memoria amtc en inglés

2012/13Annual Report - Issue 3

Advanced Mining Technology Center


TAble of ConTenTs

03Message from the Chairman of the board of Directors

05Preamble by the executive Director

06Presentation of the Annual Report 2012/13

08History

09Mission and Vision

10organizational structure

11board of Directors

12scientific Advisory board

13Industrial Advisory board

14Internal structure

16strategic Partners

18AMTC Researchers

20Research Group 1: exploration & ore Deposit Modeling

42Research Group 2: Mine Planning & Design

54Research Group 3: Mineral Processing & extractive Metallurgy

66Research Group 4: Mining Automation

88Research Group 5: Water & environmental sustainability

102budget 2009-2012

103Results 2012/13

104Publications 2012

108Technology Assets 2012/13

112Intellectual Property 2012/13

114faculty of Mathematics and Physical sciences: facts & figures

116Direction to AMTC

2012/13Annual Report-Issue 3

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ANNUAL REPORT 2012/2013


“Hard” (according to the jargon used in engineering) is the gamble

taken by the Baseline Funding Program of CONICYT on AMTC

(Advanced Mining Technology Center). Indeed, this initiative has

been characterized by going beyond the field of generic research

and venturing into the creation, design and operation of devices,

systems and processes that have larger impact on the mining

industry: in other words, transforming knowledge into wealth.

This is a major task; the AMTC is a pioneer Center in our country

that lights the path of technology transfer through the generation

of new products and their integration into production systems,

this time, the result of a major national professional talent.

In its fourth year of operation, the AMTC is now an established

institution. Today, two aspects illustrate the initially envisioned

strength of the AMTC. First, its ability to attract a significant number

of world-class researchers, from around the globe, who now lead

a first-class team of Post-doctoral and PhD students to construct

the University - Industry Bridge. Second, the strategic maturity

in the Centers´ R&D areas, which are now structured within

small number of research groups. This change has increased

creative density, improved synergies, and enabled the research

to smoothly address the interdisciplinary demands that mining

projects present.

Unique in the country, the AMTC experience is proving that the

university - industry alliance is not only possible but also impe-

rative to the development of key areas of the national economy.

Unfortunately, the economic benefits that these partnerships

generate are not yet explicit to the parties. This situation has

an immense relevance in times when national mining sector

seems to be leaving the burgeoning times and faces a new

cycle of reduced copper prices vis-à-vis the recent expectations.

In that respect, there is no doubt about the economic imperative

of this century: more and better knowledge of the technological

base of the industry should result in more productive and efficient

mining operations. Hence, today, AMTC should be enhanced,

particularly in times of crisis, by strengthening and accelerating

its work and supporting the creation of the best solutions. The

industry, in turn, cannot eschew the responsibility to adopt the

new paradigms.

Dr. Francisco Brieva

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MessAge fRoM The ChAIRMAn of The BoARd of dIReCToRs

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PReAMBle By The exeCuTIve dIReCToR

“Technology for Mining Made in Chile” was the title of AMTC 2013 Workshop held in April 2013. This motto summarizes the Center’s mission: to influence the national mining industry through our scientific and technological expertise and, at the same time, to compel us to double our efforts towards becoming a benchmark, both at national and international levels, in the development of applied multidisciplinary science and know-how as well as in the transfer of novel technologies to the industry to meet the needs and challenges the mining sector faces. We are thus contributing to the increase in productivity and com-petitiveness of the mining industry as well as to the generation of wealth and progress in our country.

Four years after the creation of this Center, we are convinced we are on the right path to accomplish our goals. Our objective was to deliver the first fruits of our labor, which are showcased through the pages of this Annual Report 2012/2013, in which we describe the main projects and their results.

In recent months, our efforts focused on capacity building for technology transfer and on the reorganization of the inner struc-ture of the Centre. This was aimed to generate a greater synergy among the research teams. The number of teams was reduced from nine to five, merging some teams to address larger inter-disciplinary projects. These five research teams are: Exploration and Ore Deposit Modeling; Mine Planning and Design; Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy; Mining Automation; Water and Environmental Sustainability.

The Center’s success relies heavily on both our International Scientific Advisory Board and our Industrial Advisory Board, who support the orientation of our work from two perspectives: the scientific significance of our activity and its relevance. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of each of the Boards for their excellent contributions towards the AMTC´s development.

In the near future, we expect to further strengthen and expand our strategic alliances with mining companies, mining suppliers and research centers in Chile and overseas. The needs of the national mining industry are multiple and of great magnitude. Thus, developing technology that impacts the industry, increases productivity, reduces costs, and improves health and safety is a challenge that must be addressed in a collaborative approach by research centers, mining companies and suppliers. That is why the AMTC doors are wide open to ideas and initiatives to tackle this challenge in optimal conditions.

Dr. Javier Ruiz del Solar

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PResenTATIon of 2012/ 13 AnnuAl RePoRT

We are pleased to present you with the AMTC 2012/13 Annual

Report. It summarizes the efforts carried out by the Advanced

Mining Technology Centre (AMTC) as a result of its commitment

to generate world-class multidisciplinary research in the mining

area, to bolster advanced human capital formation and to lead

the transfer of knowledge to the mining industry.

This document provides the national and international scientific

and industrial communities with the knowledge of the major

initiatives, projects and R & D activities performed by the AMTC

Research Teams during 2012 and the first half of 2013.

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The Advanced Mining Technology Center (AMTC) was created

in March 2009, after being selected by the Partnership Research

Program of CONICYT under the Baseline Funding Program for

Scientific and Technological Centers of Excellence.

The AMTC has managed to consolidate and integrate the activities

of five research teams with extensive experience in the training of

researchers and top professionals as well as in the development

of scientific excellence. Its 167 scientists are integrated within the

five research groups: Exploration and Deposit Modeling; Mining

Design and Planning; Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallur-

gy; Mining Automation; Water and Environmental Sustainability.

In addition, AMTC has established important cooperations, and

joint research initiatives with world class science organizations

and technology centers.

Among the AMTC partners are CODELCO and BHP Billiton

Base Metals, whose representatives are also members of the

AMTC Board.

Currently, the Center has a four-storey institutional building (1,232

square meters), which houses the headquarters, 10 research

laboratories and collaborative workspaces.

hIsToRy

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To generate world class multidisciplinary research, transfer novel

technologies to the industry and train top-class professionals

to face the challenges of mining, in order to contribute to the

well-being and the development of Chile and communities

worldwide.

We will be the leaders in the application of multidisciplinary

R&D and the transfer of the knowledge and technologies to

the industry, in order to meet the needs of the mining sector

through innovation, both nationally and internationally.

We will create a dynamic Centre that will attract scientists, industry

professionals and students of the world class caliber to share our

vision and ambitions and to contribute towards the Center’s goal.

We will generate new alliances and partnerships with leading

research centers and world class companies.

vIsIon

MIssIon

BoARd of dIReCToRs

scientific Advisory Board

Administration & Managerial Control

Technology Transfer

executivedirector

Research & development

Adminitration & finance

human Resources

legal Affairs

Communication & Marketing

demand Management

Technological development

formulation & Management of

Projects

exploration and ore deposit Modelling

Mine Planning &

design

Mineral Processing & extractive Metallurgy

Mining Automation

Water & environmental sustainability

strategic Council

operating Committee

Industrial Advisory Board

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oRgAnIZATIonAl sTRuCTuRe

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BoARd of dIReCToRs

fRAnCIsCo BRIevADean, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. University of Chile

JulIán oRTIZDirector, Department of Mining Engineering University of Chile

geRhARd von BoRRIesVicepresident, Business DevelopmentCODELCO

JAvIeR RAMíReZDirector of InnovationUniversity of Chile

Cleve lIghTfooTLeader, Global Practice TechnologyBHP Billiton Base Metals

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sCIenTIfIC AdvIsoRy BoARd

BRuCe heBBleWhITeUniversity of New South Wales, Australia

guIllAuMe CAuMonUniversity of Lorraine, France

John hAdJIgeoRgIouUniversity of Toronto, Canada

RAMón ARAvenAUniversity of Waterloo, Canada

MAlColM sCoBleUniversity of British Columbia, Canada

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IndusTRIAl AdvIsoRy BoARd

RICARdo AguIleRARegional Manager, Projects & Technologic InnovationBarrick Sudamérica Mining Company

fIdel BáeZManager, Technology & InnovationCODELCO

Iván CeRdAManager, Technical DepartmentSONAMI

oMAR heRnándeZCoordinator, Innovation ProgramsINNOVAChile-CORFO

ósCAR MuñoZManager, Standards & Technical DevelopmentAnglo American Cobre

ósCAR vAlenZuelAManager, Mining DevelopmentMinera Escondida –BHP Billiton

PAsCuAl veIgAPresidentAPRIMIN

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AMTC InTeRnAl sTRuCTuRe

sTRATegIC CounCIl

PresidentJavier Ruiz del solarExecutive Director

MeMBeRs

Martin AdamsPrincipal Researcher Mining Automation Research Group

Raúl CastroPrincipal ResearcherMine Planning & Design Research Group

diana ComtePrincipal ResearcherExploration & Ore Deposit Modeling Research Group

Manuel duartePrincipal ResearcherMining Automation Research Group

xavier emeryPrincipal ResearcherExploration & Ore Deposit Modeling Research Group

Willy KrachtPrincipal ResearcherMineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy Research Group

yarko niñoPrincipal ResearcherWater & Environmental Sustainability Research Group

Julián ortizPrincipal ResearcherExploration & Ore Deposit Modeling Research Group

Claudio PérezPrincipal ResearcherMining Automation Research Group

Javier vallejosPrincipal ResearcherDesign & Mine Planning Research Group

PresidentJavier Ruiz del solarExecutive Director

MeMBeRs

Manuel duartePrincipal ResearcherLeader, Mining Automation Research Group

Willy KrachtPrincipal ResearcherLeader, Mineral Processing & Extractive Metallurgy Research Group

James McPheeAssociate ResearcherLeader, Water & Environmental Sustainability Research Group

nelson MoralesAssociate ResearcherLeader, Design & Mine Planning Research Group

Brian TownleyAssociate ResearcherLeader, Exploration & Ore Deposit Modeling Research Group

oPeRATIng CoMMITTee

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Paulet Riveros

Administrative Officer

Carlo díaz


guillermo navarro


Renée Kellinghusen

Assistant

ReseARCh & develoPMenT

diana Comte

R&D Director

Principal Researcher

AdMInIsTRATIon & MAnAgeRIAl ConTRol

TeChnology TRAnsfeR

Rodrigo Cortés

Manager

francisco Anguita

Projects Coordinator

InfoRMATIon TeChnology & develoPMenT unIT

sTRATegIC MAnAgeMenT & CoRPoRATIve AffAIRs

Claudio Baeza

Head of Unit

oriana Miranda

Engineer

Ingrid oviedo

Engineer

María Teresa Ramírez

Executive Coordinator

Priscila Palacios

Strategy and Communication Officer

Bernardita Ponce

Strategy and Communication Officer

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sTRATegIC PARTneRs

MInIng enTeRPRIses

TeChnologICAl CenTeRs & unIveRsITIes

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AssoCIATIons

fACulTy of MATheMATICAl & PhysICAl sCIenCes unITs

goveRnMenTAl InsTITuTIons

TeChnologICAl enTeRPRIses

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0201AMTC ReseARCheRs

exPloRATIon & oRe dePosIT ModelIng

MIne PlAnnIngAnd desIgn

gRouP leAdeR Brian Townley

PRInCIPAl ReseARCheRs Diana ComteXavier EmeryJulián Ortiz

AssoCIATe ReseARCheRsGermán AguilarCésar ArriagadaDaniel BaezaDaniel CarrizoReynaldo CharrierKatja DeckartMarcos DíazÁlvaro EgañaMarcelo GarcíaFrancisco GutiérrezEduardo MagriFernando MartínezFelipe NavarroExequiel SepúlvedaJorge SilvaFabián SotoBrian Townley

develoPMenT engIneeRsLuis AcevedoCarlos ArandaAccel AbarcaEduardo BustosErnesto CastilloCarlos GonzálezGerson MoralesMelandra Molina

PosTdoCToRAl ReseARCheRsPablo GuerreroDenisse Pasten

gRouP leAdeRNelson Morales

PRInCIPAl ReseARCheRsRaúl CastroJavier Vallejos

AssoCIATe ReseARCheRsAlejandro EhrenfeldNelson MoralesSebastián ValerioEleonora Widzyk-Capehart

PosTdoCToRAl ReseARCheRsPierre Nancel-Penard

doCToRATe sTudenTsRodrigo EstayEnrique JélvezMaría Elena Valencia

MAsTeRs’ sTudenTsRolando ArteagaCarolina BahamóndezSindy BurgosCristián CastroJosé Ignacio FuenzalidaTania GalarceCristián LópezJuan LuengoFrancisco MarcoYonathan MolinaVicente OrtegaJuan QuirozMaría YrarrázavalKimie Suzuki

doCToRATe sTudenTsJuan BecerraAlejandro CáceresGonzalo DíazJosé Guillermo FuentesPamela JaraNasser MadaniMohammad MalekiMarcela OyarzúnClaudia PavezMatias PeñaMaría Pía Rodríguez

MAsTeRs’ sTudenTsÁlvaro AravenaSebastián ÁvalosMagdalena BoetschEnrique CaballeroEfraín CárdenasPamela CastilloJuan CastroCarlos CorralMaría CerdaGustavo DonosoIgnacio GálvezFelipe GarridoPablo GómezLuis GonzálezCindy GuaitíaRodrigo GutiérrezJorge JaraPia LoisYerko MartínezRoberto MirandaRené MoraMaría Eugenia SegoviaYerko SimicicDaniela ParedesÍtalo PayacánKatherine PinochetKatia RosselÁlvaro Vergara

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MInIng AuToMATIon

WATeR & envIRonMenTAl susTAInABIlITy

03MIneRAl PRoCessIng & exTRACTIve MeTAlluRgy

gRouP leAdeRWilly Kracht

PRInCIPAl ReseARCheRWilly Kracht

AssoCIATe ReseARCheRsNéstor BecerraChristian IhleTomás VargasLeandro Voisin

develoPMenT engIneeRJorge Wuth

MAsTeRs’ sTudenTsJorge CasanovaNicolás GuardaGonzalo JéldrezCarlos HuntFabián MancillaGonzalo DammExequiel MarambioCarlos MoragaKarl MühlenbrockViviana Pavez

gRouP leAdeRManuel Duarte

PRInCIPAl ReseARCheRsMartin AdamsManuel DuarteClaudio PérezJavier Ruiz del Solar

AssoCIATe ReseARCheRsCarlos AravenaMauricio CorreaPablo EstévezMarcos OrchardPaul Vallejos

develoPMenT engIneeRsRodrigo AsenjoJacob Saravia

PosTdoCToRAl ReseARCheRsOmar DaudFrancisco GaldamesKeith LeungPatricio LoncomillaFreddy MillaRodrigo Verschae

doCToRATe sTudenTsNorelys ÁguilaFernando BernuyLeonardo CamentCarlos CeleminDaniel HerrmannPablo HuijseFrancisco JaramilloLeonardo LeottauDaniel LuhrCarlos NavarroDavid NovaWilma PairoSebastián ParraMarcelo SaavedraDaniel SchulzClaudio TapiaJuan TapiaSebastián UlloaJorge VergaraJosé Miguel Yáñez

MAsTeRs’ sTudenTsAlonso AstrozaEnrique GuerreroFelipe Inostroza

gRouP leAdeRJames McPhee

PRInCIPAl ReseARCheRYarko Niño

AssoCIATe ReseARCheRsEdward CornwellPaula DíazChristian IhleMiguel LagosJames McPheeMaximiliano RodríguezAldo Tamburrino

PosTdoCToRAl ReseARCheRsAndreina GarcíaSantiago Monserrat

doCToRATe sTudenTsÁlvaro GonzálezSergio Palma

MAsTeRs’ sTudenTsJaime CotroneoYuri CastilloOmar CastilloFernando MedinaGonzalo MontserratTomás Trewhela

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Exploration & orE DEposit MoDEling

geological resources of our country cons-titute the most important assets of the mining companies´ development and their continuous operations. although Chile has numerous base metal reserves, the disco-very of new deposits has decreased due to the reduction of easy-to-detect surface resources. Future findings will mainly be made of mineral resources hidden beneath the sedimentary, post-mineralization cover or at great depth, with little or no surface exposure.

given the geological characteristics of the andean region, the interdependence of natural resources and associated geolo-gical hazards, it is necessary to develop multidisciplinary strategies to reduce ambi-guity in the exploration of future deposits. this requires an integrated geo-scientific approach, which combines geophysics, structural geology, and geochemistry me-

thodologies applicable to fossil deposits and geothermal fields.

Currently, large amount of data is generated at different stages of resource characteri-zation, which is not fully exploited for the creation of resource models, the reserves or their geo-metallurgical value. therefore, it becomes necessary to develop tools and models focused on delivering the best prediction (estimation) of resources, which are based on categorical and continuous variables, and on quantifying uncertainty to facilitate decision-making.

the resource models are based on geo-scientific data and information and on data obtained from drill samples, which are highly important towards understanding of the nature of the deposit and planning the best strategy for its extraction and return on investment.

rEsEarCH groUp

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groUp lEaDErDr. Brian Townley [email protected]

Exploration anD orE DEposit MoDEling 01

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objECtivE

The Exploration and Ore Deposit Modeling Group studies and

analyzes various issues of the mining business through research

development and innovation. Its researchers are academics,

full time researchers and graduate & undergraduate students

from Geology, Geophysics, Mining, Electrical and Computer

Engineering. The Group’s research areas are based on studies of

hydrothermal systems and ore mineral forming processes at all

scales, applied to activities ranging from basic exploration (regio-

nal), advanced exploration (district and local), and pre-feasibility

studies, including ore deposit geological models for estimation

and simulation of resources and reserves and for geo-mineral

metallurgical models.

Mining exploration related research involves geophysical, geo-

logical, structural and geochemical techniques, employed at

regional to local scales, from “green fields” to “advanced” and

“brown fields” exploration. The projects integrate all techniques

in order to achieve multi-scale transversal exploration criteria,

providing higher confidence in the identification of exploration

targets. At ore deposit scale structural-geological, mineral and

geochemical characterization studies are performed, with results

applied to both exploration models and resource assessment for

geological and/or geo-mineral metallurgical models.

In ore deposit modeling, geo-mineral metallurgical characteri-

zation studies are performed. These studies allow quantitative

and qualitative mineral discrimination and determination of

mineral processing predictive behavior models. These predictive

models have a strong research component in the development

of mineral deposit geo-statistical modeling oriented to univaria-

te and multivariate estimation and simulation of reserves and

resources in complex scenarios. Ore deposit modeling also

includes development of specialized software.

rEsEarCH arEas

Considering the need to integrate geological, geophysical,

geochemical, and mining and metallurgical aspects in the cha-

racterization of ore deposits, and taking into account the type

of information available for numerical models, the Group favors

multidisciplinary analysis, incorporating different branches of

science and engineering, to maximize learning and development

of innovative techniques. This has allowed strengthening of a

variety of areas of expertise, both in terms of basic and applied

research and development, innovation and technology transfer.

Among these are: Geological and structural multiscale mapping;

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Geo- and thermo-chronological dating; Petrological studies of the

magmatic sources associated with the ore deposits; Geochemical

analysis and modeling; Magnetic and paleomagnetic analysis;

Neo- and seismotectonic studies; Local earthquake tomography;

Identification of active faults associated with shallow seismicity;

Tectonic and structural models; Induced seismicity associated

with mining and geothermal exploitation; Mineral, physical and

geochemical characterization for mining exploration and geo-mi-

neral metallurgical modeling; Integrated numerical modeling;

Seismic hazard (interplate, intraplates and shallow seismicity);

Geo-statistics and stochastic modeling; Ore deposit evaluation

and sampling; software development; High performance compu-

ting; Image analysis, and Numerical modeling and optimization.

The analyses, tools and models developed by the Group im-

prove the knowledge of the fundamental geological processes

that are responsible for the genesis and evolution of giant ore

deposits and geothermal fields, based on 4D (3D + time)

models and the geological hazards associated with the most

relevant active tectonics of the Andean region. They also have

direct application in the construction of resource models using

estimation techniques as well as the numerical characterization

of the uncertainty associated with the disposition and size of

geological bodies, particularly in terms of rock types, lithology,

mineralogy, alteration, textures and geological units, including

multivariate relations to ore grade of elements of interest, of

sub-products and impurities and their geo-metallurgical attributes.

appliCation

The development of areas of expertise in the Group has allowed

the generation of research lines that have an assortment of direct

applications to the mining industry, which allow improvement of

knowledge and technologies for the optimization of the mining

business. Present research lines and applications are:

• Seismic tomography: a tool for geophysical exploration.

• Structural modeling and applied tectonics.

• Geological hazard assessment.

• Geology for mining exploration.

• Numerical modeling of magmatic and hydrothermal systems.

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• Rock characterization by image analysis for the development

of geo-metallurgical predictive models.

• Geological modeling using advanced computational tools

and specialized software design for mine development.

• Geo-mineral metallurgical modeling of ore deposits with

emphasis on the integration of geological and geochemical

high performance computing models.

The development of the previously mentioned research lines

has allowed the creation of thematic laboratories, three of them

grouped under Applied Geosciences & GeoResources Exploration

Laboratory (AG2E):

• Geophysics Instrumentation Laboratory (AG2E).

• Laboratory of Geomatics and Geographic Information Sys-

tems (GIS) (AG2E).

• Paleomagnetism data processing Laboratory (AG2E).

• Geo-statistics Supercomputing Advanced Laboratory (ALGES).

aCHiEvEMEnts

Research and development has allowed the consolidation of a

unique work Group, which considers the enhancement of the

integration of several disciplines associated with exploration and

modeling of ore deposits and geothermal fields, using modern

software and hardware. The Group consists of more than 30

researchers and a similar number of graduate students, and

involves a computer cluster with 32 cores. Furthermore, in its

development, the Group has maintained a close relationship

with the mining industry.

The ongoing and finalized research projects and studies are carried

out on emblematic mining districts, among these, Escondida,

Spence, Los Bronces, Los Pelambres and the Centinela District.

In addition, development of specialized software tools has been

accomplished, among these, software for the modeling of geo-mi-

neral metallurgical variables for geometric restitution of geological

bodies, and for image analysis and geological characterization.

These projects have been developed in close collaboration with

the mining companies, such as, CODELCO, BHP-Billiton, Anglo

American, Antofagasta Minerals, and Yamana Gold.

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gEologiCal HazarD assEssMEnt

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rEsEarCH linE lEaDEr

Dr. Diana Comte

[email protected]

objECtivE

Research objectives are the evaluation of geological hazards by

means of knowledge integration of the different potential hazard

sources and estimation of geological recurrence, and identifi-

cation of the existing or potential vulnerability and the type of

expected damage. The main challenge is to develop and apply

methodologies using modern techniques of remote sensing

and geographic information systems; both in the study of the

processes themselves as well as monitoring activity in vulnerable

or high risk areas, allowing the assessment of hazards associated

with geological phenomena typical of the Andean region, such

as, earthquakes, volcanic activities and mass removals.

MEtHoDology

The study of seismic hazard requires understanding the seis-

motectonic context of the historical and recent seismicity of the

study area. The different seismic sources must be identified and,

for each, the Gutenberg-Richter relationship is determined. This

allows the estimation of the maximum expected magnitude of

the seismic event. Subsequently, we determine the probability

of occurrence for each seismic source using the Poisson and

bi-parametric Weibull distributions.

The volcanic hazard study determines the probability of occu-

rrence, magnitude and areas of influence of volcanic activity.

The danger is related to volcanic ash fall and toxic components

(acid rain and heavy metals), avalanches of volcanic products

and water supplied by the melting glacier (lahars), lava and

pyroclastic flows and landslides. The scope of these processes is

evaluated through numerical simulations that consider different

scenarios of magnitude and type of volcanic activity, topography

and weather variables.

The analysis of the landslide risk is based on geomorpholo-

gical mapping and morphometric analysis of watersheds and

sub-drainage basins. The mapping is used to evaluate recurrence

and estimate the volume of unstable and susceptible material

transferred by collapses, crashes or creeping. Morphometric

analyzes characterize numerically the relief occupying the drai-

nage area, the slope, the steepness, roughness, topography and

hypsometry, which together identify leading imbalance. Using a

probabilistic approach the danger of landslides can be assessed

based on models that integrate hydro-meteorological variables.

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reseArch line

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rEsUlts

Seismic hazard studies carried out in Chile, Peru and Panama

regions, identified large interplate, intermediate depth intraplate

and superficial earthquakes that historically have affected diffe-

rent regions of these countries. Earthquake rupture areas were

determined as a function of the area VII MM intensity, and, in

the case of recent earthquakes, as dependent on the distribution

of aftershocks. In these areas, we estimated minimum distances

to each type of seismic sources present in the study areas and

determined the values of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship

for each type of seismic source. The time sequences between

occurrences of earthquakes were modeled on a probabilistic

approach assuming Poisson processes or using Weibull bi-pa-

rametric distribution.

To determine the baseline and/or to monitor volcanic activity

of a particular system, we used volcanic monitoring stations.

Depending on the volcanic system under study, this monitoring

may include seismicity, deformation, temperature, geochemistry

of volcanic fluids and solids and remote monitoring of volcanic

products.

For the study of the landslide hazards we use geographic infor-

mation systems to visualize the drainage basins and combine

such information with an estimation of unbalanced relief featu-

res, distribution of non to poorly-consolidated cover rocks and

recurrence time of previous landslide processes.

The studies associated with the different types of hazards have

been carried out by Drs. Daniel Carrizo, Francisco Gutiérrez and

Germán Aguilar.

FUnDing

BHP Billiton

AMSA

BAIRD

gEopHysiCs instrUMEntation

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Dr. Marcos Diaz

[email protected]

objECtivE

Research objectives include the design and implementation of

geological and geophysical recording systems, such as; seismic

stations, volcanic monitoring stations and fault and slope remote

monitoring stations.

MEtHoDology

A multi-parameter, low cost and lower consumption recording

system has been designed. The design is based on the identi-

fication of the elements that permit continuous recording with

the required precision of the parameters to be measured. We

optimized the storage capacity and the telemetry transmission

of the new recorder; its performance was tested in laboratory

and in natural field conditions.

Currently, we have an updated version of the continuous recording

seismic stations, with variable sampling rates and with commu-

nication between stations and remote monitoring. This system

(design, construction, development and application) allows to:

obtain body wave velocity structure, through a high-resolution

seismic tomography, process the recorded seismic data, and

monitor the baseline of seismicity and the induced seismicity

associated with the mining processes.

The volcanic monitoring stations allow continuous recording of

the seismic activity, the temperature and the imaging of visible

changes in volcanic hydrothermal systems. These stations allow

monitoring of fumaroles emissions, volcanic plumes and crater

lakes as well as SO2 flow measurement, water level, pH and

electro-conductivity.

For the evaluation of mass removal associated with fault and/or

slope stability, monitoring of dip and/or surface slope features

is crucial. In mining operations, safety conditions do not allow

direct measurements, especially, in areas of high risk. Develop-

ment of remote sensing technology by using robotic helicopters

is being tested, combining aspects of hazard assessment with

technological developments to make mines safer.

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rEsUlts

The seismological stations built in this laboratory are currently

being used in research and applied projects for the mining and

geothermal industries. An additional module that allows real

time communication between the stations and a central recorder

system is being tested.

The stations that include other modules, such as, satellite

communication (for remote areas), strong motion sensor, tem-

perature and imaging, SO2 flow measurement, water level, pH

and electro-conductivity, are under development and testing.

The development of seismic stations is carried out in collabora-

tion with Dr. Diana Comte while the volcanic monitoring stations

development in collaboration with Dr. Francisco Gutierrez.

FUnDing

Innova Chile -CORFO

Universidad de Chile

AMTC

partnErs

Octal Ingeniería y Desarrollo

Ingeniería Redco

- 30 -


objECtivE

Seismic tomography is an indirect technique to identify new

mineral resources. The discovery of new resources is of vital

importance considering that the future ore deposits will be

located under covered areas with little or no surface evidence.

The objectives are to:

• Integrate the results of seismic tomography to better unders-

tand the emplacement models of large mineral deposits and

geothermal fields.

• Use the hypocenters determined with a 3D model of seismic

wave velocities to analyze induced seismicity associated with

mining and geothermal exploitation and its relationship with

seismically active fault systems within the near region.

MEtHoDology

The main path is to use the abundant natural seismicity that

characterizes the western boundary of Chile to visualize the 3D

distribution of the ore (or geothermal) bodies, using the high

Vp/Vs contrasts associated with their rheological characteristics

with respect to their near environment. The spatial distribution

of the seismic stations is defined as a function of the scale of


Dr. Diana Comte

[email protected]

the study area; the seismic stations have to be deployed with a

reasonable azimuthal coverage and they usually are continuously

recording during 4-6 months periods. These stations monitor

natural seismicity and the seismicity generated by the mine

blasting activity. The P- and S-wave arrival times are used for a

joint, 3D determination of hypocenters and body wave velocity

structure (Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs). The Vp/Vs ratio, in particular, may

indicate, through contrasts, more fragile zones and the presence

of fluid, which are correlated with the mineralized deposits. The

same technique has also proven useful in understanding active

geothermal fields.

The local earthquake tomography allows determination of a

3D body wave velocity model of the study area and accurate

location of seismic source hypocenters; shallow seismicity

observed in the area is especially important as a support for

geological structural models. These models provide valuable

information for the generation of ore deposit and geothermal

field conceptual models.

Moreover, with the permanent seismic monitoring, induced seis-

micity associated with the mining processes can be determined as

well as those associated with fluid injection in geothermal fields.

sEisMiC toMograpHy: a gEopHysiCal tool For Exploration

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rEsUlts

The high rate of natural seismicity in the Andes allows identification

of shallow characteristics of the crust, such as lithological struc-

tures, fracture zones, active faults and presence of fluids. These

elements are essential for building three-dimensional models of

mega ore deposits and geothermal fields. Therefore, exploration

of these reservoirs requires data to quantify subsurface geometry

and properties of potential exploration targets. The main results

are 3D body wave velocity models, integrated with geological

and structural information, allowing identification of the depth

distribution of known ore deposits and, potentially, some not

yet discovered. Such 3D models have also been useful in the

identification of some geothermal field geometric features. The

results have been obtained in collaboration with Drs. Daniel

Carrizo and Francisco Gutierrez.

FUnDing

Anglo American

BHP-Billiton

Baird

GeoGlobal Energy

- 32 -



Dr. Francisco Gutiérrez

[email protected]

objECtivE

The research objectives of this initiative are to improve magmatic

and hydrothermal system conceptual models through quantitative

analysis. The quantitative analysis is expected to allow a reduc-

tion of the uncertainty of associated variables and processes,

towards more accurate models, which would, subsequently,

contribute to better decision making in mining exploration and

geothermal reservoir evaluation. The analysis and modeling of

variables, conditions and thermal and geochemical processes of

magmatic and hydrothermal systems are completed through the

development of conceptual and static and/or dynamic numerical

models. Surface and sub-surface static thermal simulations allow

determination of temperature distribution and thermal contrast

anomaly models, while dynamic models allow determination

of the temporal evolution of the main variables controlling the

temperature distribution and fluid processes of the studied system.

MEtHoDology

Numerical models employ direct and remote sensing information.

Determination of temperature and detection of surface thermal

anomalies by means of remote sensing is accomplished using

satellite image processing and direct measurements of temperature,

heat flux and net radiation in the field. The sub-surface thermal

distribution is determined by means of seismic tomography

models. Geochemical models of fluids in the volcanic and/or

hydrothermal systems are constructed based on temperature

distribution, fluid composition (chemical and isotopic, pH, EC),

and flow. Such determinations are based on direct geochemical

sampling of gaseous and aqueous phases and, indirectly, on

SO2 flow measurements by using differential absorption optical

spectrometry.

MoDEling oF MagMatiC anD HyDrotHErMal systEMs

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Stationary simulations of the distribution of temperature and the

time-dependent fluid dynamic simulations of the different flows

associated with the magmatic and hydrothermal systems are

based on the finite element method, optimization and inversion

developed by the researchers. These methods, with the geometry

of the resulting reservoirs, contribute quantitatively to exploration

decisions of mega deposits and geothermal reservoirs.

rEsUlts

The thermal modeling of magmatic and hydrothermal systems

has allowed identification of thermal anomalies on the surface

and in sub-surface areas. The results of these static simulations

are presented in geo-referenced images, sections (vertical and

horizontal) and temperature diagrams, as well as, thermal and

heat flow anomalies. The fluid dynamic modeling of magmatic

and hydrothermal systems has allowed quantification of flows,

reservoirs and main processes occurring in these systems. These

processes include mixing, boiling, condensation, crystallization,

and water/rock interaction reactions (mineralization and leaching).

The results of these simulations are presented in both static

images and videos. Simulations have revealed the main geolo-

gical units (structures and lithology) that control the transport,

reaction, and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluids and

magmas, allowing identification of the key factors that control

emplacement of mega deposits and geothermal reservoirs.

FUnDing

FONDECYT

AMTC

appliED tECtoniCs anD MUlti-sCalE strUCtUral MoDEling

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rEsEarCH linE Co-lEaDEr

Dr. Daniel Carrizo

[email protected]


Dr. César Arriagada

[email protected]

objECtivE

Research objectives are aimed at improving structural geology

models at all scales, thus reducing uncertainties, especially those

that describe and predict the physical environment and potential

localization of ore deposits. This uncertainty represents one of

the most important challenges in the development of exploration

and mining models. The impact of this research line responds to

the extreme sensitivity of business models in relation to strategic

decisions of investment, both in the exploration phase as well

as in the stages of resource extraction.

The development of structural models that allow integrating

3D information of different nature and scale, based on modern

concepts of deformation of the lithosphere and according to

the Andean tectonic evolution, represents a strategic key to the

understanding of the relationship of mineral deposit forming

processes and the continuous deformation of the crust.

On this basis, our aim is to understand the role of the various

deformation processes and its associated structures in the genesis

and evolution of mineral deposits in the Andean metallogenetic

provinces and in active hydrothermal fields with geothermal

potential. To reach this research objective, we have developed

multiscale structural models (2D, 3D and 4D) with genetic

and geotechnical implications, supported by quantitative field

observations, interpretation of remote sensing, tectonic analysis

of sedimentary basins, advanced techniques of numerical struc-

tural modeling (2D and 3D) and of temporal relationships (4D)

using high-resolution geochronology techniques.

MEtHoDology

• Multiscale structural geological mapping (regional, district

and mine) on the basis of quantitative and systematic data

interpretation with implications for exploration and mining

operations (pits and tunnels).

• Analysis and characterization of structural systems.

• Structural geological interpretation of remote sensing and

geophysical data (2D, 3D seismic reflection profiles; gravi-

metric profiles, and magnetotelluric profiles, among others).

• Construction and validation of geometric, kinematic, and

numerical validation of structural models (2D, 3D and 4D).

• Surveys of paleomagnetic data and validation of oriented

drill cores (shallow and deep).

• Neotectonic observation methodologies (morphotectonics

and Quaternary geochronology).

• Determination of deformation ages, magmatism, and/or

alteration and mineralization events.

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rEsUlts

Construction of geological models (2D, 3D and 4D) in areas

of exploration interest (orogeny, province, district, and mine).

Applications are oriented both to exploration and mine develo-

pment. The transversal information employed for these models

includes geo-mechanical aspects (useful for development of the

mine design), as well as, ore genetic models and development

of metallogenic evolution models for target determinations in

exploration.

Research activities includes the following scientists from other

R&D Groups: Dr. Katja Deckart [email protected] (Geo-

chronology and Isotopic Geochemistry) and Brian Townley

[email protected] (Metallogenesis, Mining Exploration and

Applied Geochemistry).

FUnDing

Antofagasta Minerals S.A.

Anglo American Chile

BHP Billiton

CODELCO

SRK Consulting Chile

INGENDESA

gEology For MinEral Exploration

- 36 -



Dr. Marcelo García

[email protected]

objECtivEs

The objective of this project is to acquire and integrate geolo-

gical knowledge in highly prospective regions, which is crucial

to the implementation of exploration strategies in the early and

advanced stages of exploration campaign; for instance, to pur-

chase or abandon mining properties and to plan and conduct

drilling or geophysical and geochemical surveys.Furthermore, the

project will focus on inferring the site´s location and to generate

exploration vectors as integrated geological models that would

contribute to the project´s exploration activity.

In areas with post-mineral cover, the objective is to determine

indirectly (without drilling) the sectors with a lower thickness of

coverage and, within them, to interpret geophysical and geo-

chemical substrate signals that correlate with mineral deposit

characteristics.

MEtHoDology

The geological survey is a primary tool in this area. It is based,

among others, on systematic observations, at a certain scale, of

lithological types, structural patterns and areas of hydrothermal

alteration and mineralization. This includes identifying crosscutting

relations, structure characteristics and rock sampling for laboratory

studies (e. g., petrography, geochemistry, geochronology, thermo

chronology and physical properties).

The scale of the survey can range from local (1:1,000) to regional

(1:100,000). The techniques used range from digital geological

mapping to on-site and real- time data collection (using tablets

which incorporate GPS and appropriate software). This allows

confirmation of data consistency, and integration with prior

information and modeling.

Post-mineral cover thickness is determined by mapping, sampling

and geophysical methods (such as gravimetric, seismic). When

the thickness is smaller and, therefore, more accessible by dri-

lling, the composition of the substrate is inferred (e.g., with gas

collectors, detailed gravimetric magnetometer). Special emphasis

is placed on the identification of exotic mineralization in the

post-mineral cover, which can serve as a guide for exploration.

Finally, the information is incorporated in conceptual models,

which allow visualization of the relationships in time and space

between the thermal history of a deposit, deformation and its

alteration-mineralization patterns.

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rEsUlts

The outcomes from geological surveys are in the form of regional

geological survey maps, Cuya and Miñimiñi, North of Chile, for

the SERNAGEOMIN carried out at scales 1:100,000, as part of

SERNAGEOMIN mapping program to promote mining exploration.

A directed research project is being developed to gather infor-

mation on the varying thicknesses of the post-mineral cover in

the Pampa del Tamarugal area. The seismic profiles are provided

by ENAP.

In previous years (2010-2011), programs of geological survey

with the mining companies AMSA, Kinross and Serviland Mi-

nergy were developed. In one of these areas, a 3D model of

post-mineral cover thickness was generated.

The study of mineral detection rates on the basis of low tem-

perature thermo-chronology at the Norte Chico area began at

the end of 2012.

Research projects have been developed with researchers Drs.

Germán Aguilar (thermo chronology), Katja Deckart (geochro-

nology) and Brian Townley (exploration geochemistry).

FUnDing

SERNAGEOMIN

AMSA

Kinross

Serviland Minergy

FONDECYT

roCk CHaraCtErization Using iMagE analysis For tHE DEvElopMEnt oF gEo-MEtallUrgiCal prEDiCtivE MoDEls

rEsEarCH linE

- 38 -

rEsUlts

The main outcomes of the project will be software prototypes at

a pre-commercial level. In addition, a provision of services using

digital image characterization for applications to geo-metallurgical

modeling will be considered for development within this project.

The project will also contribute to the formation and training of

highly qualified specialists and will generate a close relationship

with the mineral industry.

FUnDing

BHP Billiton

AMTC

FONDECYT

partnErs

Minera El Tesoro

BHP Billiton


Dr. Julián Ortiz

[email protected]

objECtivE

The objective of this project is to develop algorithms, methods

and tools to allow the automation and improvement of geo-me-

tallurgical processes as well as the acquisition of relevant data for

controlling these processes based on image analysis techniques

in both the visible and non-visible spectra.

MEtHoDology

The development of image analysis models based on color and

on the characterization of textures as well as hyper-spectral data

is considered. This will allow the development of a system for

the characterization of minerals, through the determination of the

species and their proportions, from a digital image in the visible

spectrum, taken from a drill hole core or through microscopic

analysis. In addition, the identification of the alterations, lithology

and a quantitative characterization of the texture will be conside-

red. Furthermore, these tools will permit the characterization of

object populations (measuring their quantity, average diameter,

among other characteristics) existing in digital images taken by

in-situ mechanisms.

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gEo-MEtallUrgiCal MoDEling oF orE DEposits witH EMpHasis on tHE intEgration oF gEologiCal anD gEoCHEMiCal inForMation into HigH-pErForManCE CoMpUting MoDEls

- 39 -


Dr. Xavier Emery

[email protected]

rEsUlts

The main result of the project is a software prototype for cons-

tructing large block models in a multivariate context (currently,

the variables are often modeled separately or the focus is on

few variables), improving mine planning and decision-making.

The project will also contribute to the training of specialists and

will generate a close relationship with the industry.

FUnDing

AMTC

FONDECYT

Innova Chile - CORFO

CODELCO

partnErs

CODELCO

objECtivE

To develop tools and methods for constructing block models

that describe the relationships between geo-metallurgical va-

riables to adequately characterize their spatial distribution and

to predict the effects of these relationships on the metallurgical

and economic performance of mining ventures.

MEtHoDology

Multivariate modeling must account for the spatial correlation of

each variable as well as the spatial dependence between variables.

It is proposed to incorporate multivariate geo-statistical estimation

and simulation tools for the construction of three-dimensional

block models of geo-metallurgical variables, such as, mineral

grades, rock types, minerals abundances or acid consumption. In

addition to conventional techniques, it is of interest to incorporate

other techniques developed in the scope of the project in order

to address possible implementation problems. The proposed

solution is innovative as current commercial software does not

allow to properly characterize multivariate relationships and does

not take advantage of these relationships.

gEologiCal MoDEling witH aDvanCED CoMpUtational tools anD CrEation oF spECializED soFtwarE For Mining DEvElopMEnt

- 40 -



Dr. Julián Ortiz

[email protected]

objECtivE

The objective of this project is to: develop computational tools

to allow adequate geological modeling of ore deposits, which

includes restoration of the original geometry of ore bodies

affected by faults and folds; to facilitate the inference of the

spatial continuity and subsequent modeling of the resources

and to enable the input and integration of expert knowledge in

the geological modeling through gestural commands with the

support of numerical methods, deterministic and stochastic. The

outcome sought is a rapid construction of solids representing

geological bodies while ensuring full consistency with the hard

(field) data.

MEtHoDology

Procedures for the geometric restitution are implemented in

two ways. In the first approach, an explicit approach is followed,

in which the body is brought to its original geometry, prior to

folding and faulting. The second approach uses implicit mode-

ling of the folding, through the characterization of locally varying

anisotropy field.

In the first case, a reference plane is determined onto which

points are projected; the points representing a solid in the original

space are projected into this transformed coordinate system.

Then, a conventional geostatistical modeling is followed within

the transformed coordinates system, which improves the infe-

rence of the continuity and allows using an increased number

of data in estimation and simulation of unsampled locations.

The second approach aims at characterizing locally the reference

system and defining non-Euclidean distances. In this approach,

geodesic distances between points on the folded system are

numerically approximated to solve the problems of estimation and

simulation of the attributes of interest considering this geometry.

The project also aims to develop an interface in order to facilitate

the input of expert information through gestural commands, to be

used as soft information to control the behavior of the numerical

models, which in turn are based on hard (field) information from

drill samples and surface and underground mappings.

The generation of volumes is performed using deterministic

techniques based on distance to the contacts between geological

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units or with stochastic tools that use the spatial continuity of

different categories and that are used for modeling the uncertainty

in the extent and position of the geological bodies.

rEsUlts

The project aims to generate a software prototype to perform

assisted geological modeling, with easy input of expert information.

The software is based on the numerical tools generating solids

consistent with the hard (field) data while being controlled by

the soft information provided by the modeler.

FUnDing

BHP Billiton

Yamana Gold

AMTC

Department of Mining Engineering, FCFM, UCH

partnErs

BHP Billiton

Yamana Gold

02

rEsEarCH groUp

- 42 -


the progressive depletion of surface

mineral resources and the exploitation

of mineral deposits at depth require the

use of underground excavation techniques

that are both safe and profitable.

Currently, Chilean, australian and Cana-

dian mining companies are conducting

mining developments in Chile that will

position mining operations at levels much

deeper that currently exist. this makes

it necessary to formulate a strategy for

knowledge development aiming towards:

transforming the geological resource

into profitable operations subject to the

strategic objectives of shareholders and

mining business owners; expanding the

understanding of massive underground

caving methods; designing and applying

selective mining methods in medium

government-owned mining enterprises,

as well as developing procedures and

methodologies to facilitate mine planner

with better understanding of complex

linkages between the geo-metallurgical

characterization of the deposits and their

economic value.

MinE planning anD DEsign

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MinE planning anD DEsign 02

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objECtivEs

The Mine Planning and Design Group aims to create know-how

and technologies through the development of support tools in

the area of mine planning and design that will benefit the mining

industry now and in the future. The main areas of research and

development range from the understanding of mining ope-

rations and the underlying geological conditions with the use

of numerical modeling, simulation techniques and laboratory

tests, through the testing and validation of these models in the

field to the development of application tools, such as, software

packages, that will guide and support decision making within

the mine planning and operational sectors of mining ventures.

arEas oF CoMpEtEnCE

The Mine Planning and Design Group encompasses the following

areas of competence:

• Establishment of guidelines for the design and operation of

underground mines

• Statistical analysis of operational data

• Numerical Modeling of Caving and Gravity Flow phenomena

• Applied Geotechnology

groUp lEaDEr

Dr. Nelson Morales

[email protected]

• Modeling of mining processes (scaled) for the design of

mining equipment and scheduling

• Numerical modeling of rock mechanics processes

• Ventilation

• Simulation of discrete elements within the mining systems

• Scheduling optimization for open pit and underground mining

• Modeling and optimization of production processes and

development of computational solutions towards field testing

and implementation

• Software development and implementation within the geo-

technical, mining, and metallurgical processes

• Valuation of production sequencing and planning under

uncertainty.

• Development and implementation of sensing techniques.

• Management and analysis of information systems for mining

appliCation

The research and developments conducted by the Group are

applied across the entire value chain of mining ventures, inclu-

ding the use of technologies in mining operation in medium to

large scale operations, both in open-pit and underground mines.

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aCHiEvEMEnts

Development of material flow simulation tools; Syscave and

FlowSimsoftware packages, which allow modeling and prediction

of the sequence and method of extraction in mining production

plans of Block/Panel Caving. These software tools have been

applied at industrial-scale operations, for instance, towards the

development of the extraction sequence at Chuquicamata

Underground Project.

• Development of methodology and software algorithms for

the determination of mesh extraction Block/Panel Caving

based on statistical analysis of historical data from mine

block/panel caving operations. This methodology was applied

in the design of new mine level at El Teniente Mine.

• Establishment of methodologies for the study of caving

phenomenon in mine processes validated through laboratory

up to pilot-scale testing (scale and numerical modeling).

• Development of software algorithms for short- and me-

dium-term mine planning, BOS2M, that integrates operational

and material blending restrictions and aims to integrate the

extraction, geology and metallurgy into the planning process.

• Development of software package for mining scheduling,

UDESS, with underground mining application encompassing

construction activities and optimal extraction.

• Establishment of methodologies for integrated mine planning

incorporating variability and uncertainty within the analysis

that allows the generation of robust and reliable mine plans

with high probability of return on investment.

• Modeling of operational, geological and market uncertainties

towards long-term planning and strategic development as well

as development of software tools for assessing uncertainties

and variability for rapid analysis of impact of variability on

mining plans.

The Group´s knowledge, expertise and technologies have been

employed in various industrial projects with CODELCO, Agnico

Eagle and BHP Billiton.

- 46 -


objECtivEs

The objective of this initiative include:

• Development, modeling and simulation of information

systems for intelligent decision support at various levels of

mine planning and operation.

• Generation and calibration of models of various operational

processes related to the material extraction in surface and

underground mine based on data fusion, novel sensors and

innovative sensing techniques.

• Development of operational framework and control models

to enable optimization of material blending processes and

recovery factor within mine operations.

MEtHoDology

In 2012, a survey of new technologies and information system

existing within the large mining operations in Chile and worldwide

was undertaken to inform the future R&D path of this project.

R&D pathways were defined and created in the areas of:

• Design and construction of an intelligent tracking system for

gravitational flow of the material within large underground

mines. The main function of this system is to enable tracking

of mineral-related data using Inertial Navigation Systems.

• Development of methodologies and real-time application of

sensing techniques to enable detection and quantification

(grade) of minerals utilising hyperspectral cameras, lasers and

other sensors. This initiative was funded by FONDEF-IDeA

in September, 2013.

• Conceptualisation and design of a Virtual Planning Room to

improve short- and long-term mine planning activities through

the improvements in information availability, increased capacity

for data processing, analysis and visualisation and high level

of engagement among team members. This initiative was

funded by CORFO-INNOVA Line 1 Fund in January, 2013.


Ing. Alejandro Ehrenfeld

[email protected]

DEvElopMEnt anD intEgration oF inForMation anD instrUMEntation systEMs towarDs MoDEling oF Mining proCEssEs anD opErational planning in Mining vEntUrEs

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rEsUlts

The following outcomes and benefits are expected for the

Mining Industry:

• Creation of a laboratory-scale model of the intelligent tracking

system, which will provide an ideal platform for collection of

experimental data towards calibration of numerical simulation

tools and their subsequent use towards enhanced mine

planning tools.

• Design and development of an integrated mine system based

on data fusion, novel sensors and sensing techniques, with

modular architecture, which will enable rapid data collection

and transfer from mine operations (in-pit data) to mine

plans (site office).

• Design and commissioning of a scaled model of an auto-

nomous, continuous (conveyor belt) underground mining

system, with CODELCO as a partner, which will provide

better understanding of mining processes and enable future

conversion of mechanized mines into remotely controlled

or automated mines.

FUnDing

AMTC


CODELCO

FONDEF-IDeA

- 48 -



Dr. Raúl Castro

[email protected]

objECtivE

In underground mining it is vital to ensure both safety of the

personnel and the continuous extraction of reserves. One of the

problems the underground mines must address is the sudden

entry of mud, a mixture of fine material and water, into the pro-

duction levels and ore passes. The impact of the mud rush into

the mine can be divided into two areas: personnel safety and

business value. The significance of the former is reinforced by

several fatalities that occurred in the past due to the mud entry

into the mine. The importance of the latter, which also includes

precluding the personnel from exposure to risk, is underpinned

by a significant percentage of resources excluded from extraction

due to high risk of potential mud flow at some extraction points.

The objective of this project is to develop a simulation tool for

the flow of muddy water towards identifying potential areas of

mud burst, which might threaten mining reserves and safety of

workers, and to provide input towards safe and profitable mining

operation and realistic production plans.

DEvElopMEnt oF a watEr-MUD Flow siMUlator For UnDErgroUnD Caving opErations (MUDFlow)

MEtHoDology

The project methodology includes the development of the

following models:

• Hydrogeological Model: the aim of this model is to cate-

gorize the behaviour of water inlets and outlets within the

underground mine, the main flows, the flow at the inlet and

outlet as well as the flow´s relation to the production areas

of the mine.

• Geotechnical Model: this model seeks to explain the geo-

technical phenomena and conditions that might trigger the

mud flow event. Based on geotechnical testing of various

conditions, the effect of stress on the material can be deter-

mined. The result will be a cause-effect model of conditions

that could lead to mud flow events.

• Flow Model in Saturated Conditions: this model aims to

determine how different mining variables are affected when

bursts of water-mud occur. By constructing a model of ore

flow and analysing the various variables, the behavior of

material with mud characteristics under different extraction

scenarios will be studied.

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rEsUlts

The three models: hydrogeological, geotechnical, and in saturated

conditions, will serve as the theoretical basis for the implemen-

tation of the mud flow simulator., through the understanding of

the mud rush phenomenon into extraction points. The simulator

model will be based on cellular automata or equivalent technique,

which will simulate the movement of materials due to mineral

extraction that incorporates the results of the research produced

by the previous stages (flow modeling).

The simulation software will be developed based on the outco-

mes of time studies of hydrogeological and geotechnical data

as well as information gathered from the extraction of potential

zones containing clay within the mine. The software will also be

able to quantify the extractable mineral reserves that could be

compromised by the anticipated inflow of the mud.

FUnDing

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partnErs

CODELCO

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Dr. Javier Vallejos

[email protected]

objECtivE

Currently, one of the main challenges of the mining industry is

the safety of their operations while considering a high return

value on the investment. Selective underground mining, the

third most productive sector in Chile, would provide the industry

with the means to achieve safety and productivity targets while

minimising the costs of the operations. Selective mining refers to

the operations that can “choose” the geometry and sequence in

which mineral resources are extracted. To be effective, selective

underground mining should have a low level of dilution and high

recovery of mineral reserves.

The ultimate goal of this project is to develop design tools for

selective underground mining that reflects the geological and

mining conditions at the Chilean mines. These tools will be

encapsulated in a prototype, pre-commercial software package.

DEvElopMEnt oF DEsign tools For sElECtivE UnDErgroUnD Mining

MEtHoDology

The research and development of the project considers the

following working steps:

• Collection of data from mining operations and generation

of the database.

• Statistical analysis of the database and development of

empirical methods for design.

• Numerical modeling of selective mining operations.

• Validation of the design tools by mine-scale tests.

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Minera Ojos del Salado

partnErs

El Soldado – Anglo American

Minera Ojos del Salado - Freeport

Minera Florida – Yamana Gold

Minera Carola – Carola

El Peñon – Yamana Gold

rEsUlts

The following outcomes and benefits are expected for the

Mining Industry:

• Operational benchmark of practices employed by open

stope mines in Chile.

• Database of geotechnical, geological and mining information.

• Numerical models of underground selective mining operations .

• Prototype, pre-commercial software package for the design

of stopes and pillars, validated in the field.

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Dr. Nelson Morales

[email protected]

objECtivE

The goal of this initiative is the development of planning tools

that support the mine planning through the holistic approach:

an integration of various aspects of mine planning enhanced by

the latest advances in technology and software algorithms. The

integration is applied to the stages of the mine planning process

which are discrete today (plans that have a suboptimal value or

are infeasible) but also incorporating variability and uncertainty

within the planning process itself (and not only as a post analy-

sis). The final result will then be plans that are coherent at the

different mine planning level and horizons, while maximizing

their probability of success and robustness.

MEtHoDology

The methodology is based on a continuous study and re-eva-

luation of mine planning models and practices as well as on

perpetual integration of state-of-the-art tools in models and

algorithms with applicability to mine planning.

This methodology will provide a platform for determining oppor-

tunities for improvement and generating the tools that solve

ongoing and new problems.

HolistiC anD robUst MinE planning

The main research and development lines are:

• Benchmarking of commercial software as well as new models

and techniques available in the academia.

• Using mathematical optimization and simulation techniques

to approach mine planning problems.

• Implementation of algorithm and software development

towards industrial use.

• Technology transfer of the developed tools and models to

the mining and service industry.

rEsUlts

The main results in this area correspond to the development

of two mine planning software packages (Copyright owned by

the University of Chile):

• BOS2M: An open-pit scheduler that integrates accessibility

and processing constraints, providing computational support

for a Geological Metallurgical Mine Planning.

• UDESS: A mining activity scheduler, oriented towards

underground mining, that allows integration of the mine

developments planning and production simultaneously,

generating coherent mine development–production plans,

while maximazing the value of the business.

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At a conceptual level, the group has obtained different results

in the following areas:

• Computation of final pit and pit scheduling considering

operational areas

• Optimization of open-pit scheduling incorporating accessibility

constraints (ramps, operational areas).

• Optimization of open-pit scheduling integrating environ-

mental constraints, such as, re-handling and minimization

of crushing energy.

• Construction of mine plans considering market and geolo-

gical uncertainty (example: application of realistic options to

optimize fleet size and project timing).

In addition, this initiative has allowed the development of va-

rious mine planning tools at different levels (from strategic to

short- term) that has been tested and validated at several mines,

including operations of BHP Billiton, CODELCO and Anglo Ame-

rican. These tools were presented at international conferences

including MININ, APCOM, MinePlanning, and MassMin.

FUnDing

BHP Billiton

CODELCO

AMTC

03

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During mining operations several types of

minerals are extracted, some of them of

commercial value, usually the least abun-

dant, and others, relatively less valuable

or worthless. the extractive metallurgy

is the set of processes that are carried

out to selectively separate the species

of interest from those without value. in

general terms, these processes can be

subdivided into four main areas: mineral

processing, hydrometallurgical processes,

pyro-metallurgical, and electrometallur-

gical procedures and processes. Each of

these areas faces increasingly complex

challenges as a result of the decline in

declared deposits, existence of “penalized”

elements and increasingly demanding

environmental regulations.

MinEral proCEssing anD ExtraCtivE MEtallUrgy

rEsEarCH groUp

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MinEral proCEssing anD ExtraCtivE MEtallUrgy

introDUCtion

Minerals extracted in a mining operation can be characterized in

terms of their relative value as ore and gangue. Extractive mineral

processing and metallurgy correspond to a series of processes

that allow selective separation between ore and gangue. There

are four areas of R&D undertaken within the Mineral Processing

and Extractive Metallurgy Group: mineral processing, hydrome-

tallurgy, electrometallurgy and pyro-metallurgy.

Nowadays, extractive metallurgy faces lower-grade ores, more

complex ores with refractory phases and/or penalty elements,

and severe environmental regulations. All this translates into

the need for active research and development, which requires

qualified human resources and appropriate facilities to undertake

experimental R&D.

objECtivE

The Group´s objective is to contribute to the generation of

knowledge in the areas of mineral processing and extractive

metallurgy as well as to develop procedures and technologies

that would allow efficiency improvements of current processes

and/or recovery improvements of valuable elements from the

available resources.

To address the challenges associated with mineral processing and

extractive metallurgy, the Group´s expertise is complemented by

researchers from other Groups in areas as diverse as stochastic

modeling, image analysis, supercomputing and process control.

arEas oF CoMpEtEnCE

The areas of competence of the Group include:

• Geo-metallurgy

• Physical-chemistry of surfaces and interfaces

• Transport phenomena

• Electrochemistry

• Corrosion

• Flotation

• Hydrometallurgy and bio-hydrometallurgy

• Pyro-metallurgy

groUp lEaDEr

Dr. Willy Kracht

[email protected]

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• Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy

• Residues processing and handling

• Metals recycling

• Intelligent materials

• Process control

• Process modeling

• Optimization of process operation

aCHiEvEMEnts

The Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy research was

recognized as separate R&D Group within the AMTC in 2012.

Before 2012, this expertise was associated with other groups

within the Centre. During 2012, the Group had only three

participants, whose research interests covered the different

areas of extractive metallurgy and mineral processing, with

emphasis on flotation, pyro-metallurgy, and hydrometallurgy.

Among the achievements of the Group, after being formally

recognized, is the participation in two FONDECYT projects and

one applied project (R&D) funded by CORFO (Corporation to

Foster Productivity). The Group participated in teaching courses

of continuous formation and as part of the Graduate Diploma in

geo-metallurgy. The Group of Mineral Processing and Extractive

Metallurgy has also strengthen its collaboration with local and

foreign universities through participation in conferences (AMTC

researcher presented at Tokyo University) and through receiving

visitors from McGill University (Canada) and from the Northern

Catholic University (Chile). In collaboration with the latter, the

Group presented a paper at the 12th Bi-National Conference

on Metallurgy and Materials (Chile-Argentina), Conamet/SAM

2012. In addition, the Group plays an important role in the or-

ganization and editorial committees of the International Mineral

Processing Conference (PROCEMIN 2012). Other achievements

include: guidance of six undergraduate/graduate theses and

contribution to the book “Noble Metals”, edited by Dr. Yen-Hsun

Su, Intech, with the chapter entitled “Distribution of precious

metals during the reduction of pyrometallurgical processes of

complex copper materials”.

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objECtivE

With the increase in copper demand, the continuous decrease

of mineral grades and the sustained increase of energy costs

associated with extraction and comminution, the in-situ leaching

of copper minerals is becoming a more attractive technological

alternative from economical and environmental perspectives.

In-situ leaching presents, in principle, great advantages in opera-

ting costs compared to other leaching methods as, in this case,

the ore is directly treated without extraction, minimizing the cost

of mining and comminution. However, its application is to-date

limited as with its current state of development copper recoveries

with this technology are expected to be much lower than those

obtained with leaching in heaps and dumps. In addition, it is

important to consider that in this process, there is no adequate

technological approach for the confinement of leaching solutions

to fully control risk of any environmental contamination.

The aim of this project is to establish at AMTC a key area for the

development of advanced approaches for the mining industry,

in this case, based on the in-situ bioleaching of sulphide ores.

The project will establish the technical and economical basis,

together with the experimental and conceptual tools, for assessing

and optimizing the extraction of copper by application of in-situ

bioleaching technologies.

MEtHoDology

The methodology of the project considers an integrated approach

to the in-situ leaching process which incorporates the study of

aspects related to underground mining, in-situ fragmentation,

fluid dynamic aspects of air and solution flow in the ore bed and

bioleaching mechanisms, which are key for the innovation of the

process. From this perspective, the working team integrates the

collaboration of Principal Investigators from the Mine Planning

and Design Group, Dr. Raúl Castro, expert on Mining Design;

the Water and Sustainability Group, Dr. Christian Ihle, expert in

Fluid Dynamics; the Minerals Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

Group, Dr. Tomás Vargas, expert in bioleaching.


Dr. Tomás Vargas

[email protected]

in-sitU baCtErial lEaCHing oF CoppEr sUlpHiDE orEs in UnDErgroUnD Mining

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rEsUlts

The project development will focus on the following areas:

• Assessment of the economic potential of application of

in-situ bioleaching to ore bodies of different characteristics.

• Study of the in-situ fragmentation and extraction of rocks

aimed at optimizing the ore bed permeability.

• Characterization, control, and optimization of solution flow

patterns in fragmented ore bodies.

• Development of methodologies for the control of discharge

of solutions to the environment.

• Modeling and assessment of the impact of natural and forced

air convection on the process efficiency.

• Study of the mechanism of solution infiltration in the mineral

rock and its influence on copper leaching rate.

• Optimization of chemical and biological mechanisms in the

in-situ bioleaching of chalcopyrite.

FUnDing

AMTC

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objECtivE

The objective of this project is to, firstly, carry out testing of

the Continuous Converting ENAMI technology, CCE, of copper

matte to blister using packed bed reactor on an industrial-pilot

scale plant to corroborate the promising results obtained from

laboratory scale tests. Subsequently, it is proposed to optimize

operational parameters and maximize the treatment capacity

of the pilot-industrial plant, which will provide the basis for an

industrial-scale application. In the final stage, the process and

the technology will be commercialized, generating a progressive

replacement of the current, operationally complex, high-pollution

and high-cost technologies, such as, batch type denominated

CPS, Peirce Smith Converter.

MEtHoDology

The development of the industrial scale pilot version of the

technology will involve ENAMI and the AMTC at the University

of Chile through its Extractive Metallurgy Group, which will

develop engineering requirements for the new plant as well

as implement the technology towards the industrial pilot tests.

Moreover, the company Buildtek SA, which participated in the

design and construction of the previous plant, will also participate

in this development.

In general, the project consists of five major areas of R&D:

• Requirements Analysis and e-Engineering Design

• Industrial Data Collection

• Development of laboratory scale tests, under two MSc theses:

“Oxidation Kinetics of Continuous Converting of Copper Matte

and Distribution of Impurities in Packed Bed Reactor”, and

“Thermo-Fluid-Dynamics Modeling, TCFD, of the ENAMI´s

Continuous Converting Process, CCE, of Copper Matte in

Packed Bed Reactor”

• Development of the process control system

• Engineering development and pilot-industrial scale test

nEw ContinUoUs ConvErting EnaMi proCEss, CCE, oF CoppEr MattE to blistEr


Dr. Leandro Voisin

[email protected]


Daniel Smith, EMAMI

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rEsUlts

To-date, the Requirements Analysis, the Engineering Design

and the Industrial Data Collection have been completed. The

outcomes from one of the two theses were diffused in four

scientific publications concluding the following:

• CCE Technology under its worst investigative scenario

presented a treatment capacity four times higher than that

obtained from a conventional CPS reactor.

• From an environmental standpoint, the simplicity of the new

design facilitates the uptake of the exhaust gases, avoiding the

generation of large fugitive volumes and allowing the control

of SO2 in a continuous manner under stable concentration,

improving the efficiency of the acid plant.

• The results were satisfactory in terms of both the quality of

the obtained Blister and the environmental implications with

regard to the removal of impurities of As, Sb, Pb and Zn.

• CEE technology has lower capital cost than the existing

technologies.

This places the CCE technology as economically viable and novel

alternative for the continuous production of Blister copper for

the industry.

FUnDing

FONDEF

ENAMI

partnErs


ENAMI

Buildtek Industrial Technologies S.A.

- 62 -


objECtivE

To develop a process for the recovery of phosphorous from

several phosphate ore tailing of Vale S.A. in Brazil, based on the

application of bioleaching with autotrophic microorganisms. This

type of microorganisms is convenient to use in mining environ-

ments as they can use CO2 or carbonates in the rock as a source

of carbon for their growth, which renders the addition of organic

substrates unnecessary. In addition, bioleaching processes with

these microorganisms can be implemented using bioleaching

in heaps, which is a technology of low cost and easy operation,

with possibilities of economic exploitation of low grade mineral

resources. This project opens a great potential for AMTC to

contribute to the expansion of the application of bioleaching

into the field of non-metallic.

MEtHoDology

The project will investigate the behaviour of mesophylls, mode-

rate and extreme thermophiles microorganisms with the aim of

optimizing their sulfo-oxidant catalytic activity in leaching solutions

obtained from the treatment of phosphate mineral tailings. For

this purpose, different molecular techniques – such as PCR,

tRFLP, Dapi and CAR FISH – will be combined to characterize

and monitor the growth and type of oxidative activity of several

microorganisms at different temperatures. Kinetic aspects of the

leaching of different phosphate ore tailings will be determined

from monitoring of ions in solution, while morphological, mi-

neralogical and crystallographic aspects involved in the mineral

decomposition will be characterized using techniques such as

mineralogical analysis, XRD, Rietveld, Raman, SEM-EDAX and TEM.


Dr. Tomás Vargas

[email protected]

rECovEry oF pHospHoroUs FroM pHospHatE orE tailings Using biolEaCHing

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rEsUlts

The results of this project will help to define the microorganisms,

operating temperature and physico-chemical solution conditions,

which will enable to optimize the oxidative activity of the mi-

croorganisms and the leaching ability of the different phosphate

mineral tailings. Accordingly, it will be possible to define the

necessary steps of the process and their respective conditions

to optimize the recovery and leaching rate of phosphorous from

the various mineral sources considered.

FUnDing

Vale S.A.

partnEr

Vale S.A.

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DEvElopMEnt oF instrUMEntation to CHaraCtErizE gas DispErsion in Flotation

objECtivE

The objective of this research line is to develop new instrumenta-

tion for measuring and characterizing gas dispersion in flotation.

One of the specific objectives is developing a continuous sensor

for determining bubble size distribution in flotation cells, which

would allow this variable to be considered as a process variable,

improving the control of flotation processes available nowadays.

MEtHoDology

The developments are based on using acoustic measurements

as a tool for characterizing heterogeneous processes such as

flotation. Currently, the measurement and/or estimation of bu-


Dr. Willy Kracht

[email protected]

bble size distribution in flotation are undertaken using empirical

models and/or image-analysis methods.

The image-analysis methods are discontinuous and labour

intensive, which makes measuring of bubble size usable only

for diagnosis purposes and is not applicable towards process

evaluation on a continuous basis.

The principle of operation of the continuous sensor for measu-

ring bubble size in this research line is based on the study of

the characteristic frequency that bubbles emit when they are

excited by an ultrasound source. The signal recorded is analysed

in order to yield bubble size distribution. The measurements and

analysis can be done continuously.

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rEsUlts

The sensor for measuring bubble size distribution is in a proto-

type stage of development. Experiments have shown very good

results when compared to image analysis. The prototype will be

tested under industrial conditions in the near future. Currently,

Intellectual Property Rights are being assessed. Subsequently, the

technology will be commercialized and transferred to the industry.

FUnDing

AMTC

Innova Chile-CORFO

IAL Ltda.

partnErs

Sociedad de Inversiones y Servicios IAL Ltda.

04

rEsEarCH groUp

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the use of digital processing tools in data

and images, the development of new

methods and technologies for pattern

recognition in mining related problems

and the suitable employment of auto-

mation technologies in mining industry,

allow important production increases,

cost reductions, increases in operation

continuity and improvements in safety

and health labor. they make possible the

recognition of patterns, objects, defaults,

persons, failures and measurements of

quality, among other tasks. However, the

positive effects on the production rise and

cost reduction of the automation in mining

will be of low impact if the necessary

energy resources are not available. Energy

demand in mining and metal processes

continuously increases forcing mining

companies to have powerful and efficient

electrical networks in order to improve

the stages of their processes.

Mining aUtoMation

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objECtivE

The proper use of automation technologies, instrumentation

and decision making in the mining industry allows obtaining

increased productivity, lower costs, increased business continuity,

more efficient use of energy, reduction in pollution associated

with mining, and improvement of work health and safety. In this

context, the main objective of this Group is to transfer research

and development results that have been carried out in recent

years in the fields of automation, robotics, semiconductor and

sensor technologies, pattern recognition, image processing and

sensor networks and data to the mining productive sector as well

as to assist in developing the next generation of mining systems

through the design and construction of environmentally friendly

equipment and intelligent systems.

The Group covers the areas of tele-operation and automation

of vehicles and mobile mining equipment, fault detection and

predictive maintenance of equipment, the development of

technologies for 3D mapping and modeling of tunnels, blocks

and mining environments and the development of collaborative

systems in which autonomous machines, tele-operated machines

and human operators interact efficiently and safely.

The Group also develops advanced techniques of pattern

recognition and image analysis that allow addressing relevant

problems associated with mining, such as, identification of peo-

ple and objects, fault defection, quality control and automated

monitoring, recognition of rock types through 2D and 3D images

and determination of particle size, among others.

aUtoMation in Mining

groUp lEaDEr

Dr. Manuel Duarte

[email protected]

Finally, the Group develops and transfers the technology for

the energy generation based on clean and renewable energy.

Efforts are being made to improve the energy efficiency of the

different stages of the mining process using advanced control

techniques and computational intelligence.

The research team comprises eleven scientists and fifteen PhD

students. Its main resources comprise laboratories of robotics,

automation, control systems, computer vision, image proces-

sing, computational intelligence and mechatronics, equipped

with latest generation of sensors and systems and with mobile

robots of various kinds.

arEa oF CoMpEtEnCE

Some of the Group competence areas include conducting applied

research, technology transfer and formation of world class pro-

fessionals in the use of automation and robotics technologies

in mining. Its main areas of expertise are:

• Automation, tele-operation and robotizing of mobile mining

equipment and vehicles. It includes the construction of

mobile robot control libraries and general purpose vehicles,

the development of mobile vehicle simulators, the robotic

of commercial vehicles and, finally, the tele-operation and

automation of mobile mining equipment.

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• UAV Development (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology

for mining applications, such as, exploration of geo-resources

(minerals, water) magnetic and topographic inspection, 3D

modeling of embankments and environmental measurements,

especially in land with complex topography, such as, inside

underground mines and blocks.

• Application of technologies for sensing, data acquisition and

decision making in real time in underground and open pit

mines in order to increase security levels, improve operating

and mine planning processes, track people, equipment and

materials, and to validate physical models that result in better

mining designs.

• Development of technologies to ensure productivity under

optimal occupational health and safety conditions to avoid loss

of continuity in mining operation produced by occupational

accidents or human failures in decision-making operator tasks.

• Design and implementation of efficient methods for pattern

recognition applied to relevant problems in mining, such as,

recognition of rock types (lithologies), particle size determi-

nation, granulometry determination, detection of defects

in machinery, tools or products, non-contact measurement

of parts and materials, counting of people and vehicles,

monitoring for prevention of workers-machine interaction

accidents, protection of plant restricted access areas, and

access control using facial biometric or iris identification.

• Development of methods and techniques for the efficient

use of energy in mining processes. Among the problems

addressed is the development of magnetic induction heating

systems and the energy recovery from mineral slurry lines,

in addition to the optimization of electrical mining system.

• Design and implementation of fault detection schemes and

prediction of critical conditions in mining machinery in order

to facilitate monitoring and reduction of maintenance costs

through the implementation of predictive strategies and to

ensure operational continuity in the process.

appliCation

The application areas are diverse:

• Automation of vehicles and mobile mining machinery.

• Development of driver assistance systems.

• Application of UAV technology to exploration, inspection 3D

modeling tasks.

• Development of real time sensing and decision making

systems for underground and open pit mines.

• Systems for the determination of lithological composition to

improve operating processes.

• Estimation of mineral particle size and bubble size in flo-

tation cells.

• Detection of defects in machinery (fault detection) or pro-

ducts (quality control).

• Accident prevention by monitoring interaction between

machines and workers.

• Personnel security systems using biometric identification

and people counting.

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• Heating systems for fluids in bioleaching processes and

electro-winning in mining

• Energy recovery systems from pipelines that transport ore pulp

• Optimization of power systems in mining, under disturbances

and generated harmonics.

aCHiEvEMEnts

The establishment of a world class research team, which has

established itself as the most important in Latin America in the

field of automation and robotics in mining. Its researchers have

published more than 100 research papers in the highly respected

worldwide journals in the field of automation, robotics and pattern

recognition. The Group has received three international awards

for innovation, applied for patents in Chile and USA, registered

software licenses and developed R&D projects in automation

and robotic fields in Germany, Chile, Colombia and Singapore.

Moreover, the group has established cooperative agreements

or memoranda of understanding with important national and

international institutions to develop R&D initiatives in the areas

of robotics and automation. In the field of advanced human

capital development, the Group researchers have trained 15

PhDs in engineering, 25 Masters´ in engineering and over 120

civil engineers.

In the field of technological development, the Group has the

following achievements:

• Automation of a real size vehicle (Volkswagen Tiguan), with

instrumentation and tele-operation is completed. Next step

is the autonomous driving in open pit mine environments

(2014).

• Implementation and experimental validation of multi-rotor

aerial platforms and of a UAV platform designed and built

in Chile.

• Design and construction of a induction heating equipment

at semi-industrial (500 kW) level, tested on the ground at

Los Bronzes mine (property of Anglo American Chile). Pa-

tent applications associated with this equipment have been

presented in Chile (No. 01053) and internationally (PCT/

CL2011/000058).

• Development of systems for sensing and decision making for

mining of small and medium size, which have been validated

in mining operations in Chile and Colombia.

• Development of software for moving face recognition in real

time (FACEREC) and for people counting and detection of

moving objects (BEHAV), which have been registered in

Chile and for which application have been made for patents

in the U.S. and in Chile.

• Development of a prototype for moisture measurement in

bio lixiviation using mobile thermal cameras.

• Development of monitoring and prediction of state-of-health

and state-of-charge of lithium-ion batteries.

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tElE-opEration anD aUtoMation oF Mining vEHiClEs anD MaCHinEriEs


Dr. Javier Ruiz del Solar

[email protected]

objECtivE

The objective of this initiative is to develop technologies related

to the automation and tele-operation of mining vehicles and

machinery. The proper use of these technologies allows for the

increase in production, the lowering of costs, the improvements

in the operational continuity, and the enhancements in safety

and occupational health. This initiative is vital because automa-

tion and tele-operation allow operators to avoid exposures to

hazardous tasks and harsh environments (such as heat, dust,

contaminants, snow, and others).

There have been a number of advances in achieving this objec-

tive through the automation of a real-size ground vehicle, the

tele-operation of a Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) scaled model, and

the transfer of knowledge to CODELCO for supporting projects

currently in execution in the corporation. Furthermore, at the

end of 2013, the execution of a project to automate the LHD

loading process will commence.

MEtHoDology

In the short and medium term, the aim is to gather knowledge

in the automation and tele-operation of vehicles, which will be

transferred to the mining industry and its suppliers through the

execution of joint projects and the gradual insertion of highly

specialized personnel.

The first challenge addressed by the group is the development

of an autonomous commercial vehicle (Volkswagen Tiguan).

The vehicle automation has been developed in several stages.

These include system integration for its instrumentation, measu-

rement, actuation, decision making, computational intelligence,

and tele-operation. The ultimate aim is to provide the vehicle

with the ability to navigate autonomously in an open pit mine

environment. The methodology development steps require an

increasing level of autonomy for the vehicle, commencing with

tele-operation, followed by autonomous obstacle avoidance,

autonomous navigation in simple outdoor environments and,

finally, autonomous navigation in open pit mine environments.

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Currently, the vehicle tele-operation is fully functional, allowing

for remote control. Additionally, the vehicle is able to build

three-dimensional maps of the environment and detect dirt

roads and obstacles autonomously. These capabilities have

been tested in real outdoor environments (the Laguna Carén

site of Universidad de Chile). The validation of the autonomous

obstacle avoidance and track following modules are currently

being performed.

A second challenge has been the construction of a scaled te-

le-operated LHD (1:5 scale). This platform is being used in the

development of more intuitive and immersive operation-interfaces

for vehicle control in mining environments. The technologies

being developed include haptic interfaces (with feedback from

the physical interaction with the environment), augmented reality

(to allow measurements to be superimposed on a real world

visualization) and brain-computer interfaces (for a more intuitive

operation, requiring less training in real operations).

The third challenge is the development of an autonomous LHD

loading system for operating with material of varying granularity,

which are found at the extraction points of the block caving mining

operations. The system will be able to continuously estimate

the interaction between the LHD (mainly its bucket) and the

material, adaptively controlling the optimums trajectory of the

bucket to maximize the load. Consequently, the operation risk

is minimized and the machine wear is lowered. To achieve this,

the system will use online information of the vehicle state (for

example, hydraulic pressure) and of the material to be loaded

(for instance, its granularity). The resulting system will be validated

first on a scaled LHD and, subsequently, on a full-scale LHD.

rEsUlts

Since 2011, the automation of a commercial vehicle (Volkswa-

gen Tiguan) has been on-going and its instrumentation and

tele-operation has been completed. The equipment has been

tele-operated in real outdoor environments and controlled over

a range of several hundred meters. In addition, the vehicle is

capable of generating three-dimensional representations of

the environment and detecting obstacles and the current track.

These capabilities and the ability to follow tracks in outdoor

environments will be validated at the end of 2013. Additionally,

the development of this project has allowed 3 PhD students and

4 MsC students to complete their theses in this area.

Since the end of 2012, there has been joint collaboration with

CODELCO, supporting some of their initiatives in automation and

tele-operation of equipment. A survey of existing technologies

for semi-autonomous LHD and their projections in the short-

and medium- term has been conducted. Based on the results

of this project, a proposal for a technology standard is being

generated. This will define the requirements that LHDs should

meet for new underground mining structural projects of CODEL-

CO. Furthermore, a project to support the Autonomous Mining

in Open-Pit Mines initiative is also commencing. This initiative

aims to generate an autonomous/tele-operated production unit

consisting of 3 heavy machineries for operating in low visibility

conditions. This work intends to support CODELCO in all the

technological evaluations as well as the definition of test trials,

standards and future requirements.

Finally, the Group is completing the design of a Graduate Di-

ploma Program aimed at training highly qualified personnel in

the field of vehicle tele-operation and automation. This diploma

will be offered in 2014.

FUnDing

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CODELCO

partnErCODELCO

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sEnsing, MoDEling anD DECision Making systEMs For Mining


Dr. Paul Vallejos

[email protected]

objECtivE

The goal of this initiative is to develop and implement sensing,

data acquisition, modeling and real-time decision-making rela-

ted technologies for the mining industry. The objective behind

these systems is to provide more and better information to the

decision making process (carried out by humans or autonomous

systems). Consequently, the safety can be enhanced, the process

efficiencies can be improved and the entire operation of the

mine and of the processing plant optimized.

MEtHoDology

The implementation of sensing, data acquisition, modeling and

real-time decision-making system starts with the study of the

relevant variables. They are analyzed to determine their effect

on decision-making process, which allows for their prioritization.

A survey is then conducted to acquire the available sensing

technologies for each relevant variable, resulting in a selection

of existing technologies and their suppliers. Consequently, the

problem, along with the relationships between the measured

variables and the expected results of the decision-making

system, are modeled.

Subsequently, sensor networks are deployed using the selected

technologies. The data acquired with these systems are used to

feed the previously designed models. Finally, a decision-making

system is implemented.

rEsUlts

In this initiative, consulting projects on sensing systems have

been conducted. Furthermore, there have been implementation

projects on sensing, data acquisition as well as people and ob-

jects monitoring and tracking. Specifically, the following projects

have been developed:

• Survey of people and mining machinery detection techno-

logies for El Teniente division of CODELCO.

• Implementation of a data acquisition system to log the con-

ductivity in flotation cells. Validated in the processing plant

of Candelaria mine.

• Remote monitoring system through GSM networks for Entel PCS.

• Wireless data network with IP telephone, people and ob-

jects tracking using 2.4Ghz tags and IP video for the MUZO

underground mine in Colombia.

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Additionally, the research and development team is currently

participating in the following projects and in the preparation of

proposals towards:

• Automation of a continuous mining physical model for

CODELCO.

• RFID based tracking system of drill holes´ cores as a joint

project with Entel.

• Consulting in the selection of a proximity detection system

for the Andina division of CODELCO.

• Leaching pad irrigation monitoring system using thermal images,

as a joint project with the Anglo American El Soldado mine.

FUnDing

AMTC

CODELCO

Candelaria mining

El Soldado mine

Muzo mining

partnErs

CODELCO

Entel

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UnMannED aErial platForMs For Mining


Ing. Rodrigo Asenjo

[email protected]

objECtivEs

This initiative aims to design, build, operate and equip unman-

ned aerial vehicles (UAV) with a variety of sensors. Small and

highly maneuverable platforms, such as multi-copters, have

been developed with the objectives of performing photometry,

study of slope stability, mapping, and inspection of tunnels,

and gather measurements in hard-to-reach areas, such as,

maintenance warehouses. R&D with unmanned airplanes has

been conducted by undertaking measurements of atmospheric

variables of interest to mining and a variety of other industries.

These measurements include concentration of air pollutants

(gases and particles), weather conditions, magnetic fields, water

resources and surface geology.

MEtHoDology

AMTC researchers have advanced expertise in sensing, signal

processing, computer vision, computational intelligence, and

real time decision-making. This has allowed the development

of UAVs with a high percentage of in-house manufacturing, data

acquisition and a high degree of autonomy in the processing of

sensor information. This research is multidisciplinary and involves

collaboration with other research groups that include hydraulic

engineers, geophysicists and geologists.

Multi-copters are flying machines with similar flying characteristics

to a helicopter but with more than one rotor. These platforms

are very stable, maneuverable and easy to control. Their rapid

deployment and high payload capacity, which allows the moun-

ting of different sensors, makes them useful for aerial inspection

tasks, three-dimensional modeling of cavities, inspection of

large mining machines, slope stability studies, topological and

environmental geo-referenced measurements, tunnel coating

material wear evaluation and difficult-to-access structures´ ins-

pection. The platforms are operated by radio control and are

capable of autonomous missions by following GPS waypoints.

Currently, under developement is a navigation system that allows

a multi-copter to fly autonomously within tunnels to perform

mapping and inspection tasks.

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The flight range of a multi-copter varies between 10 and 25

minutes, which is not always sufficient to perform specified tasks.

Therefore, unmanned airplanes with endurance exceeding one

hour have also been used to measure temperature, pressure

and humidity for generating atmospheric models and highly

accurate predictions of weather patterns.

rEsUlts

Thanks to this initiative, the following skills and competencies

have been developed:

• Advising on the evaluation and selection of UAV technologies.

• Design and implementation of UAV control systems (com-

mercial platforms or AMTC platforms).

• UAV sensing platforms (commercial and private).

• Inspection and measurement with high maneuverability in

reduced space.

• Three-dimensional modeling of objects and cavities.

Currently, AMTC has two multi-copters with payload capacities of

500g and 800g and with flight autonomy of up to 15 minutes.

Test flights at altitudes greater than 3000m have been successfully

conducted. In the course of 2013, these platforms are being

used in the inspection and gathering of data from monitoring

stations installed in glaciers and in the measurement of slope

stability using images and range sensors.

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saFEty Monitoring systEM For workErs in Mining witH aUtoMatiC lEarning


Dr. Claudio Pérez

[email protected]

objECtivE

The safety of workers in mining operations is particularly im-

portant because of the many hazards that can result in loss of

life, partial disability or temporal inactivity. A safeguard measure

to improve worker´s safety and significantly reduce the costs

associated with accidents is the use of intelligent monitoring

using video cameras and image analysis software.

The objective of this research project is to develop a monitoring

system for the operation within the mining plant to avoid dan-

gerous interaction between vehicles and workers, thus reducing

the risks of accidents, through preventive alarm generation based

on video analysis and active machine learning models.

MEtHoDology

The proposed system can monitor specific areas of a mining

plant using video cameras and image analysis software. This

software is able to recognize objects (e.g., vehicles, equipment)

and individuals and detect their presence in specific areas of

the mining plant. The system will generate alarms when the

vehicles or people enter prohibited areas or interact in an un-

desirable manner. More specifically, this research project aims

to automate the creation of a database with images to train and

test the system, automate the parameter selection for the object

classifier, develop an interface to mark forbidden zones and

alarm scheduling, semi-automatic calibration of the geometric

parameters of the scene to estimate object sizes, information

integration from multiple cameras and the development of an

interface for the alarm information delivery.

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rEsUlts

We are developing a multiclass classifier to detect people and

vehicles in real time with high precision. Tools are also being

developed for semi-automatic selection of examples from video to

allow training of the multiclass classifier. In addition, a method to

select the training samples is being developed, reducing training

time while maintaining high classification rates. The proposed

system has a large potential to be introduced in copper mining

or other mining plants, in Chile or abroad. The system could be

adapted to monitor mining tunnels or to other scenarios, thereby

expanding the potential application market.

FUnDing

InnovaChile-Corfo

AMTC

FONDECYT

partnErs

Micomo

NEC Chile

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3D MoDEling anD Mapping oF MinEs


Dr. Martin Adams

[email protected]

objECtivEs

The reliable interpretation of sensor data in dusty, rugged terrains,

such as open pit and underground mines, is critical for 3D rock

surface profile estimation, volume estimation and 3D mapping

in general. The objectives of this research are to address the

tele-operation of a vehicle carrying an array of sensors, inclu-

ding laser range finders, cameras and a scanning Millimeter

Wave (MMW) radar. All of these devices offer unique sensing

advantages and disadvantages and require careful processing

to extract useful environmental information and simultaneously

disregard clutter (returns from objects of non-interest) and noise.

The processing of such data, and its algorithmic combination

with vehicle motion estimates, is at the core of correctly mo-

deling surface profiles and the mapping of mines, which are of

direct relevance to improving the safety and efficiency of mine

automation. The ultimate objective is to integrate this research

into an autonomous robotic navigation framework in complex

mining environments.

MEtHoDology

In the past decade, new technologies from the multi-source,

multi-target research field have provided methods, which allow

sensor data to be processed such that both the number and

location of objects of interest can be estimated in a statistically

joint manner. This project is developing these techniques to

extract terrain surface profile and mine mapping information

from noisy sensor data, while taking into account probabilities

of detection, false alarms and range/bearing uncertainty. The

motion characteristics of an all-terrain vehicle, together with the

noise characteristics of the radar, laser and vision based sensors,

would be modeled in open pit and underground mines. Data

fusion for various vehicle positions would then be carried out,

using the above framework, for consistent surface profile and

mine map estimation.

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rEsUlts

An all-terrain vehicle, the Husky A200 robotic platform, has

been equipped with a scanning Millimetre Wave (MMW) radar,

a scanning laser range finder and a camera system.

By use of examples showing state of the art feature detectors with

these sensors, common sensing and detection errors have been

highlighted, motivating the need for a re-evaluation of stochastic,

feature-based robotic navigation and mapping concepts, which

jointly consider sensing and detection errors.

This project is in its initial phase and future experiments will

take place with the robotic system in underground and open pit

mines. These experiments will explore the potential for reliable

mapping with the sensor data provided by the system.

FUnDing

AMTC

FONDECYT

Clearpath Robotics

partnEr

Clearpath Robotics

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roCk litHology rECognition Using Digital iMagE analysis


Dr. Claudio Pérez

[email protected]

objECtivE

Develop a system to classify lithological composition of rocks in

real time using digital image processing techniques and com-

putational intelligence methods. Features are extracted from

digital images of rocks and are used to classify them in different

lithological classes. Using a laser beam, depth information will be

obtained and shape features will be extracted. The information

about rock type could be used to optimize the grinding process

by reducing the energy required. The system could also be used

to divert low grade material outside the grinding process.

MEtHoDology

The research will be performed using available databases with

images from different lithological classes and a new database

will be created with rocks from a mining plant. New algorithms

will be developed for feature extraction, selection and classifi-

cation to recognize rocks´ lithology in real time. Computational

intelligence techniques will be employed to improve the pattern

recognition methodology. Images from laser triangulation will

be used to extract 3D information from the rocks. From the

images, several features will be extracted including geometric,

color, texture and 3D features. These features will be used as

inputs to a classifier to determine the lithological class. The

method incorporates strategies based on information theory

for learning and evolutionary algorithms to improve the feature

selection that provide information to separate different litholo-

gical classes. Additionally, a classifier module is being designed

to integrate models based on neural networks, support vector

machines (SVM ), Adaboost, fuzzy classifiers, decision trees or

their combinations. For determining depth information, a range

sensor will be employed. Information obtained from the range

sensor will be fused with the information from the digital images

to improve classification rates.

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rEsUlts

Tests have been conducted with a database of rocks from a

Canadian nickel mine using our new methodological innova-

tions and we have compared our results with those previously

published on the same database. Significant improvements on

the classification rates have been reached. Results have also

been obtained with a database from a copper mine database.

In the coming months, we will acquire a new database using

laser triangulation to extract 3D features from the rocks.

FUnDing

AMTC

FONDECYT

FONDEF

partnErs

Micomo

NEC Chile

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objECtivE

The development of fault diagnosis and failure prognosis sche-

mes for mining equipment has become topic of paramount

importance due to increase in economic impact associated with

system reliability and cost effective operation of critical assets.

These schemes aim to characterize the evolution of incipient fault

conditions and to estimate (in real-time) the remaining useful

life (RUL) of equipment to facilitate their supervision, reduce

maintenance costs through predictive strategy implementation,

and ensure process continuity, based on sources of uncertainty

associated with the use or the operation of the equipment. The

special interest areas associated with wear and corrosion in

conveyor belt, crushers, SAG mills, electric motors, gearboxes,

bearings and mobile mining equipment (trucks, LHDs, impact

hammers).

proCEss sUpErvision anD prEDiCtivE MaintEnanCE


Dr. Marcos Orchard

[email protected]

MEtHoDology

The first stage of this initiative focuses on the development of

data pre-processing tools to generate condition indicators for

mining equipment and to develop sensor fusion modules; the

latter enabling the establishment of the condition indicators

(CI) for the mining equipment. The indicators are essential for

the implementation of virtual sensors for machinery monitoring

and the creation of predictive models (during a second stage),

which would provide basis to establish structures to characterize

the uncertainty/risk of the system. The third stage will focus on

the integration of the indicators, risk models, probabilistic cha-

racterization of future usage profiles, and prognostic algorithms

based on sequential Monte Carlo methods to provide tangible

means to estimate the probability of failure of critical equipment

as a function of time. As a result, it will not only be possible

to estimate the remaining useful life and quantify mechanical

mining equipment availability in real time but also to optimize

preventive maintenance plans transforming them into full-pre-

dictive maintenance approaches.

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rEsUlts

The characterization of the set of critical parameters that affect

the performance and life cycle of energy storage devices (ESD),

particularly lithium-ion batteries, is an issue that has special re-

levance today. This is motivated primarily by the impact these

parameters have on the design of optimization strategies for

renewable energy resources as well as the recently experienced

development of technological goods and electric vehicles in

the industry. Thus, in a joint effort with the Lithium Innovation

Center at the University of Chile, we have successfully developed

monitoring and prognostic modules for the state-of-health and

state-of-charge of lithium-ion batteries. The first of these two

parameters directly affects the number of charge/discharge cycles

available before degradation and subsequent decision on battery

replacement/recycling. The second parameter, the state-of-charge,

determines the autonomy level of the system being energized

by the ESD, providing a measure of the remnant energy in the

system. The module allows estimation of the current state of

the parameters and prediction of their degradation based on a

characterization of future use profiles.

FUnDing

FONDECYT

Centro de Innovación del Litio

partnErs

Centro de Innovación del Litio

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inDUCtivE HEating solUtions For Mining


Dr. Manuel Duarte

[email protected]

objECtivE

The objective of this project is to design and build more efficient

heating systems using magnetic induction solutions with applica-

tions in bioleaching processes and electro-winning at height. The

main advantages of the proposed heating system, compared to

others, are: the lack of combustion and hot spots, higher power

density, reduced maintenance, high controllability (effective

control system), higher efficiency (independent of height) and

no requirement for ponds for passing heating system.

In the long term, we plan to guide research and development in

the design and manufacturing of induction heating equipment for

other applications, including: replacement of boilers and water

heaters in the industrial, commercial and residential sector as

well as development of efficient heating and hot water systems

in buildings and housing.

MEtHoDology

The methodology used in the development of the project is

embedded in the design of a medium frequency source that

generates a magnetic field, a magnetic susceptor cellular to enable

heat transfer, the fluid in which the source is immersed, the caloric

energy coming from the magnetic field and an adaptive control

system, with robust temperature control for the entire system.

During the project development phase, we studied in depth

the main aspects of the proposed solution, including: power

electronics, hydrometallurgy and bioleaching, thermal transfer,

automatic control, electromagnetic compatibility, biological im-

pacts and technical and economic requirements.

To evaluate the proposed solution, inductive system models

have been developed and their dynamic behavior was simulated.

Subsequently, we constructed a 30 kW laboratory scale prototy-

pe of the system, which allowed us to validate the simulations

and obtain significant practical conclusions. In the next step, we

proceeded to design and build a prototype at a semi-industrial

scale of 500 kW, which was evaluated and operated at the plant

Los Bronces of Anglo American Chile, with satisfactory results.

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rEsUlts

The main results obtained during the project are:

• The design and construction of a susceptor to transfer heat.

• Design and construction of an inductive heating equipment

in the laboratory (30 kW), and second inductive heating

equipment at a semi-industrial level (500 kW), which was

tested at the Los Bronces plant of Anglo American Chile,

with efficiencies between 95% and 97%.

• Patent application in Chile No. 01053, “Inductive Heating

System Solutions Bioleaching Plants and Electro-Winning in

Height”, September 30, 2010.

It is also important to mention the start of international patenting

process for the inductive heating equipment during 2011.

We expect, to receive the necessary resources towards long-

term testing team of the 500 kW equipment in order to verify

the benefits of the increased temperature on the bioleaching

process through the field trials.

FUnDing

AMTC

FONDEF

partnErs

Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María

IDT

Anglo American Chile

05

- 88 -


Due to the nature of its activities, mining

has both direct and indirect impact on the

environment with the greatest potential to

change the natural and cultural environ-

ment, causing environmental and social

changes. that is why it is imperative to

develop basic knowledge and technologies

that would enable the prevention and/or

mitigation on the impacts of mining acti-

vities on air and water quality, on ecosys-

tems that depend on these elements for

survival as well as on the communities that

coexist with mining, during its operation

and after closure.

watEr anD EnvironMEntal sUstainability

rEsEarCH groUp

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introDUCtion

Mining is one of the industries with high potential for modifi-

cation of the natural and cultural environments. Environmental

sustainability in mining requires state-of-the art knowledge of

risk factors affecting the mine site and operations as well as

its surrounding area. These risk factors include variability and

uncertainty of water sources, extreme events, such as flooding,

debris flows and snow avalanches that may result in material

and personal losses, alteration of biological equilibrium in fragile

ecosystems; and problems of engineering design with environ-

mental consequences, such as, energy and water efficiency

drops or noxious substance spills.

objECtivEs

The Group’s mission encompasses development of basic knowle-

dge and technology for prediction and mitigation of possible

impacts of mining activities, including operation and closure, on

water and air quality, ecosystems and human communities. The

general objective of the Group is to develop predictive models of

the behavior of diverse man-made and natural systems, which

determine the degree of environmental sustainability of the

mining industry. These systems may comprise of hydrological

systems as well as biological and physicochemical mechanisms

that govern the dynamic of aquatic ecosystems. We are also

concerned with developing optimal engineering design and

operational methodologies for improving energy and water use

in mining processes.

watEr anD EnvironMEntal sUstainability

rEsEarCH linEs

The research lines of this initiative include:

• Hydrometeorological risk assessment and management:

includes generic and applied research for risk quantification

at mining sites due to hydrometeorological events at various

scales (storms, droughts, climate change). Likewise, we seek

to develop and transfer management tools through forecasting

and alert models, combined with decision support systems

under uncertainty. Currently, we are undertaking research

on specific problems, such as seasonal forecasting of water

availability in mountainous regions and debris flow forecasting.

• Sustainability and environmental impacts: this line of re-

search aims to carry out generic and applied research on

control and mitigation of pollutant emissions from mining

operations to the atmosphere and aquatic systems. It see-

ks to characterize the hydrological, physical and chemical

mechanisms governing the vulnerability and resilience of

ecosystems facing perturbations typically associated with

the mining industry. Knowledge of these mechanisms not

only would decrease the probability of undesired effects of

mining projects but may also be applied towards ecosystem

restoration, especially, in arid-climate aquatic systems, such

as, shallow lagoons and wetlands.

• Water efficiency and industrial waters: this line of research is

oriented toward research and development of methodologies

for optimal hydraulic transport of mixtures, such as tailings

and pulps, with the ultimate objective of increasing water

and energy efficiency of these operations.

appliCation

The Water and Environmental Sustainability Group currently

carries out basic and applied research in all its areas of interest.

Among them, the following may be highlighted:

• Aquatic biota and water quality in the salt flats of Atacama

(SQM, 2013). Environmental inventory and monitoring, focu-

sing on physical, chemical and biological variables within the

Soncor, Puilar, Peine and Aguas de Quelana lagoon systems

groUp lEaDEr

Dr. James McPhee

[email protected]

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are being conducted. Yearly reports from data collection,

processing, and analysis are required for the environmental

assessment of SQM operations within the Atacama Salar.

• Integral study on water availability and water-related risk

(CODELCO-El Teniente 2011-2013). This study seeks to

develop forecasting tools for water resource availability at

different time scales; from seasonal snowmelt to long-term

projections under climate change to hourly debris flow fo-

recasts during storms. An added value of this project is its

research framework with 100% industry funding.

aCHiEvEMEnts

Among the Group´s achievements are:

• FONDEQUIP-Midsize Equipment (2012)

“Tomographer with electric capacitance and resistivity-based

solid-liquid mixture flow measurement system”, led by Dr.

Christian Ihle. This initiative allows detailed flow measure-

ments of liquid-gas and liquid-solid mixtures. It is designed

for non-invasive determination of specific properties, such

as, solid concentration and individual phase velocity fields.

The non-invasive nature of the equipment enables undis-

turbed examination of mechanical properties of fluids, such

as, tailings and other mining industry mixtures in order to

characterize realistic phase separation mechanisms. Additio-

nally, this equipment is able to obtain relevant properties of

gravitational flow of gas-surrounded granular media, which

has application in avalanche characterization research.

• FONDECYT 1112184 (2012-2015) .

“Characterizing storage and its impact on hydrologic modeling

in high elevation basins on the Andes Cordillera between

30ºS and 36ºS”. Principal Investigator: James McPhee

• FONDECYT 1130910 (2013-2015).

“Bedforms in non-Newtonian fluid flows”. Principal Investi-

gator: Aldo Tamburrino.

• FONDECYT-INICIACION 11110201 (2012-2014)

“Experimental and numerical study on two-phase flow and

segregation in mild sloping conducts”. Principal Investigator:

Christian Ihle.

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objECtivE

The main goal of this initiative is to support sustainable mining

activities during the operation phase, particularly trough the

reduction of impacts on environments and human populations.

The way to achieve this goal is the innovation in environmental

technologies and procedures in the mining activities at a na-

tional level.

The specific goals of this initiative are to implement state-of-

the-art environmental monitoring systems, according to each

mining project:

• Develop models of environmental restoration

• Investigate mitigation strategies and pollution remediation

techniques in matrices that impact on human population.

• Generate environmental quality indicators in sites of high

ecological value at local and country level.

MEtHoDology

This proposal consists of a multidisciplinary work, led by the Wa-

ter and Environmental Sustainability Group of the AMTC, which

focuses its capabilities on environmental chemistry, hydrodinamic,

fluid mechanics, natural and industrial hazards and ecology.

Thus, the approach consists of addressing each problem from

different tecnological and scientific perspectives. Additionally,

AMTC has access to state-of-the-art scientific infrastructure in

the hydrological, chemical and environmental areas.

sUstainablE Mining: Mitigation stUDiEs oF iMpaCts on EnvironMEnts anD HUMan popUlations


Dr. Paula Díaz-Palma

[email protected]

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rEsUlts

Because each ecosystem is unique and unrepeatable, the results

of this initiative are conceptualized in terms of protocols or as a

conceptual methodology of analysis, which explicitly combines

the scientific and technical dimensions indicated above. With the

recent creation of a Sustainable Mining area at AMTC, expected

results in this area are as follows:

• Technical basis for the biomonitoring of Arsenic in aquatic

ecosystems.

• Primary productivity models of microbial mat communities

of High Andean Saline Lakes.

• Biofouling prevention technologies for the use of seawater

in mining operations.

FUnDing

SQM Mining Company

AMTC

partnErs

Civil Engineering Department, FCFM, UCH

Department of Chemistry, Universidad Católica del Norte

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intEgratED stUDy oF HyDrologiCal risk anD availability oF watEr in MoUntainoUs arEas


Dr. James McPhee

[email protected]

objECtivE

In Chile, and worldwide, many mining operation sites are located

in extreme climatic environments characterized by aridity, low

temperatures or the occurrence of extreme hydrometeorological

events. These climate extremes (storms, droughts) may affect

operations´ continuity and the sustainability of the mining ope-

ration as a whole in the long term. The degree of preparation

of the mining industry with respect to threats both in terms of

water availability and hydrometeorological risk is a consequence

of (i) knowledge about the present and current climate, including

the statistical properties of extreme events; (ii) state-of-the-art

predictive models; and (iii) models and procedures for risk

management under uncertainty, oriented towards minimizing

current and future expected costs, economic and environmental,

associated with the occurrence of this extreme events.

This initiative seeks to develop forecasting tools for water

availability and hydrometeorological risk, combining field data,

remotely sensed information, mathematical models and decision

support systems.

MEtHoDology

We combine laboratory, field and desk activities. At the laboratory,

we are currently developing two experiments to understand initia-

tion mechanisms of debris flow. In the field, we are continnuosly

conducting two experiments: for studying snow accumulation

and melt processes and, second, for observing occurrence of

debris flow events at a 1:1 scalee. We are also developing hy-

drological models to evaluate the effect of climate change over

snow accumulation and melt as well as over the properties of

river flows. In parallel, we are developing a decision support

system, which will integrate all available data and information

(field observations and models) to guide operational decisions

of the mine operators.

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rEsUlts

The outcomes of our research would include:

• Detailed analysis of the available hydrometeorological records

and up-to-date assessment of the historical water resource

availability.

• Storm record analysis and diagnostic of key factors influencing

storm severity and degree of predictability.

• Computer models linking meteorological conditions and

hydrological states most commonly associated with the

occurrence of debris flow.

• Two experimental designs and the development of special

sensors for shear stress measurement under debris flow

conditions, oriented towards an understanding of physical

processes.

• Systematic system for snow depth and density monitoring.

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AMTC

CODELCO-El Teniente

CONICYT

partnErs

CODELCO-El Teniente

Dirección General de Aguas

CONICYT

Department of Civil Engineering, FCFM, UCH

Department of Geophysics, FCFM, UCH

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Dr. Christian Ihle

[email protected]

objECtivE

The purpose of this initiative is to study new operational and

infrastructure option for the use of water and energy in ore

concentrate and tailing transport. For this purpose, the main

challenge is to obtain rational criteria for the combined use of

water and energy. The ultimate intent of this project is to con-

tribute to the optimization of environmental metrics related to

ore and tailings transport through complex topographies while

meeting production goals.

The specific objectives encompass:

• The development of numerical and conceptual algorithms

for efficient use of water and energy

• The identification of optimal infrastructure, both in economic

and environmental terms

• The development of the cutting edge research to aid the

operational implementation of the new options

EFFiCiEnt UsE oF watEr anD EnErgy in orE ConCEntratE anD tailings HyDraUliC transport systEMs

MEtHoDology

In the development of this research line, a combined approach

is adopted including the state-of-the-art in energy modeling of

hydraulic solids transport systems integrating topography effects,

mixing and rheology. In particular, the hydrodynamic segregation

of particles and the formation of coherent structures, such as,

dunes, are part of the scope of the research. Furthermore,the

definition of a cost function that combines energy consumption

metrics and water environmental indicators, such as, embodied

energy and carbon footprint, is considered as central in this re-

search. From basic definitions and restrictions, an optimization

problem is defined and then solved for the process control

variables or for those that govern the definition of transport

infrastructure. In addition, an important aspect of this initiative is

to identify practical operational limits in critical operations, such

as prolonged detention of concentrate or slurry pipelines without

flushing with water, thus minimizing water use. In this context,

the Group has obtained funding for generic research of various

aspects of the physical characteristics of hyper-concentrated

suspensions through two projects: FONDECYT and FONDEQUIP.

The focus of this work is both numerical and experimental and

has an interdisciplinary character.

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rEsUlts

The results obtained to-date indicate, in particular cases, a

tendency towards optimal operational scenarios with higher

pumping concentrations, higher flows and smaller utilization

fractions than typical to operational conditions. Furthermore, it

has been found that fluctuations of mineralogical characteristics

and uncertainties in process conditions have a significant impact

on the optimum operating parameters. Cost scenarios of water,

energy, and raw materials may suggest different infrastructure

than generally used. In particular, this may affect the choice of

key supplies, such as, pipelines and pumping systems as well as

the definition of different operational strategies to, in particular,

plan system start-up after prolonged shutdowns. Similarly, the

analysis of the design and operation under uncertainty of some

input variables provides novel outcomes and solutions, which

result in substantial cost differences in design and operation,

compared to values obtained using traditional approaches. In

terms of immediate applications, the obtained data is being su-

pplemented by including the pipeline path itself in the proposed

optimization scheme, thus including the effect of the length

and height difference between high and low points of the pipe

as well as the sequence of the latter. In addition, we expect

to generate basic knowledge of the problem, particularly with

regard to physical segregation and sedimentation of particles

when the pumping stops.

FUnDing

FONDECYT projects 1110201 and 1130910

FONDEQUIP

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iMpaCt oF CliMatE CHangE on glaCiEr Mass balanCE in CEntral CHilE


Dr. James McPhee

[email protected]

objECtivE

Recent studies in moderately glaciarized watersheds show

that, in dry years, the contribution from ice-melt to stream flow

can exceed 50%. The central region of Chile holds over 500

glaciers of different size, which can be classified as white, rock

or debris-covered glaciers. Little is known about the hydrologic

role of the two latter classes. Historical records show a variable

picture of glacier mass balance: the Echaurren Norte glacier has

experienced a net increase in ice volume in the last 30 years;

nevertheless, the majority of existing glaciers have experienced

retreats in the same period. In central Chile, therefore, it is

extremely relevant to acquire more information and undertake

predictions regarding the future evolution of glaciers and their

hydrological role under scenarios of accelerated climate change.

This initiative seeks to develop conceptual and numerical models

of glacier mass balance encompassing realistic representations of

relevant processes, such as, snow accumulation, redistribution,

and others. Current lack of basic information motivates the need

for field campaigns, which collect data on various variables that

control ice melt.

The general goal of this initiative is to estimate future changes in

ice volume and melt through the development of new nume-

rical models, applicable to the special conditions of the Andes

of central Chile. Climate variability driven by phenomena such

as El Niño/la Niña (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillaiton (PDO)

and drought patterns is of special relevance, together with other

variables related to climate change. In order to validate the newly

developed models, we have implemented a strategy for glacier

and weather monitoring and river flow measurements. Additio-

nally, we are developing new techniques for hydro-glaciological

understanding, based on natural tracers, such as, water chemistry

and isotopic nature.

MEtHoDology

The methodology covers laboratory, field and desk studies. The

methods include data fusion and the development of numerical

mass and energy balance models. Intense field campaigns will

gather glaciological, data, such as, accumulation and ablation

rates, variations in glacier topography and weather observations

that would enable estimation of effects of solar radiation, air

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CONICYT



partnErs

Dirección General de Aguas – MOP

CONICYT

ETH - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland

Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Zonas Aridas (CEAZA)

University of California, Los Angeles

temperature and other sources of ice melt. Finally, satellite in-

formation will allow monitoring, on a near-continuous basis, the

areal extent of ice masses in order to validate model predictions.

rEsUlts

The outcomes of this inititive will include:

• Novel hydro-glaciological databases of high temporal and

spatial resolution, which will allow for increased knowledge

about the behavior of arid-climate glaciers

• New glacier mass balance models, specifically developed for

semi-arid climates and with the ability to model both white

and debris-covered glaciers

• New methods for analyzing river flow data discriminating the

relative contribution of different sources, such as glacier and

snow melt, and subsurface flow, based on water chemistry

and isotopic signature

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Dr. James McPhee

[email protected]

UpDating oF tHE snow-MEasUring national nEtwork anD sEasonal snowMElt ForECasts

objECtivE

Annually, the Dirección General de Aguas (DGA), the Chilean

Water Bureau issues seasonal streamflow forecasts for the

September through March period, for major basins between

the Copiapó and Ñuble Rivers. Water managers use this fore-

cast to assess water resource availability for diverse uses, such

as, irrigation, drinking water supply, and others. This forecast is

built based on wintertime precipitation data from a very limited

network of observational stations. Current satellite technology

allows adding valuable snow cover information that could be

used to improve these forecasts.

This initiative seeks to incorporate these new sources of infor-

mation, better field data and new methods in order to improve

current forecasts by DGA.

The general objective of this study includes proposing, imple-

menting and evaluating a new measurement system for accurate

characterization of available water resources in mountainous

areas and a new methodology for stream flow forecasts.

MEtHoDology

Periodically, we monitor pilot basins in different climatic regions

along the Andes Cordillera to characterize the meteorological

and hydrological processes that determine snow accumulation

patterns in space and time. Specifically, we monitor snow depth

and relate this variable to terrain characteristics. Then, numerical

models of snow water equivalent distribution can be derived based

on this data, taking into account processes, such as, precipitation

spatial variability, differential wintertime melt due to slope angle

relative to the sun, wind transport and gravitational redistribution.

Better models of snow-water equivalent distribution will allow

better estimates of watershed-scale snow accumulation at the

beginning of the melt season and better forecasts of river flow.

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rEsUlts

The outcomes of this initiative will include:

• Snow accumulation patterns: it is desired to obtain predictive

models of snow accumulation based on terrain characteristics,

such as, elevation, slope, and wind and radiation exposure.

• Observation network improvement: a proposal of new lo-

cations and instruments will be issued to DGA, in order to

improve coverage and data quality.

• New methods for snow melt stream flow forecasts: based

on newly available information at the site and regional scales

(satellite based).

FUnDing

AMTC


FONDECYT

International Relations Division, CONICYT

partnErs


CONICYT

ETH - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland

Department of Civil Engineering, FCFM, UCH

Department of Geophysics, FCFM, UCH

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aMtC bUDgEt 2009 – 2013

aMtC bUDgEt 2009 – 2013 FUnDs (Chilean pesos)

Baseline (CONICYT) $ 4,100,000,000

Industry $ 2,636,495,242

Basic Research $ 1,686,326,000

Precompetitive R& D $ 1,459,616,499

International Cooperation $ 86,997,700

University of Chile $ 380,000,000

total $ 10,349,435,441

inFrastrUCtUrE FUnDing soUrCEs

CONICYT $ 400,000,000

University of Chile $ 400,000,000

total $ 800,000,000

Base

line

Indu

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Basi

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Prec

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titiv

e R&

D

Inte

rnat

iona

l Coo

pera

tion

Uni

vers

ity o

f Chi

le

2009-2013 bUDgEt by FUnDing soUrCE

39.6%

25.5%

16.3%14.1%

0.8%3.7%

CONICYT: National Commission for Scientific & Technological Research, Associative Research Program

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rEsUltaDosoUtCoMEs 2011 -2012

oUtCoMEs in 2011

ISI Publications 38

Conferences and other Publications 63

Masters´ Graduates 10

PhD Graduates 5

Postdoctoral Fellows 8

AMTC/Industry Joint Projects 38

FONDECYT* Projects 15

FONDEF**- INNOVA*** Projects 7

Patent Applications 0

Software Registrations 2

oUtCoMEs in 2012

ISI Publications 47

Conferences and other Publications 81

Masters´ Graduates 15

PhD Graduates 5

Postdoctoral Fellows 11

AMTC/Industry Joint Projects 39

FONDECYT* Projects 20

FONDEF**-INNOVA*** Projects 9

Patent Applications 1

Software Registrations 3

* FONDECYT: National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development** FONDEF: Scientific and Technological Development Support Fund (Both Funds managed by the Chilean National Commission for Scientific & Technological Research)

*** INNOVA: Funding Instrument of the Chilean Economic Development Agency

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pUbliCations 2012

sElECtED isi joUrnal pUbliCations

1. Castro, r; vargas, r; de la Huerta F., ”How to determine drawpoint spacing at Panel Caving: case study at El Teniente Mine”, Journal of the South Afr. Inst Min and Metall, Vol. 112, 871-876, Octubre 2012

2. Chen, C., brown, D., sconyers, C., zhang, b., vachtseva-nos, g., and orchard, M., “An integrated architecture for fault diagnosis and failure prognosis of complex engineering systems”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 39, Issue 10, 9031-9040, Agosto 2012

3. Chen, C., vachtsevanos, g., orchard, M. “Machine Remaining Useful Life Prediction: an Integrated Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy and High-Order Particle Filtering Approach”, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing”, Vol. 28, 597-607, Abril 2012

4. Contreras-reyes, E .; jara, j .; grevemeyer, i .; ruiz, s .; Carrizo, D ., “Abrupt change in the dip of the subducting plate beneath north Chile”, Nature Geoscience, Vol. 5, 342-345, Mayo 2012

5. Costa, a., M. vilaragut, j.C. travieso-torres, M.a. Duar-te-Mermoud, j. Muñoz and i. yznaga, “MATLAB based simulation toolbox for the study and design of induction motor FOC speed drives”, Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Vol. 20(2), 295-312, Febrero 2012

6. Cuba, M., leuangthong, o., ortiz, j. M., “Detecting and quantifying sources of non-stationarity via experimental se-mivariogram modeling”, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, Vol. 26, 247-260, 2012

7. Cuba, M., leuangthong, o., ortiz, j. M., “Transferring Sampling Errors into Geostatistical Modeling”, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 112, 971-983, 2012

8. Delpiano, j., jara, j., scheer, j., ramirez, o., ruiz-del-so-lar, j., Hartel, s., “Performance of optical flow techniques for motion analysis of fluorescent point signals in confocal microscopy”, Machine Vision and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 4, 675-689, Julio 2012

9. Duarte-Mermoud, M., j.C. travieso-torres, i.s. pelissier and H.a. gonzález, “Induction motor control based on adaptive passivity”, Asian Journal of Control, Vol.14(1), 67-84,Enero 2012

10. Emery, x. Co-simulating total and soluble copper grades in an oxide ore deposit, Mathematical Geosciences, Vol. 44(1), 27-46, 2012

11. Emery, x., ortiz, j. M., “Enhanced coregionalization analysis for simulating vector Gaussian random fields”, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 42, 126-135, 2012

12. Emery, x., peláez, M., “Reducing the number of orthogonal factors in linear coregionalization modeling”, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 46, 149-156, 2012

13. Emery, x., willy kracht, Álvaro Egaña, Felipe garrido, “Using Two-Point Set Statistics to Estimate the Diameter Distribu-tion in Boolean Models with Circular Grains”, Mathematical Geosciences, Vol. 44, 805-822, Octubre 2012

14. Hermosilla, g., ruiz-del-solar, j., verschae, r., and Correa, M., “A Comparative Study of Thermal Face Recognition Me-thods in Unconstrained Environments”, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 45, No. 7, 2445-2459, Julio 2012

15. ihle, C.F. and a. tamburrino, “Uncertainties in key transport variables in homogeneous slurry flows in pipelines”, Minerals Engineering, Vol. 32, 54-59, Mayo 2012

16. ihle, C.F. and a. tamburrino, “Variables affecting energy efficiency in turbulent ore concentrate pipeline transport”, Minerals Engineering, Vol. 39, 62-70, Diciembre 2012

17. loncomilla, p., and ruiz-del-solar, j., “Visual SLAM based on Rigid-Body 3D landmarks”, Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, Vol. 66, No. 1-2, 125-149, Julio 2012

18. Mendoza, p., james Mcphee, and ximena vargas, “Uncer-tainty in flood forecasting: A distributed modeling approach in a sparse data catchment”, Water Resources Research (2012), Vol. 48,9, Octubre 2012

19. Montoya, C., Emery, x., rubio, E., wiertz, j. Multivariate resources modelling for assessing uncertainty in mine design and mine planning, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 112, 353-363, 2012

20. Montserrat, s., a. tamburrino, o. roche and y. niño, “Pore fluid pressure diffusion in defluidizing granular columns”, Journal of Geophysical Research - Solid Earth, Vol. 117, 1-15, Junio 2012

21. Muñoz, M., Charrier, r., Fanning, M. y Maksaev, v., “ Zircon trace element and O-Hf isotope analyses of mineralized in-trusions from El Teniente deposit, Chilean Andes: constraints on the source and magmatic evolution of Porphyry Cu-Mo related magmas”, Journal of Petrology, Vol.53, 1091-1122, Junio 2012

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22. ohlanders, n. and rodriguez, M and Mcphee, j., “Stable water isotope variation in a Central Andean watershed do-minated by glacier-and snowmelt”, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss, Vol. 9, 12227—12269, Octubre 2012

23. ortiz, j. M., Magri, E. j., líbano, r., “Improving financial returns from mining through geostatistical simulation and the optimized advance drilling grid at El Tesoro Copper Mine”, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. 112, 15-22, 2012

24. rosales, M., niño, y., and valencia, a., “On the application of the Fourier series solution to the hydromagnetic buoyant two-dimensional laminar vertical jet”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012, 14 pages, Octubre 2012

25. ruiz-del-solar, j., and weitzenfeled, a., “Advances in Ro-botics in Latin America”, Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems, Vol. 66, No.1-2, 1-2, Julio 2012

26. tapia, j .; audry, s .; townley, b .; Duprey, jl ., “Geoche-mical background, baseline and origin of contaminants from sediments in the mining-impacted Altiplano and Eastern Cordillera of Oruro, Bolivia”, Geochemistry Exploration Envi-ronment Analysis, Vol. 12, Febrero 2012.

ConFErEnCE papErs anD otHEr pUbliCations 1. alarcón M., Edgardo Madariaga, nelson Morales, Enri-

que rubio, “Integrating constructability of a project into the optimization of the production planning and scheduling”, MASSMIN 2012, Proceedings, Sudbury, Canada, Junio 2012

2. baeza, D., sepúlveda, E., ortiz, j. M., “Parallelization of si-mulation algorithm with GPU for constructing high resolution models of Earth Sciences variables”, Ninth Conference on Geostatistics for Environmental Applications, geoENV2012, Proceedings, Valencia, Spain, Octubre 2012

3. boetsch, M., brian townley, “Control estructural asociado a las fases de mineralización en el sector Laguna Verde del distrito argento-aurífero Cerro Bayo, XI Región, Chile”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

4. Caballero, E., Emery, x. “Estimación multivariable de recursos recuperables: caso de un depósito de lateritas niquelíferas”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

5. Caballero, E., Emery, x., “Multivariate estimation of recove-rable resources in a lateritic nickel deposit”, 5th International Conference on Innovation in Mine Operations, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

6. Carrasco, F., astudillo, F., lacassie, j.p., ruiz-del-solar, j., “Geoquímica y espectrometría de sedimentos activos en la cuenca del Limarí: Análisis mediante redes neuronales”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Chile, Agosto 2012

7. Carrizo, D., Eduardo Contreras, j. jara, i Meyer, s. ruiz, “Abrupt change in the dip of the subducting plate governs megathrust seismicity in north Chile”,XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

8. Carrizo, D., w. silva, iván vela, Diana Comte, “Búsqueda del control estructural en la evolución de la permeabilidad del Yacimiento Río Blanco - Los Bronces”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

9. Castillo, p., xavier Emery, brian townley, alvaro puig, “Aplicación de kriging factorial en exploración geoquímica de zonas cubiertas muestreadas con colectores pasivos”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

10. Castro, r.; orellana, l; pineda, M, “Physical modelling as an engineering tool for mining: theory and practice”, 6th Mass Mining and Exhibition Conference Massmin 2012, Proceedings, Canada, Junio 2012

11. Cortés, j., Marcelo Farías, Diana Comte, reynaldo Charrier, “Estructuras y depósitos neógenos de la región de Cariquima (Altiplano Chileno): Implicancias en el origen de la Cordillera Occidental”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

12. Diaz g., parra a.j., Egaña a.F., ortiz j.M., “Filter clustering for segmentation based on texture and color”, ALGES Lab Research Annual Report, 13p, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Marzo 2012

13. Egaña, a., julián M. ortiz, “Metodologías computacionales de restitución geométrica de cuerpos geológicos para eva-luación de yacimientos”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

14. Fuenzalida, M; Castro, r., “How does caved rock mass behave under confinement?”, 6th International Seminar on Deep and High Stress mining, Proceedings, Australia, Abril 2012

15. gálvez, i., Emery, x., “Modelamiento geoestadístico de mineralogías de sulfuros en un yacimiento de cobre”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

16. gálvez, i., Emery, x., “Geostatistical modeling of the sulphi-de mineralogy in a copper ore deposit“, 5th International Conference on Innovation in Mine Operations, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

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17. garrido, F., Egaña a.F., kracht, w., “baBool: Implementación sw método booleano para caracterización de tamaños de burbujas”, ALGES Lab Research Annual Report, 24p, Proce-edings, Santiago, Chile, Marzo 2012

18. ihle, C., tamburrino, a. and niño, y., “Implications of short-term hydrodynamic effects in slurry rheological characteriza-tion”, Workshop on Environmental and Extreme Multiphase Flows, Proceedings, Gainesville, USA, Octubre 2012

19. ihle, C.F., tamburrino, a., trewhela, t., garcés, a., Herrera, p., “Modelación de escurrimiento de pulpas sobre topografías complejas: una herramienta para la toma de decisiones”, IX Taller de Concentraductos, Minero- ductos y Relaveductos, Fluimin 2012, Proceedings, Viña del Mar, Chile, Septiembre 2012

20. ihle, C.F., tamburrino, a., vivero, p., “Mecanismos de variabilidad en medición de curvas de flujo de mezclas sólido-líquidas sedimentables a altas concentraciones”, XXV Congreso Latinoamericano de Hidráulica, Proceedings, San José, Costa Rica, Septiembre 2012

21. jelvez, E., nelson Morales, juan peypouquet and patri-cio reyes real, “Options in open pit mine planning under geological uncertainty”, MININ 2012, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

22. kracht, w., acuña, C., orozco, y., “Rol de los espumantes en la selectividad del proceso de flotación de minerales”, Conamet/Sam 2012, 12° Congreso Binacional de Metalurgia y Materiales, Proceedings, Valparaiso, Chile, Diciembre 2012

23. lacassie, j.p., baeza, l., astudillo, F., Figueroa, M., Castillo, p., Muñoz, n., ramírez, C., Espinoza, F., Miralles, C., Ca-rrasco, F., ruiz-del-solar, j., “Mapa geoquímico de la Hoja Iquique: definición e interpretación de patrones geoquímicos a escala regional”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Procee-dings, Chile, Agosto 2012

24. lacassie, j.p., ruiz-del-solar, j., “Regional geochemical pat-terns in the Atacama desert”, Annual Int. Conf. on Geological and Earth Science - GEOS 2012,, Proceedings, Singapore, Diciembre 2012

25. lacassie, j.p., ruiz-del-solar, j., “Agrupamiento de datos geoquímicos utilizando hormigas artificiales”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Chile, Agosto 2012

26. lange, w., Emery, x., “Joint simulation of total and soluble copper grades in an oxide copper deposit”, 5th International Conference on Innovation in Mine Operations, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

27. Mcphee, j., a. ayala and x. vargas, “A New Dataset for Understanding and Modeling Snow Distribution in the Se-mi-arid Andes Cordillera”, AGU Fall Meeting, Proceedings, San Francisco, CA, Diciembre 2012

28. orchard, M., olivares, b., Cerda, M. and silva, j., “Anomaly Detection Based on Information-Theoretic Measures and Particle Filtering Algorithms”, Annual Conference of the Prog-nostics and Health Management Society 2012, Proceedings, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Septiembre 2012

29. parra, a., ortiz, j.M., “Parallel implementation of multiple-point simulation based on texture synthesis”, Ninth International Geostatistics Congress, Proceedings, Oslo, Norway, Octubre 2012

30. peredo, o., ortiz, j.M., “Multiple-point geostatistical simulation based on genetic algorithms implemented in a shared-memory supercomputer”, Ninth International Geostatistics Congress, Proceedings, Oslo, Norway, Octubre 2012

31. perez, C., D. schulz, p. vera, C. navarro, l. Castillo and j. saravia, “Rock Lithological Classification based on Gabor Filters and Support Vector Machine”, XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2012, Proceedings, New Delhi, India, Septiembre 2012

32. perez, C., j. saravia, C. navarro, l. Castillo, D. schulz, C. aravena, “Lithological classification based on Gabor tex-ture analysis”, International Symposium on Optomechatronic Technologies, Proceedings, Paris, France, Octubre 2012

33. perez, C., navarro, p. vera, D. schulz, l. Castillo and j. saravia, “Rock Grindability Estimation based on the Qua-ternion Color Extraction Model”, XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress - IMPC 2012, Proceedings, New Delhi, India, Septiembre 2012

34. reyes, M., Morales, n., Emery, x., “Final Pit: simulated annealing approach with floating cones”, 5th International Conference on Innovation in Mine Operations, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

35. rocher, w., Enrique rubio, nelson Morales, “Optimal sequencing and scheduling for a block/panel cave mining”, MASSMIN 2012, Proceedings, Sudbury, Canada, Junio 2012

36. rudloff, b., and nelson Morales, “Underground development sequencer and schedule applied to a panel caving mine”, MININ 2012, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

37. salinas, i., Emery, x., “Estimación de recursos en un yacimiento de hierro”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

38. salinas, i., Emery, x., “An application of cokriging to estimate the mineral resources in an iron ore deposit”, 5th International Conference on Innovation in Mine Operations, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Junio 2012

39. seguel, j., arriagada, C. becerra, F. Martínez, D. Carrizo, r. Floody, “Estilos estructurales en el Yacimiento El Teniente”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

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40. soto F., sepúlveda E., Egaña a.F., ortiz j.M., “CuSco: software for Cut and Cus modeling and spatial bias removal”, ALGES Lab Research Annual Report, 13p, Proceedings, Santiago, Chile, Marzo 2012

41. tamburrino, a., Carrillo, D., ihle, C.F., “Incipient motion of non-cohesive particles in yield stress fluid flows”, Inter-national conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, River Flow 2012, Proceedings, San José, Costa Rica, Septiembre 2012

42. tapia, j., brian townley, “Estudio del registro histórico del contenido de metales y metaloides en sedimentos lacustres del Altiplano de Bolivia”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

43. tomlinson, a.; blanco, n.; garcía, M.; baeza, l.; alcota, H.; ladino, M.; pérez de arce, C.; Fanning, M.; Martin, M., “Permian exhumation of metamorphic complexes in the Calama area: Evidence for flat-slab subduction in northern Chile during the San Rafael tectonic phase and origin of the Central Andean Gravity High”, XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Proceedings, Antofagasta, Chile, Agosto 2012

44. townley, b., “The Mining Industry and Human Resource in Chile: The Role of Universities and Link with Industry”, Explo-ration Managers Conference 2012 – AMIRA, Proceedings, Perth, Australia, Marzo 2012

45. vallejos, j; Estay, r.; zepeda, r.; jorquera, p., “A metho-dology for evaluating the performance of seismic indicators at El Teniente Mine, Codelco Chile”, 6th Mass Mining and Exhibition Conference Massmin 2012, Proceedings, Canada, Junio 2012

46. voisin, l., Fabian Mansilla, “Modeling of the Reduction Stage During the Continuous Refining of Copper in a Packed Bed Reactor”, COMSOL Conference 2012, Proceedings, Boston, USA, Octubre 2012

book CHaptErs

1. Fuenzalida, M.a, Castro, r.l., yves potvin (editor), “Pro-ceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining”, “Caving Methods”, Pag.431-441, ACG, Perth, Australia, Marzo 2012

2. Duarte-Mermoud, M.a. and travieso-torres, j.C. , rui Esteves araujo (editores), “Induction Motors: Modelling and Control”, “Chapter 12, Advanced control techniques for induction motors”, Pag. 295-324, Intech, Rijeka, Croatia. ISBN 978-953-51-0843-6, Junio 2012

3. Mcphee, j., de la Fuente, a., Herrera, p., niño, y., olivares, M., sancha, a.M., tamburrino, a. y vargas, x., jiménez y galizia tundisi (editores), “Diagnóstico del agua en las Américas”, “El sector del agua en Chile: su estado y sus retos”, Pag.169-193, “Red Interamericana de Academias de Ciencias. Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico, 2012

4. orchard, M., vachtsevanos, g., and goebel, k., srivastava, a. and Han, j.(editores), “Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery for Engineering Systems Health Management”, “A Combined Model-Based and Data-Driven Prognostic Approach for Aircraft System Life Management”, Pag. 363-394, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group/United States, Enero 2012

5. vosin leandro, Dr. yen-Hsun su (editor), “Noble Me-tals”,”Distribution of Precious Metals During the Reducing Pyrometallurgical Processes of Complex Copper Materials”, Pag. 25, Intech, Febrero 2012

books

1. adams, M. , Mullane, j. , jose, E., B.-N. Vo, Robotic Navi-gation and Mapping with Radar, Pages 346, Artech House, Boston , London, USA, UK, Julio 2012

2. salah, a.a., ruiz-del-solar, j., Mericli, C., oudeyer, p.-y.∫, Human Behavior Understanding (Third Workshop, HBU 2012, in IROS 2012), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 7559, pages 175, Springer, 2012

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projECts 2012/13

appliED rEsEarCH projECts FUnDED by tHE inDUstry

aMinproprincipal researcher: Willy KrachtFunding source: AMINPROstart Date: 11-01-2011 I End Date: 12-31-2012

análisis de tecnologías lHD semi-autónomasprincipal researcher: Javier Ruiz del SolarFunding source: CODELCOstart Date: 01-07-2013 I End Date: 08-27-2013

aplicación de la Minería autómata a la operación a Cielo abiertoprincipal researcher: Javier Ruiz del SolarFunding source: CODELCOstart Date: 07-11-2013 I End Date: 03-15-2014

asesoría para la adquisición de sistemas de detección de personasprincipal researcher: Raúl CastroFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 05-01-2012 I End Date: 01-06-2012

automatización de Minería Continuaprincipal researcher: Raúl CastroFunding source: CODELCO-VP Proyectosstart Date: 07-01-2012 I End Date: 01-07-2013

Calcinas Chuquicamataprincipal researcher: Leandro VoisinFunding source: CODELCOstart Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 01-01-2013

CaM-g: Modelamiento de geología asistida por computadorprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: BHP Billitonstart Date: 12-30-2011 I End Date: 01-04-2015

Comparisons of rebop to large panel caving operationsprincipal researcher: Raúl CastroFunding source: MMT Queenslandstart Date: 04-01-2011 I End Date: 01-06-2012

Cusco: software de modelamiento conjunto de Cut/Cus en casos de muestreo preferencialprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: Minera el Tesorostart Date: 12-01-2011 I End Date: 03-31-2012

Desarrollo de herramientas de diseño para la mina subte-rránea El peñón principal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: Yamana Goldstart Date: 09-01-2012 I End Date: 12-18-2014

Estudio de extracción de scprincipal researcher: Willy KrachtFunding source: Minería Imánstart Date: 06-01-2011 I End Date: 08-31-2012

Estudio Extracción de tierras raras principal researcher: Willy KrachtFunding source: Minería Activastart Date: 05-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2012

Estudio de Disponibilidad de recursos Hídricos y Evaluación de riesgo Hídrico principal researcher: James McPheeFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 12-31-2012

Estudio de sismicidad Cortical en sector paniri y su relación con Fallas activasprincipal researcher: Diana ComteFunding source: EASAstart Date: 08-24-2012 I End Date: 01-04-2013

Estudio de sismicidad inducida (indicadores sísmicos – sismicidad inducida/tronadura)principal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 06-01-2012 I End Date: 02-28-2013

Evaluación de Factibilidad técnica para Utilizar el Cráter de subsidencia en la Construcción de botaderosprincipal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 01-31-2012

Evaluación plataforma seguimiento proyectos Exploraciónprincipal researcher: Marcelo GarcíaFunding source: REDCOstart Date: 03-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2012

geostat Cosim grades and rock types for iron resource evaluationprincipal researcher: Xavier EmeryFunding source: Minera Valestart Date: 01-04-2013 I End Date: 01-04-2015

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levantamiento geológico geotérmico volcán tacora principal researcher: Marcelo GarcíaFunding source: Serviland Minergy ECMstart Date: 09-01-2012 I End Date: 10-30-2012

Mapeo geológico geotécnico y Estructural de superficie del sector ventanas de aducción Cajón lo aguirre Chico, región del Mauleprincipal researcher: Daniel CarrizoFunding source: SRK Consulting Chilestart Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 04-30-2012

Modelamiento numérico del Comportamiento Dinámico del refuerzo de Macizo rocoso ante Eventosprincipal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 09-01-2012 I End Date: 03-31-2013

Modelo Físico Cajones Disipadoresprincipal researcher: Christian IhleFunding source: AUSENCOstart Date: 01-01-2013 I End Date: 12-01-2013

Modelamiento y Mapeo 3D de Minasprincipal researcher: Martin AdamsFunding source: Clearpath Roboticsstart Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2013

MQalt: Modelamiento multivariable cuantitativo de alteraciónprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: BHP Billitonstart Date: 12-30-2011 I End Date: 01-04-2015

numerical Modelling of rock masses and fragmentationprincipal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: CODELCO-Tenientestart Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 03-30-2013

pampa norteprincipal researcher: Diana ComteFunding source: BHP Billitonstart Date: 05-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2012

recuperación de Fósforo desde Descartes de Minerales de Fosfato Mediante biolixiviación con Microorganismos autótrofosprincipal researcher: Tomás VargasFunding source: Minera Valestart Date: 05-01-2012 I End Date: 01-04-2014

servicio de mapeo estructural de superficie, tomografía sísmica y análisis complementario para el desarrollo del modelo estructural del distrito los broncesprincipal researcher: Daniel CarrizoFunding source AngloAmerican Surstart Date: 01-28-2011 I End Date: 01-30-2012

texiM: análisis de imágenes para caracterización de mineralprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: BHP Billitonstart Date: 12-30-2011 I End Date: 01-04-2015

tolhuaca geothermal Fieldprincipal researcher: Diana ComteFunding source: Geo Global SAstart Date: 12-01-2011 I End Date: 03-30-2012

tomografía bHpprincipal researcher: Diana ComteFunding source: BHP Billitonstart Date: 03-01-2012 I End Date: 04-30-2012

U-Fo: restitución geométrica de cuerpos geológicos para modelamiento de recursosprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: Yamana Goldstart Date: 05-01-2011 I End Date: 01-31-2012

U-Fo: restitución geométrica de Cuerpos geológicos para Modelamiento de recursos, parte 2principal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: Yamana Goldstart Date: 03-05-2012 I End Date: 05-03-2014

appliED rEsEarCH projECts FUnDED by govErnMEnt institUtions

Conversión continuaprincipal researcher: Leandro VoisinFunding source: ENAMIstart Date: 10-01-2012 I End Date: 10-31-2013

Desarrollo de herramientas de diseño para minería subte-rránea selectiva en chileprincipal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: INNOVA 11IDL2-10630start Date: 12-15-2011 I End Date: 12-30-2014

Desarrollo de un sensor continuo de tamaño de burbujas para el proceso de flotación de mineralesprincipal researcher: Willy KrachtFunding source: INNOVA 11IDL2-10687start Date: 12-15-2011 I End Date: 12-30-2013

Enfoque probabilístico basado en modelos para la estima-ción en línea del estado de salud/carga y caracterización del perfil de uso de baterías de ion-litioprincipal researcher: Marcos OrchardFunding source: INNOVA 11IDL1-10409start Date: 12-15-2011 I End Date: 06-30-2012

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levantamiento de cartas Cuya y Miñi-miñiprincipal researcher: Marcelo GarcíaFunding source: SERNAGEOMINstart Date: 12-01-2011 I End Date: 12-30-2012

Modelación de balance de Masa y Descarga de agua en glaciares de Chile Centralprincipal researcher: James McPheeFunding source: Unidad Glaciología de Nieves, DGAstart Date: 08-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2012

MudFlow, simulador de agua barro en Mineríaprincipal researcher: Raúl CastroFunding source: INNOVA 12IDL2-15145start Date: 08-01-2012 I End Date: 04-30-2015

seguimiento de Condiciones nivales en Chile Centralprincipal researcher: James McPheeFunding source: DGAstart Date: 08-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2012

selección y aplicación de un modelo hidrológico para es-timar los impactos del cambio climático en la generación de energía del sistema interconectado centralprincipal researcher: James McPheeFunding source: Ministerio de Energiastart Date: 12-01-2011 I End Date: 08-31-2012

sistema de Monitoreo para seguridad de trabajadores en la Minería con aprendizaje automáticoprincipal researcher: Claudio PérezFunding source: INNOVA 12IDL2-13673start Date: 09-01-2012 I End Date: 02-01-2015

sistema de valorización de yacimientos en base a informa-ción geofísicaprincipal researcher: Marcos DíazFunding source: INNOVA 11IDL2-10829start Date: 12-15-2011 I End Date: 12-30-2013

smart use of gases for improving recovery flotation cells: aplicación a concentradoras de cobre y molibdeno.principal researcher: Gonzalo MontesFunding source: FONDEF –(FONDEF IDEA)start Date: 12-13-2012 I End Date: 12-13-2013

reconocimiento inteligente de patrones por video: aplica-ciones en vigilancia y mineríaprincipal researcher: Claudio PérezFunding source: FONDEF D08I-1060start Date: 03-01-2010 I End Date: 12-30-2012

virtual planning room - ambiente de trabajo para la pla-nificación mineraprincipal researcher: Alejandro EhrenfeldFunding source: INNOVA 13IDL1-18458start Date: 07-07-2013 I End Date: 12-07-2013

basiC rEsEarCH projECts FUnDED by govErnMEnt

advances in robot perception and mapping in challenging environmentsprincipal researcher: Martín AdamsFunding source: FONDECYT 1110579start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2013

advanced neural networks and information theoretic learning methods for time series analysis: applications to astronomical light curves and biomedical signalsprincipal researcher: Pablo EstévezFunding source: FONDECYT 1110701start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2014

análisis Fractal y de redes sobre sismicidad en Chile y el peligro sísmico asociadoprincipal researcher: Denisse PastenFunding source: FONDECYT 3120237start Date: 03-15-2012 I End Date: 03-15-2014

analysis of distored incoherent scatter spectrum caused by the interaction of unstable waves via particle in cell simulationsprincipal researcher: Marcos DíazFunding source: FONDECYT 1110384start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2014

bedforms in non-newtonian fluid flowsprincipal researcher: Aldo TamburrinoFunding source: FONDECYT 1130910start Date: 03-15-2013 I End Date: 03-15-2015

boosting learning algorithms for multiclass classification and multidimension regression: applications to object detection and classificationprincipal researcher: Rodrigo VerschaeFunding source: FONDECYT 3120218start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2012

Consitutive modeling of intact rock behavior under true triaxial loading conditions using a discrete element approachprincipal researcher: Javier VallejosFunding source: FONDECYT 1110187start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2014

Characterizing storage and its impact on hydrologic modeling in high elevation basins on the andes Cordillera between 30ºs and 36ºsprincipal researcher: James McPheeFunding source: FONDECYT 1121184start Date: 03-15-2012 I End Date: 03-15-2015

Design of fractional order adaptive controller with applicationsprincipal researcher: Manuel DuarteFunding source: FONDECYT 1090208start Date: 03-15-2009 I End Date: 03-15-2012

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Estudio de sedimentación en conductos inclinadosprincipal researcher: Christian IhleFunding source: FONDECYT 1110201start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2014

improvements of adaptive systems performance by using fractional order observers and particle swarm optimization principal researcher: Manuel DuarteFunding source: FONDECYT 1120453start Date: 03-15-2012 I End Date: 03-15-2015

instrumentación avanzada para la medición no invasiva de campos de velocidad y concentración de flujos de mezclas sólidos-líquidos a altas concentracionesprincipal researcher: Christian IhleFunding source: FONDEQUIP EQM120197start Date: 12-01-2012 I End Date: 06-01-2013

Multiple point geostatistics for the evaluation of uncertainty in geological attributes and gradesprincipal researcher: Julián OrtizFunding source: FONDECYT 1090056start Date: 03-15-2009 I End Date: 03-15-2012

Multivariate geostatistics and its application to the charac-terization of mineral resourcesprincipal researcher: Xavier EmeryFunding source: FONDECYT 1090013start Date: 03-15-2009 I End Date: 03-15-2013

new biometric Methods for Face identification by Enhanced Feature Extraction-selection and Model Fusionprincipal researcher: Claudio PérezFunding source: FONDECYT 1120613start Date: 03-15-2012 I End Date: 03-15-2015

phase relations and distribution of arsenic, antimony and lead during the treatment of complex impurity-rich copper materials by using iron carburizationprincipal researcher: Leandro VoisinFunding source: FONDECYT 1120341start Date: 03-15-2012 I End Date: 03-15-2014

risk-sensitive particle filtering framework for failure prognosis and uncertainty representation in nonlinear systems with high-impact/low-likelihood eventsprincipal researcher: Marcos OrchardFunding source: FONDECYT 1110070start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2013

robust and fast vision systems for humanoid robotsprincipal researcher: Javier Ruiz del SolarFunding source: FONDECYT 1090250start Date: 03-15-2009 I End Date: 03-15-2013

semantic perception and mapping for mobile robots in unconstrained environments.principal researcher: Javier Ruiz del SolarFunding source: FONDECYT 1130153start Date: 03-15-2013 I End Date: 03-15-2016

study of bubble coalescence prevention in the presence of frothers by means of bubble acoustic emissions in flotation systems principal researcher: Willy KrachtFunding source: FONDECYT 1110173start Date: 03-15-2011 I End Date: 03-15-2013

intErnational CoopEration projECts

algorithms for modeling the visual system: From natural vision to numerical applicationsFunding source: CONICYT - ANRprincipal researchers Juan Cristóbal Zagal – Javier Ruiz del Solarstart Date: 01-01-2011 I End Date: 12-30-2013

apoyo a la Formación de redes internacionales entre Centros de investigación en Energías Funding source: CONICYT - MINERGIA principal researcher: Manuel Duarte start Date: 08-01-2012 I End Date: 08-01-2013

Exploración 3D automatizada para digitalización rápida de minasFunding source: CONICYT - DAAD principal researcher: Martin Adams start Date: 01-31-2013 I End Date: 01-31-2015

Hazard studies related to pyroclastic density currents and gas emissions of Chilean volcanoes Funding source: ECOS-CONICYT C11U01 principal researchers: Y. Niño - O. Roche. start Date: 01-01-2012 I End Date: 12-30-2013

responsibility: international responsible research and innovationFunding source: EU FP7 Nº321489principal researcher:Javier Ruiz del Solarstart Date: 02-01-2013 I End Date: 02-01-2016

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tECHnology assEts 2012-2013

soFtwarE

U-Fo

software U-Fo, registered in august 2012

registration number: n °: 219 966, on behalf of the Uni-

versity of Chile

The Unfolding software,U-FO, is the result of joint R&D undertaken

by the Advanced Laboratory for Supercomputing in Geostatistics,

ALGES Laboratory, the Department of Mining Engineering at the

University of Chile, AMTC and the Yamana Gold Mining Company.

The U-FO software for geological reconstruction enables to “flat-

ten” faults and folds, thus building appropriate planar models of

in-situ geological structures and providing tools for exploratory

analysis and variographic study.

In summary, this software solution identifies geological structures

affected by displacement, applies a leveling algorithm to eliminate

structural folding and, using 3D visualization tools,cancels the

effects produced by the faults. Once the transformations are

completed, the software can generate the resource model using

conditional simulation. The simulation results are transformed

back to obtain the final structural model, therefore, circumven-

ting the problem of estimating geological structures through the

use of complex geometries or shapes while, at the same time,

facilitating resource estimation.

bos2

software bos2,

registered in March 2012

registration number: n °: 214 665, on behalf of the Uni-

versity of Chile.

Blending Optimization Sequencing and Scheduling, BOS2, is a

software package developed by Delphos Laboratory at the Mining

Engineering Department and AMTC, under the supervision of

researchers Enrique Rubio and Nelson Morales.

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BOS2 is a software package applicable to mine planning at open

pit mining operations, which allows optimal sequencing of mine

blocks´ extraction and processing over time. The software includes

standard accessibility restrictions for slope angles and enables the

integration of the blocks´ operational accessibility in a systematic

manner either from the banks´ access points or ramps, during

each phase of the excavation, in a systematic manner. It also

includes the management of existing stockpiles. The scheduling

created by BOS2 also considers constraints related to transport

and processing capacity, minimum movement of ore, either for

the whole mine or for specific areas, considering each attribute

and time needed, thus allowing the generation of schedules

that meet the plant’s requirements, respect the availability of

equipment and enable the control of the re-handling.

BOS2 is exceptionally flexible; it has been tested on multiple

tasks in which it has proven to be a valuable tool for short-term

planning, enabling the examination of mid- and long-term planning

decisions as well as the study of changes in a sequence according

to multiple parameters, including environmental elements, such

as, presence of arsenic, diesel consumption and grinding power.

UDEss

software UDEss, registered in january 2013

registration number: n °: 225021, on behalf of the Uni-

versity of Chile

UDESS is a software package developed by the Delphos Labora-

tory at the Mining Engineering Department and AMTC under the

leadership of the academician and researcher Nelson Morales.

It is a planning software applicable to underground mining,

which allows optimal sequencing for block extraction over time.

By means of mathematical models and advanced optimization

techniques, not available in traditional software, the software

provides mine planning solution in a more comprehensive

fashion: software testing have resulted in generating up to 10%

more block value than traditional software.

In addition, UDESS includes the management of previously

existing stockpiles, considers transportation and processing ca-

pacity constraints as well as restrictions on material movement,

either for the entire mine or for specific areas, considering each

variable and time needed. This allows generation of schedules

that meet the plant’s requirements, recognize the availability of

equipment and enable control of the re-handling.

Amongst UDESS advantages are a better block estimation and

cost control enabling greater profitability of the mine and re-

duction in operational risk due to higher level of certainty in the

estimation of the amount of ore to be extracted. It also takes

into consideration environmental factors, such as, use of arsenic,

diesel consumption and grinding power.

In summary, it is a flexible software package that enables to plan

and solve mine planning problems in a comprehensive and

consistent manner, faster and smarter, allowing the planner to

reach a higher level of analysis and generate more robust plans.

intErnational patEnt

“Method for determining eye location on a frontal face

digital image to validate the frontal face and determine

points of reference”

patent requested in september 2012

this project was led by researcher Claudio pérez in collabo-

ration with researchers: pablo Estevez, javier ruiz del solar,

Claudio Held and Carlos aravena.

The patent application via Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) focuses

primarily on the United States and, in general terms, concerns

mathematical methods and algorithms to set the location of the

eyes in a face that is in front of an image to validate that face

by determining reference points.

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FaCUlty oF MatHEMatiCs anD pHysiCal sCiEnCEs, UnivErsity oF CHilE

Mission

The mission of Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences

(FCFM) of the University of Chile is the generation, development,

integration and communication of knowledge in basic sciences,

engineering, earth sciences, economics and management, throu-

gh actions of teaching, research and outreach, at their highest

levels of complexity and at levels of international excellence in

the areas of its competence. It also seeks to be a major factor in

the process of adoption of science and technology in all areas

of the national economy.

tHinking aboUt tHE FUtUrE

“We behold a new concept of university academia. It is no

longer each one defending his/her own field of knowledge as

it was in the past. Currently, big players converge now to seek

joint solutions to face major national problems”. FCFM Dean,

Prof. Francisco Brieva.

The development of research is one of the fundamental pillars

of FCFM existence. For some years now, the FCFM prompted the

renewal and development of their academic body and created

policies to enhance interdisciplinary research. These decisions

have enabled FCFM to respond to some of the scientific and

technological challenges facing Chile and the world, leading

the Faculty to become the nation’s intellectual reserve in the

areas of its competence to meet the current and future needs

of Chile. The forward thinking of FCFM´s scientists has enabled

the FCFM´s academics to undertake research projects which

have a high impact in our country.

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FaCts & FigUrEs 2012

RESEARCH

TRAINING

333ISI Papers

FirstAutonomous Vehicle developed at the Center for Advanced Mining Technology (AMTC)

3 Scientific and Technological Centers of Excellence selected under the Baseline Funding Initiative of CONICYT Associati-ve Research Program.

4 Centers of Excellence in Priority Areas, under FONDAP Program of CONICYT

$10.750million Chilean pesos Addressed to research

23Master Programs

13Undergraduate careers Engineering (9), Astronomy, Physics, Geophysics and Geology

11PhD Programs

151Master graduated

500 Graduated students

34PhD graduated

4.694Undergraduate students

943Postgraduate students

90%90 % of full-time academics count on with PhD degree

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The Advanced Mining Technology Centre is located within the

Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences (FCFM) at the

University of Chile, at 850 Beauchef Ave, in the municipality of

Central Santiago Metropolitan Region.

FCFM is located in the quadrant formed by the Tupper Avenue

and Blanco Encalada Avenue (North – South) and by the Square

Street Ercilla and Beauchef Avenue (East – West). The main en-

trance to the AMTC is through the entrance at 2007 Tupper Ave.

Direction: Av, Tupper #2007, 4th Floor, AMTC Bldg. Santiago, Chile.

phone:(+56 2) 29771000

e-mail: [email protected]

Acceso principal

BEAUCHEF Nº850

PLAZA ERCILLA Nº 803

BEAUCHEF

TUPPER

2007TU

PPERTU

PPER

PLAZA ERCILLA

BLAN

CO EN

CALA

DA

BLAN

CO EN

CALA

DA

Casino

IDIEMIDIEMGeología

Ingeniería Civily Geofísica

Químicay Minas

Sólidos

Ingeniería Eléctrica

TorreCentral

Física

Cafetería

HallSurEdificio EscuelaBiblioteca

Central

DirECtion to aMtC

eDIToRIAl boARD

EDITORIAL BOARD

Javier Ruiz del SolarAMTC executive Director

María Teresa RamírezAMTC executive Coordinator

Eleonora Widzyk-CapehartAMTC Associate Reseacher

CONTENT EDITORS

María Teresa Ramírez

Eleonora Widzyk-Capehart

DESIGNPublisiga ltda.

PRESSPrinter

IMAGE BANKAMTCfCfMPublisiga


Add: Av. Tupper 2007, Santiago de Chile.

Fono: (02) [email protected]

www.amtc.cl

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