL

Basics: typical turbidity valuesTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Basics

potable water 0,05 - 1 FNU

spring-water 0,05 - 10 FNU

final outlet (wwtp) 4 - 20 FNU

orange juice 300 - 900 FNU

waste water (wwtp) 70 - 2000 FNU

milk > 4000 FNU

activated sludge 3 - 7 g/l

primary sludge 3 - 6 g/l

recirculated sludge 6 - 8 g/l

digested sludge 5 - 8 %SSwwtp = waste water treatment plantss = suspendet solid

Measurement inGermany under

law.

Slide 11

CONFIDENTIAL Dr. Ralf HuesgesSlide 12

Basics - Visualization

1000 500750 250 125 50 25 2,512,5 56000 30004500 1500 750 300 150 1575 30

FTUEBCppm

CONFIDENTIAL






pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

CONFIDENTIAL

ApplicationTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Wastewater

Turbidity measurementin industrialwastewater(Titanium Dioxide)

Slide 14

CONFIDENTIAL

Application: Concrete residual water recyclingTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement/Wastewater

• Securing concrete quality bythe continuous measurementof bulk specific gravity forrecipe correction

• Display in bulk specificgravity, cyclone controlled bybulk specific gravity and

reduction in energy consumption

• Reduction in fresh waterconsumption and reduction

in costs

• Maintenance-free sensortechnology, e.g. scratch-proof

sapphire window and sensordesign with self-cleaning effect

• Very simple to install throughprecalibrated sensors

Slide 15

CONFIDENTIAL

Applications in waterworksTurbidity and Sludge Level Measurement

• Raw water monitoring

• Filter performance monitoring

• Filter backwashing control

• Pure water monitoring

Slide 17

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity


Installation Examples ‒ Low Turbidity

Customer: Puncak Niaga, SSP2Location: Filtration PlantMeasurement:Settled Water TurbidityField mount CUM 253

CUS 31 installedin De-bubblingChamber.

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity



Customer: Kuching Water BoardLocation: Analyzers RackMeasurement:Settled & FilteredWater Turbidity

CUS 31 installed inDe-bubbling Chamber.

Field mount CUM 253

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity



Customer: Sibu Water BoardLocation: Filtration PlantMeasurement:Filtered Water Turbidity

CUM 253

CUS 31

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity

Ong Kar Leong

Slide 21

Installation Examples ‒ High Turbidity

Customer: Puncak Niaga, SSP2

Location: IntakeMeasurement:Raw Water Turbidity

Location: AeratorMeasurement:Inlet WaterTurbidity

FlowFit CUA 250

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity


Installation Examples ‒ High Turbidity

Customer: JBA Pahang,Loji Air Tekam UtaraLocation: Analyzers RackMeasurement:Raw Water Turbidity

Panel mountCUM 223

CUS 31 immersed inStainless steelcontainer.

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbidity

Ong Kar Leong

Slide 23

Installation of turbidity sensor ‒ CUA 461

ProbfitCUA 461


CONFIDENTIAL

Sludge Level Measurement

E+H Conducta BkSlide 25

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbimax CUS71D - How does it work?Turbimax CUS71D


General Overview:

• The Turbimax CUS71D sensors generate an ultrasonicsound wave that propagates through a liquid medium andis reflected back from material that is present in thevessel.

• The sound wave travels at known velocities providing theability to convert elapsed time into range and levelmeasurements.

CONFIDENTIAL

Working PrincipleTurbimax CUS71D


• Measurement technology hardware:

• Interface detection: liquid-solids, liquid-suspended solids, differentialliquids

• Transmit high frequency soundwave (657kHz), analyze return echo signal

• Interface typically characterized by greatest rate of change in density

Transducer

Tank BottomEcho

Sludge InterfaceEcho

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbimax CUS71D - Fit-for-purpose

Quality ofmeasurement Standard sensor Wiper sensor Wiper sensor

with turbidity

Measurementprinciple

underwater acousticecho-time measurement, single

6° full beam

underwater acousticecho-time measurement,

single 6° full beam

underwater acousticecho-time measurement,

single 6° full beam,90° scattered light, pulsed

LED, ambient compensated

Application clear water sedimentationtanks, secondary clarifier

primary and secondaryclarifier, sludge tanks

sequencing batch reactor(SBR), secondary clarifier

Measurementrange

0.3 . . . 10m1 . . . 32 ft

0.3 . . . 10m1 . . . 32 ft

0.3 . . . 10m1 . . . 32 ft

0 . . . 50 NTU

Resolution 0.03 m @ 3m 0.03 m @ 3m 0.03 m @ 3m1 NTU

Accuracy 0.035m @ 3 m 0.035m @ 3 m 0.035m @ 3 m1% of reading

Turbimax CUS71D


CONFIDENTIAL

Application in WWTPTurbimax CUS71D


Digester

Grit Removal

Waste Activated Sludge

Return Activated Sludge

Secondary Clarifier

Sand Removal

Pre Setting Basin

Aeration Basin

Thickener

CONFIDENTIAL

Turbimax CUS71D - ApplicationsTurbimax CUS71D


• 95% Water & wastewater treatment

• Wastewater clarifiers: primary, secondary, final

• Wastewater thickeners: gravity, dissolved air flotation thickeners

• Water treatment: clarifiers, thickeners, raw water clarifiers,sedimentation basins, granular media filters

• 5% Industrial processes

• Chemical, power, pulp & paper, mineral processing,

• Raw water clarifiers, process thickeners, biological reactors (bio-filters)

CONFIDENTIAL

ApplicationsTurbimax CUS71D


Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) Flotation process

Filterbed control Salt brine tanks

Sensor measure supply of salt(recharge of “ion exchange”after backwash)

Sensor is mounted“down side up”

Sensor measure foulingof filter(decreasing time at“backwash cycle” savestime and money (water))

Sludge interface andturbidity for pump controlwith on-line parameters(not only time)

CONFIDENTIAL

Liquiline CM442 - WWTPTurbimax CUS71D


Examples of field test installations


CONFIDENTIAL


Slide 33 Jeff Low

02/24/2006


INTERNAL

Dissolved Oxygen

Peter LindmüllerSlide 1

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Dissolved Oxygen Measurement

Amperometric (electrochemical) Fluorescence quenching


JeloSlide 2

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Amperometric : 3-electrode systemLiquid Analysis Measurement in Oil and Gas

JeloSlide 3

• Oxygen permeates through the membrane and isconverted to a current at Cathode.

Cathode : O2 is reduced to OH-

(O2+H2O+4e- = 4OH-)Anode : Electrolyte (Br or Cl) are reacting with

counter electrode forming AgBr or AgCl

• The formation of a AgBr or AgCl coating on the anodeuses up the Br or Cl

• This causes an increase in signal drift.

1

2 3

4

5

Solution -> Three-electrode system

• Current-free Reference Electrode.

• The change in bromide or chloride concentration isregistered by the reference electrode and an internalcontrol circuit holds the working electrode potentialconstant.

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Fluorescence Quenching (optical)

• A layer of marker molecules between the internaloptic and the process.

• From the process side, oxygen molecules in thegaseous phase can permeate into the layer.

• The optic sends out pulses of green light exciting themarker molecules. They respond with a redfluorescence light decaying over time which is alsomeasured by the optic.

• Oxygen molecules adapt to these marker moleculesand decrease (quench) the fluorescence lightemitted.

• The oxygen concentration is calculated based onduration time

Jeff LowSlide 4

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Comparison Amperometric and Optical DO-sensor

Peter LindmüllerSlide 5

Amperometric OpticalAccuracy high medium

Repeatability high medium

Response slow to medium fastTraceability high lowTrace measurement high lowLarge signal capability high low

Stability against H2S, NH3 low high

Maintenance 3…12 months 1 yearEasy to use medium high

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Typical measuring ranges in DO applications

Slide 6

pO2

02/24/2006INTERNAL






pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Portfolio

Oxymax COS22D Oxymax COS51D Oxymax COS61D

Measurement range 0.001 - 2mg/l;0.01 ‒ 20mg/l

0,01mg/l ‒100mg/l

0,01 - 20mg/l

Max. error ±1.25% of optimummeasuring range end

±1% of measuredvalue

±1% of measuredrange end

Repeatability ±1% of optimummeasuring range end

±1% of measuredvalue

±0.5% of measuredrange end

Temperature &Pressure

-5 to 135 °C1 - 12bar

Max 50 °CMax 10bar

-5 to 135 °C1 - 12bar

Application Food, Pharma,Fermentation,Process, Power

Water and wastewater

Water and waste water

Slide 8

02/24/2006INTERNAL

E+H Analysis

Slide 9

Installation of DO sensor

Installation position :

• Select the installation location so that there is easy access for calibration.

• Make sure that upright posts and assemblies are secured safely andvibration-free.

• For immersed operation in an activated sludge basin, select an installationlocation which produces a typical oxygen concentration.

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Flowfit CPA240 & CPA250 ‒ COS22D

• CPA240 • CPA250

Slide 10

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Flowfit CYA251, COA250 ‒ COS51D/61D

• CYA251 • COA250

Slide 11

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Cleanfit COA451 ‒ COS51D/61D

• COA451

Slide 12

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Examples of Installation (DO)

Slide 13

Diffusion Aeration

Surface Aeration

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Maintenance Schedule

COS22D COS51D COS61DSchedule(regularinterval)

Cleaning +calibration

Cleaning +calibration

Cleaning

Calibration Every 3months tohalf year

Every 3months tohalf year

Exchangemembranecap andelectrolyte

Every halfyear to ayear

Every halfyear to ayear

Exchangeopticalsensing cap

Every twoyears

Slide 14

It highly depends on application

02/24/2006INTERNAL

Application

Slide 15

02/24/2006INTERNAL

DO

Ong KLSlide 16


Customer: Nestle, PJLocation: WWTP Aeration

Panel mountCOM 223

COS 41

02/24/2006INTERNAL

DO

Ong KL

Slide 17


Customer: UniqemaLocation: WWTP Aeration

Panel mountCOM 223

COS 41COS 31

02/24/2006INTERNAL

DO

Ong KLSlide 18


Customer: IWKLocation: PD STP

COS 41

Field mount COM 253

02/24/2006INTERNAL

DO

Ong KLSlide 19


Field mountCOM 253

OpticalCOS 61

Customer: United PaperBoard

Location: Aeration Tank

02/24/2006


INTERNAL


Slide 20 Jeff Low

09/07/2006


Disinfection measurement

Free Chlorine, Total Chlorine and Chlorine dioxide

09/07/2006

Liquid Analytics Introduction

Chlorine measurement

Slide 2

09/07/2006

Disinfection : Basic

Slide 3

• The disinfectant agent used must effectively kill off all bacteria in the water.

• It is added to the water in appropriate quantities ; the minimum and

maximum concentrations must be observed and monitored.

• Adherence to the applicable Official Regulations is mandatory.

• Disinfectant overdosing compromises the health of humans andanimals.

09/07/2006

Basic : Suitable Disinfectants

Slide 4

1. Free chlorine, Chlorine dioxideStrong disinfectants. Build up a depot of disinfectant, can be used fordistribution networks

2. OzoneAlso a strong disinfectant. Very agressive, needs special pipingmaterials. Needs to be consumed totally in the Ozone-reactor. Nocapability of depots, not suitable for distribution networks.

3. UVDisinfection in the pipe. No capability of build-up a depot. Nochemicals in the process.

4. Others (H2O2 etc.)Use of this disinfectants is reduced to some special applications in theindustry

09/07/2006

Questions ???

Slide 6

• Free Chlorine ?or

• Total Chlorine ?or

• Combine Chlorine ?

09/07/2006



Definition of „Free available chlorine“

Disinfection agent

Chlorination

Free chlorine

Chlorine gas Cl2

Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl

Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2

Chlorine gas Cl2

Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl

Calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2

Water H2OWater H2O

Cl2 +

dissolvedgaseouschlorine

pH<4

Cl2 +


pH<4

+

=HOCl + OCl¯

hypochlorous hypochloritacid ions

pH>4

HOCl + OCl¯

hypochlorous hypochloritacid ions

pH>4

09/07/2006



Definition of „Combined chlorine“

Nitric compounds

Combined chlorine

Chlorgas Cl2

Natriumhypochlorit NaOCl

Calziumhypochlorit Ca(OCl)2

Chlorgas Cl2



pH 7,0...7,4: e.g. Ammonia NH4+pH 7,0...7,4: e.g. Ammonia NH4+

NH2Cl +

mono-chloramine

pH 7...11

NH2Cl +

mono-chloramine

pH 7...11

+

=NHCl2 + NCl3

di- tri-chloramine chloramine

pH 4...7

NHCl2 + NCl3


pH 4...7

Cl2 +


pH<4

Cl2 +


pH<4

HOCl + OCl¯

hypochlorous hypochloriteacid ions

pH>4

HOCl + OCl¯


pH>4

Free chlorine

09/07/2006



Definition of „Total chlorine“

Combined Chlorine

Chlorgas Cl2



Chlorgas Cl2



total chlorinetotal chlorine

+NH2Cl +

mono-chloramine

pH 7...11

NH2Cl +

mono-chloramine

pH 7...11

NHCl2 + NCl3


pH 4...7

NHCl2 + NCl3


pH 4...7

Cl2 +


pH<4

Cl2 +


pH<4

HOCl + OCl¯


pH>4

HOCl + OCl¯


pH>4

=

Free chlorine

09/07/2006

Influence of pH Value on free Chlorine Measurement

Slide 11

Dissociation of HOCl (freeactive chlorine) in waterinto OCl- and H+ as afunction of the pH value.

At pH values of 4...5.5exclusively HOCl ispresent, at pH values >9.5exclusively the little activeOCl-.

The dissociation istemperature-dependent.

HOCl OCl-

pH

09/07/2006

Chlorine : Amperometric

Membrane

Cathode (Gold)

Anode (Ag)

Electrolyte

Chlorine• Reaction at the working electrode

HOCl + 2 e- Cl- +OH-

• Reaction at the counter-electrode2 Ag + 2 Cl- 2 AgCl + 2 e-


JeloSlide 12

1

3

2

4

1

2

34

09/07/2006






pH/glass ORP

CPS12DCPS42D

CPS72D CPF82DCPS92D

COS22DCOS51D

Dissolved oxygen

COS61DCLS15DCLS21D

CLS16D

Conductivity

CLS50D

CAS40D

Nitrate/SAC

CAS51DUV/optical

Turbidity

CUS51Doptical

Chlorine

CCS142D

CUS71D

pH/ISFET ISE Sludge

09/07/2006

• Free Chlorine measurementwith pH compensation


JeloSlide 15

09/07/2006

Assembly

Slide 16

09/07/2006

Maintenance Guideline

Slide 17

• Maintenance at regular intervals• Cleaning• Exchange the membrane and refill with electrolyte quarterly• Perform calibration with DPD method

09/07/2006



Slide 19 Jeff Low

memosens technology - endress+hauser · pdf filecorrosion salt bridges. 09/24/2013 memosens...

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