- Cesare Pavese

“We do not remember days, we

remember moments”

MemoryMemory

Memory• is the PROCESS of STORING INFORMATION and EXPERIENCES for possible retrieval at some point in the future.

Multi-Store Model

of Memory

Multi-store Model•The ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN MODEL OF MEMORY states that there are generally three types of memory:

•Sensory memory•Short-term memory•Long-term memory

Sensory Memory

Sensory Memory• temporary storage of information

Capacity• Large; • contains most details of sensory input

Duration of Storage

•Visual: 1/10 second;•Auditory: 2 seconds

Reason for Forgetting

•Storage failure

Sensory Memory• iconic memory for visual stimuli•echoic memory for aural stimuli•haptic memory for touch.

Short-term Memory

Short-term•also called as a working memory is the storage of information currently being used

Capacity•7 units, plus or minus 2

Duration of Storage

• Less than 30 seconds without rehearsal

Reason for Forgetting

•Storage failure

Short-term•acts as a scratch pad for recall of the information under process

Short-term•Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity.

Short-term•That is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to remember than a single long number.

Short-term•The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure.

Long-term Memory

Long-term• relatively permanent storage of information

Capacity•virtually unlimited

Duration of Storage

•up to a lifetime

Reason for Forgetting

•Retrieval failure

Long-term• concerned when information has to be retained for an interval as brief as a few minutes or as long as a lifetime

Types of Long-term Memory

A. Declarative• conscious memory which involves recall of factual memory

Kinds of Declarative

Memory

Semantic Memory•memory of specific facts and principles

• time related data of past experiences in our life

Episodic Memory

B. Non-declarative• involves indescribable information that usually includes skills

Methods of Testing Memory

Free Call• spontaneous recall•you are required to produce a response from your own memory without any outside help

Cued Recall• requires you to generate information from your memory but you will receive significant cues or hint

about the material which may help to jog your memory

Recognition• In recognition test, you choose the correct item among several options.

Savings• relearning method• it detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original relearning to the speed of relearning.

Implicit Memory• indirect memory•an experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of the influence

Memory Process

Encoding• is the process where new information is formed or encoded.

Storage• the information is simply held in preparation for future occasion.

Retrieval•Once information is searched, brought to the mind and stored.

Forgetting

Repression

Decay of Fading Theory

Consolidation

Interference

Retrieval

Amnesia

Amnesia• Loss of memory•After damage to the hippocampus, causes great difficulty storing new long - term declarative memories,

especially episodic memories, although they form normal short term procedural and implicit memories

• In the absence of healthy hippocampus or after the information in hippocampus weakens,

one is left with the gist of the event, stored in the cerebral cortex.

Confabulations•patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex give confident wrong answers

•Most confabulation are correct information earlier in the persons life.

Example:• An aged hospitalized woman might insist that she had to go home to feed her baby.

Infant or childhood amnesia

• the scarcity of earlier episodic memories

Modern explanation argues that the hippocampus known to be important for memory is slow to mature,

so memories from the first few years are not stored well that develops between the ages 3 and 4.

Another possibility:• is that children come on rely on language; they lose access to memories encoded earlier.

•an infant amnesia relates to encoding specificity which means memory performance depends

directly on the similarity between the information in memory and the information available at retrieval.

•Maybe infants/children forget their earlier years just because they don’t have enough of the right retrieval cues to find those infant memories.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease

•a condition that occurs mostly after age 60 to 65

•Patient experience a variety of memory problems , confusion , depression , disordered thinking and impaired attention.

•Although implicit and procedural memory are more intact than explicit, declarative memory.

• It is marked by gradual accumulation of harmful proteins in the brain and deterioration of brain cells , leading to a loss of arousal and attention.

Improving Your Memory

The SPAR Method

S - URVEY•Get an overview of what you like to understand and learn.

P - ROCESS•Process meaningfully.

A - SK•Ask questions. Create your own questions and answers.

R - EVIEW•Retest your knowledge.

Mnemonic Devices

Method of Loci•A mnemonic device introduced in ancient Roman rhetorical treatises.

Method of Loci• It relies on memorized spatial relationship to establish, order and recollect memorial content.

Acronym•Using first letter of each word to form another word.• It is useful when remembering words in specified order.

AcronymExamples:•HBO - Home Box Office•NBA - National Basketball Association

• IHOP - International House of Pancakes

Pegword Method•uses rhyming words to represent numbers or order

• 1 = bun• 2 = shoe• 3 = tree• 4 = door• 5 = hive

• 6 = sticks• 7 = heaven• 8 = gate• 9 = vine• 10 = hen

Link Method•The main idea is that each successive item in the list is linked to the preceding item

• six red apples• large loaf of bread• carton of milk• bar of foamy soap• pair of yellow socks• packet of chocolate biscuits