Memory Efficacy In Memory Efficacy In DementiaDementia

Chris Materne, Mary Luszcz & Malcolm Bond

School of Psychology,

Flinders University, Adelaide SA

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreasin g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Key Research Question:Key Research Question:

Memory efficacy perceptions in Memory efficacy perceptions in AlzheimerAlzheimer’’s Diseases Disease

SpacedSpaced--RetrievalRetrieval

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

OutlineOutline

Memory Memory Memory EfficacyMemory Efficacy

Some Evidence from ALSASome Evidence from ALSASpacedSpaced--RetrievalRetrieval

Case Study Case Study

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

MemoryMemory

Sensory MemorySensory Memory

Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory

Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

MemoryMemory

Long Term Memory

Explicit Memory

Implicit Memory

Skills & Habits

Priming

Episodic

Semantic

M e m _ _ _

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Self EfficacySelf Efficacy

Beliefs or judgements about the capacity Beliefs or judgements about the capacity to perform effectively in different to perform effectively in different situationssituations

Can be applied to MemoryCan be applied to MemoryBeliefs about own memory Beliefs about own memory –– memory selfmemory self--efficacyefficacyBeliefs about another personBeliefs about another person’’s memory s memory ––attributed memory efficacy attributed memory efficacy

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Memory EfficacyMemory Efficacy

Beliefs can be measured at 3 levelsBeliefs can be measured at 3 levelsGlobalGlobal

E.g., E.g., ““I have a good memory.I have a good memory.””

TaskTask--specificspecificE.g., E.g., ““I can always remember the names of my I can always remember the names of my grandchildren.grandchildren.””

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Measuring Memory SelfMeasuring Memory Self--EfficacyEfficacy

Metamemory in Adulthood QuestionnaireMetamemory in Adulthood QuestionnaireGlobal memory selfGlobal memory self--efficacyefficacy

Memory SelfMemory Self--efficacy Questionnaireefficacy QuestionnaireTaskTask--specificspecific memory selfmemory self-- efficacyefficacy

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Australian Longitudinal Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA)Study of Ageing (ALSA)

Commenced 1992Commenced 1992Participants over 70 years Participants over 70 years Wide range of assessments including Wide range of assessments including

some of the MIA questionnairesome of the MIA questionnaireseveral memory measuresseveral memory measuresOther cognitive measuresOther cognitive measures

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

SubSub--sample from ALSAsample from ALSA

75 participants at Wave 7 with some 75 participants at Wave 7 with some cognitive impairment cognitive impairment MMSE score less than or equal to 23MMSE score less than or equal to 23

19.30 *

27.15*

25.70

27.78

Less than or equal to 23

Greater than 23* p < .006

Wave 7Mean Score

Wave 1Mean ScoreMMSE Scores

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Stability in MIA ScoresStability in MIA Scores

30.1028.40MIA – Locusmax score = 45

51.6752.74MIA – Capacity max score = 85

Wave 7Mean Score

Wave 1 Mean Score

Subscale

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Differences in Memory Differences in Memory PerformancePerformance

2.58*3.91Address Recall* p < .006

3.31*5.89Digit Symbol Recall

3.10 4.32 BNT – Delayed Recall

3.95*5.68BNT – Immediate Recall

Mean Wave 7Score

Mean Wave 1Score

Memory Measure

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

IQCODEIQCODE

Asks a thirdAsks a third--party about observed changes party about observed changes in dayin day--toto--day memory function over a day memory function over a period of 10 years period of 10 years

Average in this subAverage in this sub--sample was 3.13sample was 3.13(3 = not much change, 4 = a little bit worse)(3 = not much change, 4 = a little bit worse)

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

IQCODE IQCODE –– correlations correlations with memory performancewith memory performance

-.22 (p = .097)Address Recall

-.18 (p = .242)Digit Symbol Recall

-.24 (p = .108)BNT – Delayed Recall

-.27 (p = .064)BNT – Immediate Recall

Pearson’s rMemory Measure

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Summary so farSummary so far……..

Global memory efficacy perceptions Global memory efficacy perceptions appear unchanged in people with some appear unchanged in people with some cognitive impairmentcognitive impairmentLittle known about taskLittle known about task--specific memory specific memory efficacy perceptionsefficacy perceptionsImplicit memory (relatively) resistant to Implicit memory (relatively) resistant to AlzheimerAlzheimer’’s disease processess disease processes

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Spaced Retrieval Spaced Retrieval

Practise at successfully recalling information Practise at successfully recalling information over progressively longer intervals over progressively longer intervals

Ultimate goal is retention of AND ability to Ultimate goal is retention of AND ability to recall information / skills over long intervals of recall information / skills over long intervals of timetime

Focus on what a person can do rather than Focus on what a person can do rather than what they canwhat they can’’tt

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

How you How you ““dodo”” spaced spaced retrievalretrieval……..

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

SpacedSpaced--Retrieval SessionRetrieval Session

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Trials

Seco

nds

Correct ResponseIncorrect Response

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Current ResearchCurrent Research

Measure taskMeasure task--specific memory selfspecific memory self--efficacy efficacy in people with Alzheimerin people with Alzheimer’’s diseases disease

Measure attributed memory efficacy Measure attributed memory efficacy perceptions of person close to participantperceptions of person close to participant

Assess memory functioning of participantAssess memory functioning of participant

Training using SpacedTraining using Spaced--RetrievalRetrieval

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Case Study Case Study -- SallySally

Female 85 years old Female 85 years old MMSE = 16 MMSE = 16 Sister had higher taskSister had higher task--specific memory specific memory efficacy perceptions than Sally efficacy perceptions than Sally SallySally’’s task specific memory selfs task specific memory self--efficacy efficacy perceptions fairly consistent over 2 weeks perceptions fairly consistent over 2 weeks Both overestimated memory performance Both overestimated memory performance

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Sally Sally continuedcontinued

Session 1 Session 1 ––1 minute interval achieved1 minute interval achievedSession 2 Session 2 ––8 minute interval achieved8 minute interval achievedSession 3 Session 3 –– information recalled at start information recalled at start

of session (1 week interval)of session (1 week interval)Session 4 Session 4 –– 16 minute interval achieved16 minute interval achieved

Session 5 Session 5 –– (new information)(new information) 8 minute 8 minute interval achievedinterval achieved

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Despite a decline in objective memory Despite a decline in objective memory performance in ALSA participants with some performance in ALSA participants with some cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment, perceptions of dayperceptions of day--toto--day day memory functioning did not changememory functioning did not change

The roles of The roles of tasktask--specific memory selfspecific memory self--efficacy efficacy perceptions perceptions andand perceptions of another are perceptions of another are unclearunclear

SpacedSpaced--retrieval appears to draw on retrieval appears to draw on implicit implicit memorymemory processes and offers a mechanism to processes and offers a mechanism to rehabilitaterehabilitate aspects of memoryaspects of memory

The situation of M ou nt Lofty was foun d

from h ence and from some other cross

bearin gs, to be 34¡ 59' south an d 138¡ 42'

east. N o land w as vis ib le so far to the

north as w here th e trees ap peared ab ove

the horizon , which sho wed the coast to

be very low , an d our soun dings w ere

fast decreas in g.

From n oon to s ix o' clock we ra n thirty

miles to the northw ard, sk irting a san dy

shore at the d istance of five, a nd then ce

to eigh t miles; th e d ep th was th en 5

fath oms, an d we dropp ed th e an ch or u pon

a bottom of san d, mixed with pieces of

dead coral.

Thank you.Thank you.

chris.materne@flinders.edu.auchris.materne@flinders.edu.au