memorandum - core

N 7 2 29 0 5 0NASA TECHNICAL

MEMORANDUM

NASATMX-64678

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS (EC/LSS) FORANIMAL AND PLANT EXPERIMENT PAYLOADSBy Hubert B. WellsProgram Development

n. — <.May 15, 1972 f \ . ; - '. ti @

1IX-_v*^ ^w ,-, v .V ' - -•"»

NASA

George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight Center, Alabama

MSFC-For ro3J90 (Rev June 1971)

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720021400 2020-03-23T09:04:57+00:00Z

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO.

TM X- 6 46 784. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A Preliminary Investigation of the Environmental Control andLife Support Subsystems (EC/LSS) for Animal and Plant Experi-ment Pavloads

7. AUTHOR(S)

Hubert B. Wells9. PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N NAME AND ADDRESS

George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterMarshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812

12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationWashington, B.C. 20546

3. R E C I P I E N T ' S CATALOG NO.

5. REPORT DATE

May 15. 19726. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

PD-DO-MC8. PERFORMING O R G A N I Z A T I O N REPORT »

10. WORK U N I T NO.

1 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

13. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

Technical Memorandum

14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Prepared by the Crew Systems Branch, Propulsion and Mechanical Systems DivisionPreliminary Design Office, Program Development

16. ABSTRACT

This report presents a preliminary study of the environmental control and life supportsubsystems (EC/LSS) necessary for an earth orbital spacecraft to conduct biological experi-ments. The primary spacecraft models available for conducting these biological experimentsare the Space Shuttle and Modular Space Station. The experiments would be housed in a sepa-rate module that would be contained in either the Shuttle payload bay or attached to the ModularSpace Station. This module would be manned only for experiment-related tasks, and wouldcontain a separate EC/LSS for the crew and animals.

Metabolic data have been tabulated on various animals that are considered useful fora typical experiment program. The minimum payload for the 30-day Space Shuttle modulewas found to require about the equivalent of a one-man EC/LSS; however, the selected two-man Shuttle assemblies will give a growth and contingency factor of about 50 percent. Themaximum payloads for the Space Station mission will require at least a seven-man EC/LSSfor the laboratory colony and a nine-man EC/LSS for the centrifuge colony. There is prac-tically no room for growth or contingencies in these areas.

17. KEY WORDS

Life Sciences, Animal and Plant EC/LSS,Crew EC/LSS, Atmospheric Supply andPressurization, Atmospheric Purification,Water Management, Waste Management,Animal Expendables

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Unclassified - unlimitedSTAR/Announcement

Erich E. GoernerDirector, Preliminary Design Office

19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (Of thU report)

Unclassified

20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of thl» page)

Unclassified

21. NO. OF PAGES

68

22. PRICE

$ 3.00

MSFC - Form 3292 (May 1969)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

SECTION I. INTRODUCTION 1

SECTION II. CREW ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFESUPPORT SUBSYSTEM 4

SECTION III. ANIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFESUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS (REQUIREMENTS,GUIDELINES, ASSEMBLIES) 8

SECTION IV. ANIMAL FACILITY INSTALLATION 15

SECTION V. ANIMAL ATMOSPHERIC SUPPLY ANDPRESSURIZATION ASSEMBLY 19

SECTION VI. ANIMAL ATMOSPHERIC PURIFICATIONASSEMBLY 26

SECTION VII. ANIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT/WATERRECLAMATION ASSEMBLY. 39

SECTION VIII. ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSEMBLY . . . . 42

SECTION IX. ANIMAL EXPENDABLE REQUIREMENTS 50

REFERENCES 58

ill

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page

1. Option IV Modular Space Station 3

2. Modular Space Station EC/LSS schematic 7

3. Space Shuttle crew compartment EC/LSS 9

4. Animal EC/LSS diagram 16

5. Main laboratory compartment -. 22

6. Cage rack 23

7. Physiological relations for percent of O2 versus totalpressure 25

8. General manned symptoms to mixtures of CO2 in airat 1 atmosphere 33

9. MDAC 90-day carbon dioxide partial pressure test 34

10. CO2 concentrator — solid amine unit 37

11. CO2 concentrator — molecular sieve unit . 37

12. Nonregenerable charcoal concept 40

13. Closed cycle air evaporation concept 44

14. Multifiltration concept 45

15. Manned integrated vacuum drying/storage concept 49

IV

LI STOP TABLES

Table Title Page

1. Payload Functional Capabilities 2

2. Modular Space Station EC/LSS Functions andEquipment Approaches 5

3. Modular Space Station Core Module Assemblies— Three-Man EC/LSS ( Partially-Closed H2O/Open O2) 6

4. Space Shuttle EC/LSS Masses (Weights) and Volumes(Two-Men; 7 Days) 8

5. Animal Subject Characteristics [2] 11

6. Proposed Experiment Plant and Animal Types(Vertebrates, Invertebrates, Plants, and Tissues andCells) . 12

7. EC/LSS Requirements for Selected Vertebrates 13

8. Man/Animal EC/LSS Criteria and Requirements . . . . . . . . 17

9. Animal EC/LSS Dry Assembly Masses (Two-ManEquivalent, Open Loop) 19

10. Animal EC/LSS Dry Assembly Masses (Nine-Man , .Equivalent, Fully Closed Loop) 20

11. Total EC/LS Subsystem Mass Summary (Two-ManEquivalent, Open Loop) 21

12. Total EC/LS Subsystem Mass Summary (Nine-ManEquivalent, Fully Closed Loop) 21

13. Atmospheric Supply and Pressurization Mass 27

14. Oxygen Recovery Assembly (Sabatier) Detailed Massand Power Breakdown (Three-Man EC/LSS) 28

LI STOP TABLES (Continued)

Table Title Page

15. Water Electrolysis Assembly Detailed Mass Breakdown(Three-Man EC/LSS) ,. . .' 29

16. Typical Animal Oxygen Loading (Laboratory andCentrifuge Colonies) 30

17. Typical Animal Oxygen Loading (30-Day ShuttleModule Colony) 30

18. Major Atmospheric Contaminants in MDAC SpaceStation Simulator [8] 32

19. Typical Animal Carbon Dioxide Loading (30-DayShuttle Module Colony) 35

20. Typical Animal Carbon Dioxide Loading 35

21. Atmospheric Purification Assembly Mass (Two-ManEC/LSS) 36

22. Molecular Sieve Assembly Detailed Mass Breakdown(Three-Man EC/LSS) . . 38

23. Nonregenerable Charcoal/Catalytic Oxidation AssemblyDetailed Mass Breakdown (Three-Man EC/LSS) 41

24. 30-Day Shuttle Module Water Balance (32 White Rats and2 Macaque M o n k e y s ) . . . . . . . 42

25. Water Management Assembly Mass Breakdown (Two-ManEC/LSS) 43

26. Air Evaporation Assembly Detailed Mass Breakdown(Three-Man EC/LSS) 46

27. Multifiltration Assembly Detailed Mass Breakdown( Three-Man EC/LSS) 47

VI

LI STOP TABLES (Concluded)

Table Title Page

28. Shuttle Crew Compartment Waste Management AssemblyDetailed Mass Breakdown (Two-Man EC/LSS) 48

29. Integrated Vacuum Drying Assembly Mass (Three-ManEC/LSS). 50

30. Onboard Open Loop Consumables at Shuttle InitialLaunch (32 White Rats and 2'Macaque Monkeys) 52

31. Onboard Open Loop Consumables at Initial Launch( Laboratory Only) ( 256 White Rats, 2 Macaque Monkeys,and 1 Chimpanzee) 53

32. Onboard Open Loop Consumables at Initial Launch(Centrifuge) (352 White Rats, 2 Macaque Monkeys,and 1 Chimpanzee) 54

33. Onboard Open Loop Shuttle Expendable Mass andWeight Summary (30 Days) (32 White Rats and 2Macaque Monkeys) 55

34. Onboard Open Loop Expendable Mass and WeightSummary ( Laboratory Only) (256 White Rats, 2Macaque Monkeys, 1 Chimpanzee) 56

35. Onboard Open Loop Expendable Mass and WeightSummary (Centrifuge Only) (352 White Rats, 2Macaque Monkeys, and 1 Chimpanzee) 57

VII

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM X-64678

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS (EC/LSS) FOR

ANIMAL AND PLANT EXPERIMENT PAYLOADS

SECTION I. INTRODUCTION

This study was undertaken to serve as a preliminary environmentalcontrol and life support subsystems (EC/LSS) guide for the space biology pay-load definition and integration study, performed under contract (NAS8-26468)by the General Dynamics Corporation (GDC) Convair Division. The GDC pro-gram will develop payload definition concepts and preliminary designs inspace biology applicable to manned orbiting Space Stations. A program changewas made to include the total life sciences area, i.e., space biology, medicalresearch, manned system integration, and life support/protective systems.

The NASA/GDC "ordered payloads" were those selected to performresearch in primates, vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, cells and tissues,or any desired combination of research areas. A series of computer runswas made of the functions and equipment inventories of the various availablebiological experiments to define a family of space biology payloads. Theselected payloads (maximum-middle-minimum) were the result of a jointeffort among GDC, NASA/MSFC, and ARC.

The details of the maximum, middle, and minimum payload definitionsare shown in Table 1. The minimum experiment payloads are indicated forthe 7-day and 30-day Shuttle modules and those termed as flights of opportu-nity. The middle payloads are committed to the 90-day Shuttle module, andthe maximum payloads are reserved for long-term resupplied Space Stationflights, such as the Option IV Modular Space Station ( Fig. l).

This study concentrates on payload extremes by selecting a. suitableEC/LSS for the 30-day minimum Shuttle payload and the maximum experimentmodule payload. For experiment purposes, the 30-day Shuttle payload willutilize 2 Macaque monkeys, 32 rats, 16 Marigold plants, and 2 incubatorsfor cells, tissues, and invertebrates (assorted experiment-peculiar pack-ages) . The maximum experiment payload will contain 2 Macaque monkeys, 1chimpanzee, 256 rats, 144 Marigold plants, and 7 incubators for cells, tissues,and invertebrates in the laboratory portion only. The centrifuge portion of

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this payload is identical to that of the laboratory, except that 96 more ratsare added.

A survey was made to define a group of assemblies and componentssuitable for fulfilling the EC/LSS requirements for the payloads stated. Tominimize cost, existing manned assemblies should be used to fulfill the animalEC/LSS requirements. EC/LSS assemblies provided for the Shuttle crewcompartment are excellent candidates for the minimum payload; whereas themaximum payload EC/LSS assemblies may be drawn from the Modular SpaceStation effort. No attempt has been made to define a thermal control assemblyfor these payloads, manned payload included.

SECTION II. CREW ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFESUPPORT SUBSYSTEM

To minimize experiment module contamination, separate EC/LSS' sare required for both the crew and animals. The EC/LSS' s as stated in thisreport for the Space Shuttle crew compartment and Modular Space Station aredesigned to sustain a crew of two and six men, respectively. EC/LSS' s foradditional crewmen or passengers are provided at the expense of the Shuttlepayload. The EC/LSS for the Shuttle is designated as an open-loop system(open O2 and H2O); whereas the EC/LSS selection for the Modular SpaceStation f 1] is known as a partially-closed-loop. This signifies an open oxygenand urine loop, and a closure of the wash and condensate loop. Similar assem-blies and components of these EC/LSS subsystems will be used to sustain theexperiment animals. Table 2 reflects the functions and equipment approachesfor the Modular Space Station.

The six-man EC/LSS for the Modular Space Station is made up of two3-man EC/LSS' s interconnected. A listing of the assemblies for one of thethree-man EC/LSS' s and the respective weights and volumes, excluding ther-mal control, is shown in Table 3. Figure 2 is a simplified schematic of theoverall integrated EC/LSS of the Space Station and shows major interfacesamong the assemblies. Atmospheric stores (oxygen and nitrogen) and waterwill be piped to the experiment module from the main supply of either theShuttle or Modular Space Station. Atmospheric pressure is maintained througha two-gas pressure control assembly. The Sabatier/methane dump and wick-fed electrolysis assemblies were the primary candidates for oxygen recovery.Carbon dioxide is controlled by a molecular sieve, and various contaminantsmake use of a nonregenerable/catalytic oxidation approach. Condensing heatexchangers control humidity, and condensate and wash water are reclaimed

TABLE 2. MODULAR SPACE STATION EC/LSS FUNCTIONSAND EQUIPMENT APPROACHES

Function

Oxygen Storage

Nitrogen Storage

Pressure Control

Airlock Bepressurization

CO2 Removal

CO2 Conversion( if ever used)

O2 Generation(if ever used)

Trace Contaminant

Trace ContaminantMonitoring

Atmosphere TemperatureControl

Humidity Control

Ventilation

Thermal ControlInternal LoopExternal Loop

Urine H2O Recovery( if ever used)

Wash H2O Recovery

Condensate H2ORecovery

Potable H2O Storage

Urine Collection

Fecal Collection andProcessing

EVA/I VA

Emergency O2 Assemblies

Approaches

Gaseous Tanks (Skylab A)Cryogenic Tanks

Cryogenic TanksGaseous Tanks ( Skylab A)

Two-Gas

Gas Replacement

Molecular Sieve

Sabatier — Bosch

Electrolysis

NonregenerableCharcoal/Catalytic OxidationRcgenerable Charcoal/Catalytic Oxidation

Hybrid Gas Chromato-graph/Mass Spectrometer

Air/Fluid HX

Air/Fluid H

Fans, Ducts, Diffusers

ActiveWaterR-21 (Freon)

Closed Air EvaporationVapor Compression

MultifiltrationReverse Osmosis

MultifiltrationReverse Osmosis

Heated Tanks

Integrated and Automatic AirEntrainment

Integrated Vacuum DryingBagging/De hydration

Umbilical

Chlorate Candles/PLSS

Selected Candidate

Cryogenic Tanks( Supercritical)

Cryogenic Tanks( Supercritical)

101 353 N/m2

(14.7 psta) N2 Diluent

Gas Replacement

Molecular Sieve

Sabatier

Wick Feed

NonregenerableCharcoal/CatalyticOxidation

Air/Fluid HX

Air/Fluid H

Fans, Ducts, Diffusers

ActiveSameSame

Closed Air Evapora-tion

Multifiltration

Multifiltration

Same

Same

Integrated VacuumDrying

Umbilical

Chlorate Candles/PLSS

Selected Approach

AAP Type

AAP Type

Skylab A

Skylab A

Resize MDACSimulator




Resize MOLModify andResize MOL

Resize andModify MDACSimulator

Skylab A

Skylab A

Skylab A

Skylab A

TABLE 3. MODULAR SPACE STATION CORE MODULE ASSEMBLIES -THREE-MAN EC/LSS ( PARTIALLY-CLOSED H2O/OPEN O2)

Assembly

CO2 Removal

O2/N2 PressureControl

ContaminantControl

Water Management

Condensate Loop

Wash Loop

Waste Management

Suit Loop

Contingency

Major Component or Type

Molecular Sieve

Standard

Nonregenerable/CatalyticOxidation

Plumbing, Valves

Multifiltration

Multifiltration

Integrated VacuumDrying

Plumbing, Supply Valves, etc.

Mass,kg

92.9712.70

65.75. 20.41

11.792.72

90.70?

6.800.91

45.3511.79

57.1415.52

32.202.72

45.356.35

Total 448.05

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Weight, 3

Ib

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266( s ) .

200? (s)

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10026 (s)

12634 (s)

716 ( s )

10014 (s)

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161 (s)C

aVolume,

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?0.017 (O'.6)(s) !

0.142(5)0.014 (0.5)(s)

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0.028(1)0.006 (0 .2)(s)

0.127 (4.5)0.028 (l)(s)

0.906 (32)0.014 (0 .5)(s)

0.425 (15)0.006 (0.2)(s)

0.227 (8)0 .028( l ) (s )

2.195(77.5)

0.198(s)(7.0)(s)C

a. Conversion Factors: 0.0283 m3/ft3 and 2.205 Ib/kg.b. Does not include 62, N2, and H2O tankage.c. Indicates total spares weight or volume.

by a multifiltration assembly in the Modular Space Station (Option IV); how-ever, reverse osmosis is also an excellent candidate for wash water recovery.Urine water recovery, which was not required on the Modular Space Station,could utilize air evaporation. Integrated vacuum drying is the waste manage-ment selection. A thermal control system consisting of fluid loop, radiators,heat exchangers, fans, etc., will be included on. the Space Station.

The EC/LSS for the Space Shuttle will sustain the life of two men for ,7 days. A summary weight and volume breakdown of all the EC/LSS assem-blies (except thermal control), crew systems, and expendables is given inTable 4. Most of these assemblies, which are used with minimum modifica- ,tions, are existing state-of-the-art life support hardware designed for the

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TABLE 4. SPACE SHUTTLE EC/LSS MASSES (WEIGHTS)AND VOLUMES (TWO-MEN; 7 DAYS) .

Item

Oxygen (includes initial fill)

Nitrogen ( includes initial fill)

Atmospheric Supply and Pressurization

Atmospheric Purification and Control

Water. Management

Waste Management

Crew Systems

Water ( 5. 90 kg/man-day + 1-day reserve)

Food (plus 1-day reserve)

Four men

Four seats

Mass,kg

38.55

79.82

67.57

69.39

21.77

85.26

38.55

94.33

14.97

339.23

94.33

Total 943.77

Weight, a

Ib

85

176

149

153

48

188

85

208

33

748

208

2 081

Approximate Volume,m3(ft3)

0.142(5)

0.255(9)

0.170(6)

0.453 (16)

0.113(4) .

0.170(6)

0.085(3)

0.085(3)

0.057(2)

3.400 (120 ft3)seated

4.700 (166ft3)standing

6. 230 ( 220) ( maximum)

a. Conversion factors: 0.0283 m3/ft3 and 2.205 Ib/kg.

Apollo, Gemini, and LEM spacecraft. Figure 3 illustrates the Shuttle crewcompartment EC/LSS.

SECTION III. ANIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFESUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS (REQUIREMENTS,

GUIDELINES, ASSEMBLIES)

Laboratory animals most commonly utilized for research are lago-morphs (rabbits, hares, etc.) and rodents (guinea pigs, mice, rats, etc.).

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Rodents can be used to study diverse problems in genetics, metabolism, andnutrition. A comparatively large amount of data exists concerning rodents.

Primates that have been employed include various species of monkeys(primarily rhesus) and chimpanzees. Baseline data concerning these animalshave been provided mostly by recently established primate colonies and experi-mental centers.

Dogs, cats, and ferrets are the most commonly employed carnivora.Cats are utilized to study the physiology of vision, hearing, vestibular, andnervous responses. Dogs are used to study renal, cardiovascular, and respi-ratory physiology.

One of the most significant developments in recent years is the appear-ance of several breeds of miniature swine. Basic data have been accumulatedon more than three strains of miniature swine. Miniature swine, as well asdogs, cats, and primates, present a special problem in waste disposal.Research is required to develop, for animals of this type, a waste disposalassembly that will function in space, yet will not restrain the animal's move-ment. Several characteristics of the animals mentioned above are presentedin Table 5.

The animals and plants identified are not necessarily the ones thatultimately will be used; however, they are examples of the types that will beused for research activities. Table 6 lists the plants and animals taken fromReference 2 that can be used in research activities.

Metabolic data on aome of these animals of varying sizes were foundin References 2 through 6 and are given in Table 7. Oxygen consumption,carbon dioxide removal, food weight, and water balance data are included inthe data as well as design values for an astronaut. Metabolic values on cer-tain animals could not be found and estimates had to be made. Water balancedata were generally given per unit of body weight. The total water intake con-sisted of all ingested water plus water of oxidation, which is balanced by theurine, respiration, and perspiration water output. The perspiration and res-piration water was assumed to be the difference between the total water out-put and urine water.

The experiment module for the minimum and maximum animal pay-loads must contain all the assemblies normally found in a semiclosed ecologi-cal EC/LSS. The animals eat food, drink water, consume oxygen, andgenerate CO2, urine, feces, water vapor, heat, and trace contaminants just

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11

TABLE 6. PROPOSED EXPERIMENT PLANT AND ANIMAL TYPES(VERTEBRATES, INVERTEBRATES, PLANTS, AND TISSUES AND CELLS)

Vertebrates

Rhesus MonkeyMacaque MonkeyChimpanzeeRat (White)Ground SquirrelGolden Syrian HampsterMouse (White)Box TurtleChickenPocket MouseMarmotJapanese QuailGoldfishMiniature SwineRabbitAmbystom (Salamander)Frog (Xenopus Laervis)Rana Pipiens (Leopard Spotted Frog)DogCat

Plants

Invertebrates

Insects

Army WormVinegar GnatHouse Fly(Americal) CockroachSpiderFlower Beetle

(Tribolium)

Planaria

Flat WormLiver Fluke

Dwarf MarigoldArabidopsisGarden Peas (English)Vigna Sinensis (Common Bean)Pteris Gametophytes (Fern)WheatPepper PlantCorn SeedlingsSpiderwort (Tradescantia)Green Flagellated Algae

Cells and Tissues

Frog EggsCarrot TissueChick Embryo CulturesNeurospora (Bread Mold)Chicken or Japanese Quail EggsRat and Mouse TissuesHuman, Rat, and Mouse TissuesTurtle TissueBacteria (Various Types)

as man does. Some different assemblies will undoubtedly be utilized in placeof the manned assemblies for the animal EC/LSS. The animal EC/LSS assem-blies for thermal control, atmospheric supply and pressurization, CO2

removal, and O2 reclamation (if used) should be very similar to those for man.If the Space Station includes oxygen reclamation in the EC/LSS, an enlargedversion could process both animal and crew CO2, with resulting savings over

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two separate assemblies. The animal assemblies that will'most probably bedifferent are those for waste management, contaminant control, and waterreclamation.

It was decided to select the assemblies and components necessary forthe minimum payload (30-day Shuttle module) from the Shuttle crew compart-ment EC/LSS. It is a two-man EC/LSS with a growth and contingency factorof about 50 percent for the animals. Components and assemblies for the maxi-mum payloads would be selected from those described in Section II for theOption IV Modular Space Station Study. A schematic (Fig. 4) is included toshow the maximum payload flow diagram and the interfaces among the assem-blies. Some of the basic EC/LSS criteria and requirements established forman, white rats, monkeys, and chimpanzees are listed in Table 8.

To obtain an estimate of the size of the EC/LSS required for the mini-mum and maximum experiment payloads previously stated, an equivalent sys-tem for man was appraised. Initial estimates of the experiment loads indicatean approximation of a one-man EC/LSS for the minimum payload, and a seven-and nine-man EC/LSS for the maximum payloads (laboratory and centrifuge).These capacities were based on the animals per man ratio of oxygen consump-tion and carbon dioxide output shown in Table 7.

Weights for the Shuttle module and centrifuge EC/LSS assemblies aregiven in Tables 9 and 10. These assemblies weigh 136 kg (300 Ib), and 729 kg(1607 Ib), respectively. The total weight of these assemblies, which includeoxygen, nitrogen, food, and water, are 354 kg (781 Ib) and 6309 kg (13 910Ib) and are detailed in Tables 11 and 12.

SECTION IV. ANIMAL FACILITY INSTALLATION:

The EC/LSS equipment for the primary experiments is housed in themain experiment compartment on board a Space Station. The intended experi-ments for the Modular Space Station study are located in the compartmentsshown in Sections A-A, B-B, and C-C of Figure 1. The experiments shouldbe housed where the crew can conveniently service the equipment.

The main experiment compartment for a Space Station might take onthe appearance shown in Figure 5. This compartment, as described in Refer-ence 4, has cage racks (Fig. 6) arranged concentrically close to the outsidewall of the compartment designed to house small animals. The module pres-sure walls and the backs of the racks are accessible along the outer

15

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16

TABLE 8. MAN/ANIMAL EC-/LSS CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS

A. Grew Data [in kg (or Ib) /man-day unless otherwise designated]

1. Metabolic Heat Generation — watts/man (Btu/man-day)2. O2 Consumption3. CO2 Produced4. Water of Oxidation5. Water Consumption Rates

Drinking and Food PreparationWashing and Personal HygieneUrinal Rinse

6. Water Production Rates

Urine WaterIncluding Solids

Fecal WaterIncluding Solids

Water in Food WastePerspiration and Respiration

7. Water Reclamation Rates

Wash WaterUrinal Rinse 95% EfficiencyPerspiration and Respiration

100% EfficiencyUrine 95% Efficiency

8. Freeze-Dried FoodIncluding Packaging

9. Frozen FoodIncluding Packaging

B. White Rat Data [ in kg ( or Ib) /rat-day unless otherwise designated]

1. Number of Rats2. Metabolic Heat Generation— watts/rat3. O2 Consumption4. CO2 Produced5. Water of Oxidation6. Drinking Water7. Urine Water8. Perspiration and Respiration9. Food

( Btu/rat-day)

C. Macaque Monkey Data [in kg (or Ib) /monkey-day unless otherwisedesignated]

1. Number of Monkeys2. Metabolic Heat Generation— watts/monkey ( Btu/monkey-day)3. O2 Consumption4. CO2 Produced

Units

SIa

136.70.8340.9610.30

2.7811.970. 163

1. 5651.640.1130.1540.0631.40

11.850.1551.40

1.487

0.7170.807

1.361. 50

cua

11 2001.842. 12o.e'e

6.1326.04

0.36

3.453.620.250.340.143.09

26.140.343.09

3.278

1.581.78

3.003.30

32 to 3522.64 2170.0180.0190.00910.04870.02030.03750.02

0.03970.0420.02010.10740.0450.08270.044

2 to 416.590.0520. 118

1 3600.11470.260

17

TABLE 8. (Concluded)

c.

p.

E.

F.

Macaque Monkey Data( Continued)

5. Water of Oxidation6. Drinking Water7. Urine Water8. Perspiration and Respiration9. Food

Chimpanzee ( Adult) Data [ in kg ( or Ib) /chimp-day unless otherwisedesignated]

1. Number of Chimpanzees2. Metabolic Heat Generation (watts/chimp)

( Ib / chimp-day)3. O2 Consumption4. CO2 Produced5. Water of Oxidation6. Drinking Water7. Urine Water8. Perspiration and Respiration9. Food

Baseline Mission Data

1. Resupply Interval ( days)2. Onboard Reserves, Expendables (days)

Experiment Module Data

1. Total Atmospheric Pressure — newtbns /m2 (psia)2. Atmospheric Mixture — by volume

3. 02 Partial Pressure — newtons/m2 (psia)4. N2 Partial Pressure — newtons/m2 (psia)5. CO2 Partial Pressure, Nominal Maximum

6. CO2 Emergency, Maximum — newtons/m2

7. Cabin Temperature ° K, (° F)8. Relative Humidity (%)9. Experiment Module Volume — m3 (ft3) , 14

10. Leakage (kg/day/module)11. Repressurizations (open loop)

— newtons/m2 (psia)

(psia)

ft diameter by 58 ft

UNITS

SIa

0.050.290.220.1220.12

cua

0.1100.640 .0.4850.2690.265

1 to 287.11

0.6530.7570.111.610.7890.8210.29

3030

101 353

7 140

1.441.6700.2433.551.741.810.64

3030

14.7021 percent O2

79 percent N2

21 30580 048

£ 1014

3.0911.610.147

s 7.6 mm Hg - 1.00%

s 2000 0.290r= 15 mm Hg - 1. 97%

294.3 ± 2.7855 ± 1036.110.454One

70 ± 5Same

12751.00

One

a. See Reference 9. U.S. customary units (CU) and International System of metric units (SlK

18

TABLE 9. ANIMAL EC/LSS DRY ASSEMBLY MASSES(TWO-MAN EQUIVALENT, OPEN LOOP)

Assembly

Atmospheric Supplyand Pressurization

Atmospheric Purification

Water Management

Waste Management

Contingency


3..Plumbing, Valves, etc.

LiOH, Filters, Sorbent Beds, etc.

Plumbing, Valves, Tanks, etc.

Modified Tug

Mass,kg

73.9

18.1

16

21.3

6.7

Total . 136.0

Weight,Ib

163

40

35

47.0

15.0

300

a. Does not include O2 and N2 tankage.b. Conversion factor: 2.2051b/kg.

passageway. Other EC/LSS equipment and ducts are arranged concentricallyunder the racks.

Common housing for various numbers of small vertebrates, such asrats, are provided in the cage racks. Other provisions are power, instrumen-tation, structural support, contaminant control, and interface connections forthe EC/LSS. The animals are housed in individual cages within the cage racks.

Rats are the primary animals used for experimentation. A standardlaboratory rat cage is approximately 17. 78 cm by 17. 78 cm by 25. 4 cm ( 7 in.by 7 in, by 10 in.) and is fabricated from coarse-wire screen. This allowsair circulation and the feces and urine to drop through the bottom of the cage.Water for a standard rat cage is provided through a capillary tube, and it islogical that water can be provided similarly in a zero-g cage.

SECTION V. ANIMAL ATMOSPHERIC SUPPLYAND PRESSURIZATION ASSEMBLY

The atmospheric supply and pressurization assembly for the animalsmust provide metabolic oxygen to the animals, maintain suitable partial

19

TABLE 10. ANIMAL EC/LSS DRY ASSEMBLY MASSES

(NINE-MAN EQUIVALENT, FULLY CLOSED LOOP) a

Assembly

O2 Generation

H2O Electrolysis

CO2 Removal

Contaminant Control

Urine Recovery

Condensate Recovery

Waste Management

Contingency


Sabatier/Methane Dump

Wick-fed

Molecular Sieve

Nonregenerable Charcoal

Air Evaporation

Multifiltration

Integrated Vacuum Drying

,

Mass,kg

53. 1

152.4

278.9

35.4

117.9

20.4

35.8

34.9

Total 728. 8

Weight, b

Ib

117'

336

615

78

260

45

79

77

1607

a. Does not include O2, N2, and H2O tankage.b. Conversion factor: 2.205 Ib/kg.

20

TABLE 11. TOTAL EC/LS SUBSYSTEM MASS SUMMARY(TWO-MAN EQUIVALENT, OPEN LOOP)

Components

Two- Man EC/LSS

O2 plus Tankage

N2 plus Tankage

H2O plus Tankage

Food plus Packaging

Mass,. kg

136

0

0

166

52

Total 354

Weight/Ib

300

ob

ob

366

115

781

a. Conversion factor: 2. 205 Ib/kg.b. 71 kg (157 Ib) O2 and 110 kg ( 243 Ib) N2 contained in

Shuttle cryogenic tanks.

TABLE 12. TOTAL EC/LS SUBSYSTEM MASS SUMMARY(NINE-MAN EQUIVALENT, FULLY CLOSED LOOP)

Components

- Nine-man EC/LSS (Centrifuge)

O2 plus Tankage

N2 plus Tankage

H2O plus Tankage

Food plus Packaging

Mass,kg

729

1279

450

2942

909

Total 6309

Weight,Ib

1607

2820

992

6487

2004

13 910

a. Conversion factor: 2.2051b/kg.

21

BIORESEARCH LABORATORY(22 FEET DIAMETER)

SIDEHATCH

STERILIZERAUTOCLAVE

DATAMANAGEMENT

CONSOLE CHEMICAL STORAGEREFRIGERATOR

FREEZERINCUBATORINSTRUMENT

WORKBENCHCENTERACCESSTUNNE

DATAANAGEMENTCONSOLE

INSTRUMENTWORKBENCH

LAMINARFLOW BENCH

MCSMANIFOLD

-«•

X

INSTRUMENTSTORAGE--

TRIPLE-CAGE

RACKS

INSTRlWORKI

EXPERIMENTRELATED

' INSTRUMENT

JMENTBENCH

ATION

•*-

MAN

CENTERACCESSTUNNEL

•INSTRUIVSTORAGE

DATA\GEMENTCONSOLE-

ENT

— -fr.

SINC/

RA(

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EXPERTRELATE

INSTRUIV

SLEVGE:KS~

»•

rtENTDENTA

»• -«

^

-4

^

DON

LEVELONE

LEVELTWO

•LEVELTHREE

Figure 5. Main laboratory compartment.

22

ATTACHMENT APPARATUS(INCLUDING ELECTRICALATMOSPHERE AND WATER)

HERMETICALLYSEALING DOOR(HINGED ORSLIDING)

SCREEN FOR AIR EXHAUST

SUPPLY CONNECTORS

SPACE FOR SIGNAL CONDITIONERSAIR HEATERS, AIR FILTERS A*NDDUCTS, (FECES SCREENS AND URINEABSORBERS ARE PART OF THE CAGE)

r111

t_

— — —

1 i1 J L_

X

11111I

AIR INLET OPENINGS INDOOR MOLDINGS ALL THEWAY AROUND.

TOP VIEW

Figure 6. Cage rack.

23

pressures in the two-gas atmosphere, and control the carbon dioxide partialpressure at a nontoxic level. The atmospheric mixture currently planned forthe animal experiment module contains approximately 21 percent oxygen and79 percent nitrogen (except for traces of carbon dioxide and moisture). Theatmosphere will be maintained at a total pressure of 101 353 newtons/m2

(14.7 psia), which includes a partial pressure of 21 305 newtons/m2 (3.09psia) for the oxygen and 80 048 newtons/m2 (11. 61 psia) for the nitrogen.

Since the atmospheric pressure has been established as 101 353newtons/m2 (14.7 psia), the oxygen concentration must be between 16 and 35percent, with the median tolerance being about 25 percent instead of the usual21 percent for the comfortable survival of the animals. If the animal oxygenmetabolism varies, there may be a more attractive nominal oxygen concen-tration. These values are extrapolated from human tolerances shown inFigure 7.1 Human beings survive comfortably within these tolerances at101 353 newtons/m2 (14. 7 psia); therefore, it can be expected that rats, mon-keys, and chimpanzees could also. The high oxygen concentration is not tol-erable simultaneously with atmospheric pressure; however, the high oxygenconcentration is desirable if the atmospheric pressure falls.

The 30-day Shuttle animal colony (32 rats and 2 Macaque monkeys)consume approximately 21 kg of metabolic oxygen. The laboratory (256 rats,2 Macaque monkeys, and 1 chimpanzee) and centrifuge (352 rats, 2 Macaquemonkeys-, and 1 chimpanzee) colonies will require much more metabolicoxygen due to the number of animals and the 90-day mission. This amountsto 483 kg (1065 Ib) and 638 kg (1407 Ib), respectively. Atmospheric leakagewas assumed to be 1 Ib per day for the biology experiment module. Additionaloxygen and nitrogen, as reflected later in Tables 30, 31, and 32 of Section IX,are required for such purposes as pressurization, metabolic reserve, molec-ular sieve ullage, etc. A 30-day contingency is provided for emergenciessuch as food, water, nitrogen, and metabolic cryogen.

The oxygen and nitrogen consumables will possibly be stored in theBendix Corporation AAP type tank (105.4 cm or 41. 5-in. O. D.). Two AAPtype cryogenic tanks are required to contain the oxygen (758 kg or 1671 Ib)necessary for sustaining the laboratory colony. Likewise, two AAP tanksare needed to store the oxygen (975 kg or 2150 Ib) for sustaining the centrifugecolony. Nitrogen (298 kg or 657 Ib) for both the laboratory and centrifuge

1. Figures 7 and 8 were reproduced from NASA SP-3006, "BioastronauticsData Book", Reference 7 of this document.

24

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25

colonies will require one AAP tank each to satisfy leakage and pressurizationpurposes. The oxygen (71 kg or 157 Ib) and nitrogen (110 kg or 243 Ib) con-sumables needed for the 30-day Shuttle colony will be contained in the SpaceStation cryogenic tanks. Table 13 gives a mass breakdown of additional equip-ment that is required for the 30-day Shuttle Atmospheric Supply and Pressuri-zation assembly.

Oxygen reclamation equipment may possibly be used for the laboratoryand centrifuge colonies. This involves employing the Sabatier/methane dumpreactor and "wick-fed" water electrolysis assemblies recommended for theOption IV Modular Space Station. A detailed weight breakdown of these assem-blies for a three-man system is given in Tables 14 and 15. The capacities ofthe required manned assemblies are based on the animals per man ratio ofoxygen consumption shown in Table 7. The total man equivalents for theShuttle, laboratory, and centrifuge animal colonies are shown in Tables 16 and17. These tables reflect assemblies for the animals which amount to a littleless than a one-man assembly for the 30-day Shuttle module, approximatelya seven-man assembly for the laboratory, and a nine-man assembly for thecentrifuge. Since an open oxygen loop is being used on the 30-day Shuttlemodule, no oxygen recovery equipment is needed; however, three 3-man inter-connected assemblies (Sabatier plus electrolysis) are required to sustaineither the laboratory or the centrifuge colonies.

SECTION VI. ANIMAL ATMOSPHERIC PURIFICATION ASSEMBLY

The function of the atmospheric purification assembly is essentiallythe same as the manned assembly. The contaminants, carbon dioxide, andbacteria produced by the animals must be maintained within acceptable limits.The contaminant components must prevent cross-contamination between setsof animal cages. If a common contaminant removal loop is used for all theanimals, removal of the contaminants must be 100 percent effective beforethe fresh air is routed back to. the animals. .A common loop is being assumed.

Animal life will liberate feces, urine, flatus, and carbon dioxide.Carbon dioxide and water are the principal contaminants released in the animalatmosphere; however, other contaminants such as ammonia from.the urine,and methane and hydrogen sulfide from feces will appear. Establishing closetolerances for these contaminants seems difficult in view of the lack of infor-mation concerning the amounts generated by the animals. An adequate amountof activated charcoal can be provided in the atmospheric purifier to controlthese contaminants. Carbon dioxide is due to the animal metabolism of oxygen,

26

TABLE 13. ATMOSPHERIC SUPPLY AND PRESSURIZATION MASS

Component

0

O2 Tankage

Q

N2 Tankage

O2 and N2 Plumbing

O2 Heat Exchanger

N2 Heat Exchanger

Controller, Total Pressure

Valve, Cabin Dump, and Relief .

Regulator, Pressure O2/N2

Pressure Control Heat Exchanger

Delivery Selector Valve

Pressure Transducer

Valve, Shutoff

Chlorate Candles and Canisters

Contingency ( 5%)

No. Required

1

1

I

2

2

1

1

2

2

2

Mass,kg

11.3

2.27

2.27

1.22

4.08

2.27

5.0

0.91

0.82

0.27

39.5

4.0

Total 73.91

Weight,Ib

25

5

5

2.7

9

5

11

2

1.8

0.6

87

8.9

163

a. 71 kg (157 Ib) O2 and 110 kg (243 Ib) N2 contained in station cryogenictanks. (See Table 33.)

b. Conversion factor: 2.2Q5lb/kg.

27

TABLE 14. OXYGEN RECOVERY ASSEMBLY ( SABATIER)DETAILED MASS AND POWER BREAKDOWN

(THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Sabatier/Methane Dump

Sabatier ReactorPressure TransducerCO2 OrificePressure Ratio RegulatorH2 OrificeFlow TransducerCH4 OrificeShutoff ValveCycle AccumulatorO2 Warning SensorSignal ConditionerTemperature TransducerSignal ConditionerSolenoid ValveTimer, ElectricalCondenser/Water SeparatorTemperature Control ValveTemperature ControllerInstallation Provisions

No. Required

131112162 .11222111i

Mass,kg

2.270.680.0220.570.0220.910.0220.822.720.0450.230.180.270.230.0912.720.450.415.03

Total 17.69

Weight, a

Ib

5.01.50.051.250.052.00.051.806.00.10.50.40.60.50.26.01.00.9

11.1

39.0

a. Conversion factor: 2. 205 Ib/kg.

28

TABLE 15. WATER ELECTROLYSIS ASSEMBLYDETAILED MASS BREAKDOWN

(THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Check Valve

Shutoff Valve

Electrolysis Module

Condenser/ Separator

Hydrogen Regulator

Oxygen Regulator

Circulation Pump

Gas/Liquid/Solids Separator

Controller

Solenoid Shutoff Valve

Cold Plate

Instrumentation

Plumbing and Wiring

Insulation

Mounting

Contingency

. No. Required

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Mass,kg

0.27

2.18

21.77

2.72

0.54

0.54

0.68

2.72

0.82

0.68

1.81

4.54

4.08

.1.36

1.36

4.72

Total 50.79

Weight,a

Ib

0.6

4.8

48.0

6.0

1.2

1.2

1.5

6.0

1.8

1.5

4.0

10.0

9.0

3.0

3.0

10.4

112.0


29

TABLE 16. TYPICAL ANIMAL OXYGEN LOADING( LABORATORY AND CENTRIFUGE COLONIES)

Aninial

Chimpanzee (Adult)

Monkey ( Macaque)

Rat (White)

Marigold ( Plant)

Invertebrates

Cells and Tissues

Overall Man Equivalent

Plant orAnimal

No. (Lab.)

1

2

256

144

3

4

Plant or AnimalNo. (Centrifuge)

1

2

352

144

3 '

4

Man/ Animal

1.28

16.08

46.35

Nil

" Nil

Nil

Total ManEquivalent ( Lab. )

0. 78la

0.124

5. 523

Nil

Nil

Nil

6J428

Total ManEquivalent ( Centrifuge)

0.781a

0.124

7.594

Nil

Nil

Nil

8.499

a. Estimate

TABLE 17. TYPICAL ANIMAL OXYGEN LOADING(30-DAY SHUTTLE MODULE COLONY)

Animal

Monkey ( Macaque)

Rat ( White)

Marigold ( Plant)

Invertebrates

Cells and Tissues


Plant or AnimalNo. (Lab.)

2

32

16

2

2

Man/ Animal

16.08

46.35

Nil

Nil

Nil

Total Man Equivalent, (Lab.)

0.124

0.69

Nil.

Nil

Nil

0.814

30

and water results from perspiration and respiration. Various contaminantcomponents will have to contend with other contaminants (Table 18), such asthose produced in the 90-day manned test performed in the MDAC Space Stationsimulator. These contaminants were reviewed and assigned contingency andabort levels by the National Academy of Science (NAS) and the NationalResearch Council (NRC) .

Carbon dioxide (CO^ concentration for the animal atmosphere must becontrolled to an acceptable level. Figure 8 [ 7] shows human tolerance forcarbon dioxide, which can be used with the supposition that the animals havea similar tolerance. In Figure 8, A shows the short-term tolerance and Bthe long-term tolerance, which is more applicable for a 6-month experiment.For the long-term objective, a 0. 5 percent maximum is indicated for carbondioxide level, with, however, a rather large tolerance up to 2. 5 percent with "only minor discomfort. Carbon dioxide concentrators should be designed tomaintain carbon dioxide concentrations at or below 0. 5 percent for normalactivity and metabolism by the animals. For higher rates of animal activityand metabolism, the carbon dioxide concentrations should not exceed 2. 5 per-cent for the short durations of animal activity. The bar graph (B in Fig. 8)shows that for prolonged exposures of 40 days, concentrations of CO2 in airof less than 0. 5 percent (zone A) cause no biochemical or other effects; con-centrations between 0. 5 and 3.0 percent (zone B) cause adaptive biochemicalchanges, which may be considered a mild physiological strain; and concentra-tions above 3.0 percent (zone C) cause pathological changes in basic physio-logical functions.

The selected CO2 concentrator should maintain the partial pressure ofCO2 at approximately 4 mm Hg (0. 077 psia) and provide pure CO2 for oxygenrecovery processing, if required. The average CO2 concentration during the90-day MDAC test time was approximately 5 mm Hg (0.057 psia) rather thanthe intended 4 mm Hg (0.077 psia). The cabin atmosphere CO2 concentrationduring the 90-day run is shown in Figure 9, which has the abnormal operationpeaks numbered. Carbon dioxide removal can be accomplished for the 30-daymodule animal colony by a CO2 absorber canister, where the CO2 is removedby lithium hydroxide. More sophisticated equipment will have to be employedfor the maximum payloads, such as a manned molecular sieve or solid amineassembly. The capacities of the required assemblies were based on theanimals per man ratio of carbon dioxide production and are given in Table 7.The animal assembly requirements for the 30-day Shuttle module, laboratory,and centrifuge colonies for these assemblies are depicted in Tables 19 and 20.The tables establish that equivalent manned carbon dioxide assemblies areless than a one-man assembly for the 30-day Shuttle colony, approximately aseven-man assembly for the laboratory, and a nine-man assembly for thecentrifuge.

31

TABLE 18. MAJOR ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS INMDAC SPACE STATION SIMULATOR [ 8]

Contaminant

CO (ppm)

CO2 ( mm Hg)

Hydrocarbons (ppm)

NH3 (ppm)

Aldehydes (ppm)

SO2 (ppm)

H2S(ppm)

(NO) (ppmN02)

O3 (ppm)

Chlorine (ppm)

Cyanides (ppm)

Phosgene (ppm)

Ethanol ( ppm)

Toluene (ppm)

2- Ethyl Butanol (ppm)

N-Butanol

2- Bu tan one

Chloroform

Dichloromethane

Dioxane

Ethylacetate

2- Methylbutanone

Trichloroethylene

1, 1, 2-Trichloro;1, 2, 2-Trifluoroethaneand Related Congeners

Formaldehyde

Dichlorolacetylene

Vinylidene Chloride

Accuracy

±2.0

±0.4

±2.0

±1.0

±0.005

±0.25

±1.0

±0.1

±0.001

±0.04

±1.0

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

±0.2

—

--

NormalOperations

12.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.03

0.1

1.0

0.07

2.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

2.0

0.5

2.5

1.0

4.0

2.0

1.0

20

0.05

0

2.0

Lower End ofContingencyOperations

100

8

60

75

15

7

15

1.5

0.15

0.7

3.0

0.15

300

30

20

15

30

7

40

15

60

30

15

150

0.15

Detected

10

AbortLevel

200

a

300

150

25

12

30

15

1.5

1.5

!5

1.5

1500

300

60

150

300

70 .

700

150

600

300

, 150

1500

3.0

0.1

25

a. Greater than 60 (3 minutes); 60 to 40 ( 10 minutes); 40 to 30 (30 minutes); 30 to 20( 60 minutes); 20 to 15 (48 hours).

32

A. B.

HONE IV DIZZINESS. STUPOR. UNCONSCIOUSNESS

ZONE II! - DISTRACTING DISCOMFORT

ZONE II - MINOR PERCEPTIVE CHANGES1-

ZONE I -NO EFFECT

90

75

60

45

IE

CM

ouu.oUJcc

1UJtt0.

30 pc

15

20 30 40 50

TIME - minutes

60 70 80

40 DAYS

Figure 8. General manned symptoms to mixtures of CO2 inair at 1 atmosphere.

The atmospheric purification assembly for the 30-day Shuttle modulecolony is illustrated in Figure 3. A cabin blower is employed to transfer thecabin gas through a debris trap, particulate filter, to remove both large andsmall particles and an activated charcoal filter, which removes the minutecontaminants and odors. The gas then enters the unit heat exchanger forhumidity control where the gas is cooled and the excess water is condensed,removed, and dumped overboard. Next the gas enters the CO2 absorbercanister where the CO2 is removed by lithium hydroxide. The absorber ele-ments are to operate in parallel inside the canister. This diverts half theflow into each element as the gas passes through the CO2 canister. Othercabin atmosphere trace contaminants are passed through a pre-sorbent bedcontaining lithium hydroxide, through a catalytic oxidizer, where the flow isheated within a few degrees of the required catalyst operating temperature,and then through a post-absorbent bed containing lithium hydroxide forremoving oxidation products. A detailed mass breakdown of the atmosphericpurification components for the 30-day Shuttle module colony is shown inTable 21.

33

CO

303W0

OSa0

T3

§03O

S?T3

IOOi

U

05

3anss3Ud aaixoia woaavo

34

TABLE 19. TYPICAL ANIMAL CARBON DIOXIDE LOADING(30-DAY SHUTTLE MODULE COLONY)

Animal

Monkey ( Macaque)

Rat ( White)

Marigold ( Plant)

Invertebrates

Cells and Tissues


Plant or Animal No.

2

32

16

2

2

Man/ Animal

8.15

50.47

Nil

Nil

Nil

Total Man Equivalent

0.245

0.63

Nil

Nil

Nil

0.875

TABLE 20. TYPICAL ANIMAL CARBON DIOXIDE LOADING

Animal

Chimpanzee (Adult)

Monkey ( Macaque)

Rat ( White)

Marigold ( Plant)

Invertebrates

Cells and Tissues


Plant OrAnimal

No. (Lab.)

1

2

256

144

3

4

Plant Or AnimalNo. ( Centrifuge)

1

2

352

144

3

4

Man/ Animal

1.27

8.15

50.47

Nil

Nil

Nil

Total ManEquivalent ( Lab. )

0.787

0.245

5.072

Nil

Nil

Nil

.6.104

Total ManEquivalent ( Centrifuge)

0.787

0.245

6.974

Nil

Nil

Nil

8.006

\Atmospheric purification components for the laboratory and centrifuge

animal colonies will be taken from the Option IV Modular Space Station candi-dates. A molecular sieve removes carbon dioxide and a nonregenerable/catalytic oxidation assembly controls contaminants. Another excellent candi-date for carbon dioxide removal is the solid amine assembly. During the 90-day MDAC simulator test, the solid amine served as the baseline assembly,and the molecular sieve was the backup. These assemblies are shown inFigures 10 and 11.

35

TABLE 21. ATMOSPHERIC PURIFICATION ASSEMBLY MASS(TWO-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Debris Trap

Particulate Filter

Activated Charcoal Filter

Heat Exchanger

CO2 Absorber Filter Assembly

CO2 Absorber Canister

Fans

Catalytic Oxidizer

Pre-sorbent Bed

Post-sorbent Bed

Gauges and Valves

Contingency

No. Required

1

1

1

1

2

. 2

3

1

1

1

Mass,kg

0.37

0.62

0.82

1.09

1.65

4.93

0.80

2.14

0.45

0.41

4.53

0.29

Total 18. 10

Weight, a

Ib

0.82

1.36

1.81

2.40

3.63

10.88: .

1.77

4.72

1.00

0.91

9.98

0.64

39.92

a. Conversion factor: 2.205lb/kg.

During the 90-day test, the solid amine assembly required a significantamount of maintenance; however, this was not unexpected considering the stateof development. The molecular sieve encountered only minor problems andproved to be satisfactory. The molecular sieve is the selected approach forcarbon dioxide removal. A detailed mass breakdown of a three-man molecularsieve assembly is shown in Table 22. Three molecular sieve assemblies mustbe interconnected to obtain the nine-man capacity.

36

WATER-

1i.^so)y

' h*~

BOILER

SUPERHEATER

A •

"

^

'

CABIN AIRFROMHUMIDITYCONTROL

PRESS. (TO ACCUATE VALVES)HEATING

COOLING

Figure 10. CO2 concentrator — solid amine unit.

CABINAIR FROMHUMIDITYCONTROL UNIT

, COOLING TO CABINf t 4 *

TO C02

ACCUMULATOR

|P| PRESSURE ACTUATEDVALVE

TO SPACE VACUUM

SSS WALL

CHECK VALVE

* SILICA GEL (SG)

Figure 11. CO2 concentrator — molecular sieve unit.

37

TABLE 22. MOLECULAR SIEVE ASSEMBLYDETAILED MASS BREAKDOWN

(THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Fan

Heater

Silica Gel Canister

Molecular Sieve Canister

Regenerative H/X

Coolant Diverter Valves

Canister Diverter Valves

Startup Valve

Shutoff Valve

Vacuum Pump

CO2 Cooler

CO2 Accumulator

CO2 Compressor

CO2 Diverter Valve

Valve Sequence Controller

CO2 Sensor

He ater/C ontroller

Humidity Sensor

Pressure Sensor

Speed Sensor

Temperature Sensor

No. Required

1

1

2

.2

1

6

4

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

3

3

6

Mass,kg

2.95

0.68

21.77

21. .77

9.07

4.08

2.72

0.68

0.55

9.98

0.68

6.08

2.95

0.68

2.72

2.36

0.82

0.23

0.95

0.54

0.54

Total - . . 92.80

Weight, a

lb

6.5.

1.5

48.0. "

48.0

- 20.0

9.0

6.0,

1.5

1.2

22.0

1.5

13.4

6.5

1.5

6.0

5.2

1.'8 ''

. 0.5 •

2. 1

1.2

1.2

204.6


38

The basic components of the molecular sieve unit are two silica gelbeds in parallel, a heat exchanger, a circulation blower (Apollo suit compres-sor), two molecular sieve beds in parallel, a sequence timer, manifolds, andsequence control valves. A condenser and zero-g water separator are providedto remove water vapor from the silica gel beds desbrption air stream.

Basic to the operation of the molecular sieve assembly is a sorbentmaterial that has a high affinity for CO2; an artificial zeolite (molecular sieve)is used. Two canisters function alternately in absorbing and desorbing modes.Since the sorbent has a preferential affinity for water vapor, an additional pairof desiccant canisters, usually containing silica gel, is used to absorb themoisture from the air stream before it enters the CO2 removal beds.

The nonregenerable charcoal concept, which is the major contaminantcontrol assembly for the laboratory and centrifuge colonies, is depicted inFigure 12. The major components of this concept are a charcoal bed withreplaceable cartridges, a catalytic burner, and a post-sorbent bed containinglithium carbonate. The charcoal bed is intended to remove most of the generalcontaminants. The catalytic oxidizer rather than the charcoal is the main con-taminant control device. It is intended to remove such gases as methane,hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. A catalyst such as 0. 5 percent palladium oralumina operating at 700° F is recommended. The post-sorbent bed is designedto remove gases that may form in the oxidizer. Detailed weights of the assem-bly mass for a three-man capacity are listed in Table 23. Three such assem-blies must be interconnected to provide the nine-man capacity needed.

SECTION VII. ANIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT/WATERRECLAMATION ASSEMBLY

Water management consists of storing or reclaiming the requiredamount of water to supply the 30-day Shuttle module, laboratory, or centrifugeanimal colonies. The water must always be sterile and free of organic andinorganic toxic material. The amounts of water needed by the animals isapproximately 2. 529 kg ( 5. 576 Ib) per day for the 30-day Shuttle colony, 17. 09kg (37.68 Ib) per day for the laboratory colony, and 22. 64 kg (49.92 Ib) perday for the centrifuge colony.

Approximately 76 kg (167. 58 Ib) of water are required every 30 daysfor the Shuttle module animal colony. The laboratory and centrifuge animalcolonies will require 1538 kg (3391 Ib) and 2038 (4494 Ib), respectively,every 90 days. A water balance table for the 30-day Shuttle module colonyis given in Table 24. Similar tables could be developed for the laboratoryand centrifuge colonies.

39

oocc< QX LUCJ 00

o§o

oof-l

••3

2§

•8a

cc<2CO

40

TABLE 23. NONREGENERABLE CHARCOAL/CATALYTIC OXIDATIONASSEMBLY DETAILED MASS BREAKDOWN

( THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Fan

Charcoal Bed

Manual Shutoff Valve

Catalytic Burner

Post-sorbent Bed

Heater Controller( Catalytic Burner)

Installation Hardware

No. Required

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Mass,kg

0.59

1.36

0.54

4.72

0.45

1.36

2.77

Total 11.79

Weight,3

Ib

1.3

3.0

1.2

10.4

1.0

3.0

6.1

26.0


An open water loop is utilized for the 30-day Shuttle module animalcolony. Since the waste water is not reclaimed, contaminants and bacteriagrowth in the water should present no problem. A simple water, managementassembly for the open loop might consist of a water storage tank, a waterchiller, pump, filter, gages, valves, and plumbing. This assembly as tabu-lated in Table 25 would weigh about 16 kg (35. 3 Ib).

Water reclamation techniques are recommended for the laboratory andcentrifuge colonies. Partial closure of the water loop can be accomplished byreclaiming the condensate or urine water of the animals. The best possiblechoices appear to be air evaporation for urine recovery and multifiltrationfor condensate recovery. These assemblies, which were used in the ModularSpace Station effort, underwent the 90-day test in the McDonnell-Douglas simu-lator. The multifiltration process is simple, requires very low power, and isinexpensive. Figures 13 and 14 illustrate the assemblies, and Tables 26 and27 give detailed mass breakdowns for a three-man capacity. Three suchassemblies must be interconnected to provide the nine-man capacity needed.

41

TABLE 24. 30-DAY SHUTTLE MODULE WATER BALANCE(32 WHITE RATS AND 2 MACAQUE MONKEYS)

Water Input .

Drinking Water (0. 29 kg/ monkey-day)

Water of Oxidation (0. 05 kg/monkey- day)

Drinking Water (0.0487 kg/rat-day)

Water of Oxidation (0.0091 kg/rat-day)

Total Required

Water Output

Urine Water ( 0. 22 kg/monkey-day)

Perspiration and Respiration (0. 12 kg/ monkey- day)

Urine Water (0.0203 kg/ rat-day)

Perspiration and Respiration (0.0375 kg/rat-day)

Total Required

Mass,kg

0.58

0.10

1. 558

0.291

2.529

0.44

0.24

0.649

1. 200

2.529

Weight, a

Ib

1. 279

0.220

3.435

0.642

5.576

0.970

0.529

1.431

2. 646

5.576


SECTION VIM. ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSEMBLY

The waste management assemblies for the 30-day Shuttle module,laboratory, and centrifuge animal colonies should be very similar in certainrespects to those for men. The two-man waste management assembly for theShuttle crew compartment should be more than adequate to handle the animalwastes for the 30-day Shuttle module colony. The laboratory and centrifuge

42

TABLE 25. WATER MANAGEMENT ASSEMBLY MASS BREAKDOWN(TWO-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

H2O Tank

Pump

Chiller; i

Filter

Gages, Valves, Plumbing, etc.

No. Required

1

1

1

1

?

Mass,kg

6.00

1.80

0.91

2.36

5.00

Total 16. 07

Weight, a

Ib

13.23

3.969

2.007

5.204

11.03

35.44


animal wastes will utilize a modified version of the integrated vacuum dryingassembly selected for the Option IV Modular Space Station.

The handling of the animal feces and urine may prove to be one of themost difficult zero-g problems. It is very unlikely that the animals can be"toilet" trained; therefore the waste management system must provide adequateseparation of the waste materials without animal cooperation. In the zero-gstate, there is no settling force so other techniques must be utilized. Perhapsthe most meaningful force is that of air movement. Since air must be circu-lated for other purposes, it is attractive for use here.

Air motion and aerodynamic drag on particulate matter is one methodconsidered for sweeping the cages clear of feces and debris along with theurine. Examples of the air motion method are described in References 3 and4. It is assumed that the animals will soon learn to face upstream whendefecating and urinating. Further study is necessary on animal position forwaste removal. Screen wires could be provided at the rear and on one side ofthe cage so that the rats or monkeys can cling to the screen and move along theside and rear of the cage. The solid wastes and liquid urine are collected andretained on waste pads located at one end of the cage. Previous studies haveindicated that the waste pads should be capable of retaining a 45-day or moreoutput of fecal matter without attention. The humidity-control system will be

43

o8o

.2|o

Io>f-l

• f-4rt

01O

!—I

O

oorH

2a

44.

0>ooo

s'•§f-l

45

TABLE 26. AIR EVAPORATION ASSEMBLYDETAILED MASS BREAKDOWN

(THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Chemical Storage Tank ConnectorPre-treat TankManual, Three-way ValveEvaporatorC onden se r/ Sep ar atorManual, Four- way ValveFanHeaterHeater Control

Charcoal Filter CanisterChemical InjectorSolenoid, Four- waySolenoid, Three-wayShutoff ValveFeed ValvePumpsControllerConductivity SensorHeat ExchangerBacteria FilterControlsStructurePlumbingWiring

No. Required

221212111

1211

17421111

Mass,kg

0.453.90.236.83.40.050.680.680.82

0.823.270.450.321.950.911.361.361.273. 171.181.221.812.270.91

Total 39.28

Weight, 3

Ib

1.08.60.5

15.0• 7.5

0.11.51.51.8

1.87.21.00.74.32.03.03.02.87.02.62.74.05.02.0

86.6


46

TABLE 27. MULTIFILTRATION ASSEMBLY DETAILED MASSBREAKDOWN (THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Diverter Valve, Four-wayMultifiltration BedBacteria FilterConductivity SensorSolenoid Valve, Three-wayPumpManual Shutoff ValveController

No. Required

11

• 211161

Mass,kg

0.820.821.630.540.820.680.820.-68

Total . 6.81

Weight,3

Ib

1.81.83.61.21.81.51.81.5

15.0


designed to, maintain a relatively dry atmosphere in the cages so that the fecalmatter will dry without excessive decomposition. Provisions for replacementor cleaning the pads with a small vacuum cleaner can be made if necessary.Urine is held by the pads until it evaporates and is removed by the LiCl desic-cant in the humidity control system.

The urine and condensate from the laboratory and centrifuge coloniesmay be excessive enough to employ urine recovery equipment. This involvescollecting the urine in liquid form and transferring it to the water managementassembly for recovery processing. Urine water and condensate produced bythe 30-day Shuttle module colony will be dumped overboard. During periods ofnondumping the liquid wastes can be dumped into a storage tank. Fecal wastesare collected in waste collection bags and placed in a storage container, whichwill be transported back to earth via Shuttle. A modified waste managementassembly used in the Shuttle crew compartment is a good candidate for thismodule. A detailed mass breakdown of the assembly, which weighs 43 kg(95 Ib), is listed in Table 28. A modified version of the integrated vacuumdrying concept, which was used in the Modular Space Station, is a suitableapproach for the waste management in the laboratory and centrifuge colonies.It has been tested in the 60- and 90-day tests of MDACT s Space Station simu-lator. This concept was selected for the Modular Space Station because of thelow development risks, least overall cost, and crew acceptability.

47

TABLE 28. SHUTTLE CREW COMPARTMENT WASTE MANAGEMENTASSEMBLY DETAILED MASS BREAKDOWN

(TWO-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Urinal Cover

Fan ( Urinal)

Fan ( Odor Control)

Sterilizer (Ag Cl)

Urine and Air Separator

Bacteria Filter and Motor

Water Separator (Urine, Solids and Liquids)

Storage Tanks

Charcoal Bed

Toilet

Air Filter

Collection Bags

Installation, Insulation, etc.

Contingency

No. Required

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

Mass,kg

0.59

3.63

3.18

1.04

2.27

2.27

1. 81

6.35

1.95

6.80

0.23

2.72

9.07-

1.18

Total • 43.09

Weight/Ib

1.3

8.0

7.0

2.3

5.0

5.0

4.0

14.0

4.3

15.0

0.5

6.0

20.0 .

2.6

95.0 *


The manned integrated vacuum drying assembly consists of a seat,replaceable liner, rotary deflector, blower, a vacuum vent line, an atmosphererecovery line, controls, selector valves, and appropriate filters. The con-cept is shown pictorially in Figure 15 and a detailed mass breakdown of athree-man assembly is depicted in Table 29.

48

CO<oo

cc

49

TABLE 29. INTEGRATED VACUUM DRYING ASSEMBLY MASS( THREE-MAN EC/LSS)

Component

Waste CollectorSlinger MotorShredderHeater ControlProcess Flow FanUrinalCycle ControlUrine/Air SeparatorUrine PumpBacteria FilterOdor Removal FilterSolenoid Shutoff ValveCheck ValvePressure SwitchVacuum PumpManual Shutoff ValveHeaterStructures and InstallationMiscellaneous

No. Required

11121 '11112133

41

Mass,kg

2.720.919.070.640.911.361.130.910.230.180.233.810.680.230.270.910.914.544.54

Total 34. 18

Weight, a

lb

6.02.0

20.01.42.03.02.52. 0 -0.50.4 °0.58.41.50.50.62.02.0

10.010.0

75.3


SECTION IX; ANIMAL EXPENDABLE REQUIREMENTS

Food and oxygen expendables for the 30-day Shuttle module, laboratory,and centrifuge animal colonies are approximately equal to those of their 1-, 7-,and 9-man equivalents, respectively. The centrifuge colony of 352 rats, 2Macaque monkeys, and 1 chimpanzee consumes approximately the same massof food and oxygen that 9 men would require in orbit. Considerably much moremetabolic water is required for the men than the animals on these missions.The laboratory and centrifuge consumables will impose large penalties on thelaunch and resupply vehicles. For example, the centrifuge colony mentioned

50

above requires 851 kg (1877 Ib) of metabolic oxygen, 2717 kg (5991 Ib) ofwater, and 909 kg (2004 Ib)2 of food for a 90-day mission.

Sufficient quantities of oxygen and nitrogen must be maintained on boardthe experiment module to sustain the animal colonies between resupply periods.For the laboratory and centrifuge colonies, this amounts to a normal 90-daysupply plus a 30-day contingency for emergency metabolic and leakage needs.Cryogenic consumables (O2 and N^ are required for various activities such asmetabolic and leakage purposes, initial and emergency pressurizations, main-tainability losses, and reserves. These activities, as reflected in Table 30,require approximately 71 kg (157 Ib) of oxygen and 110 kg ( 243 Ib) of nitrogenfor the 30-day Shuttle module. Tables 31 and 32 show the oxygen and nitrogenrequirements for the laboratory and centrifuge colonies. The amount of oxygenfor the laboratory and centrifuge payloads is approximately 758 kg (1671 Ib)and 975 kg (2150 Ib), respectively. The required nitrogen is approximately298kg(657 lb ) in each case.

Summaries of the expendable masses plus containers for the 30-dayShuttle module, the laboratory, and centrifuge colonies are shown in Tables33, 34, and 35. These total 218 kg (464 Ib) , 4422 kg (9750 Ib), and 5580 kg(12 303 Ib), respectively. Included are oxygen, nitrogen, water, food, andcontainers for the rats, monkeys, and chimpanzees.

2. All figures cited in this example include a 30-day reserve.

51

TABLE 30. ONBOARD OPEN LOOP CONSUMABLES AT SHUTTLEINITIAL LAUNCH ( 32 WHITE RATS AND

2 MACAQUE MONKEYS)

Module Leakage ( 30 days)

Module Leakage Keserve (30 days)

Rat Metabolic Oxygen ( 30 days)

Rat Metabolic Oxygen Reserve ( 30 days)

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen ( 30 days)

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen Reserve (30 days)

Initial Module Pressurization

Emergency Module Pressurization

Initial Airlock Pressurization

Emergency Airlock Pressurization

Molecular Sieve Ullage

Gas Losses for Maintainability

Contingency

Overall Requirements

Less Initial Pressurization Gases

Fluid Mass and Weight

02

kg

2.90

2.90

17.28

17.28

3. 12

3.12 .

9.07

9.07

0.91

0.91

.2.80

6.44

3.79

79.59

-9.07

Total Cryogen Storage 70. 52

lba

6.4

6.4

38.1

38.1

6.9

6.9

20.0

20.0

2.0

2.0

6.2

14.2

8.4

175.6

-20.0

155.6

. N2

kg

10.71

10.71

34.01

34.01

2.72

2.72

10.48

24.23

14. 26 ,

.;143.85

-34.01

109. 84

lba

23.6

23.6

75.0

75.0

6.0

6.0

23.1

53.4

31.4

317.1

-75.0

242.1


52

TABLE 31. ONBOARD OPEN LOOP CONSUMABLES AT INITIALLAUNCH ( LABORATORY ONLY) ( 256 WHITE RATS,

2 MACAQUE MONKEYS, AND 1 CHIMPANZEE) •

Module Leakage (90 days, 0.454 kg/day)

Module Leakage Reserve (30 days)


Rat Metabolic Oxygen Reserve (30 days)

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen (90 days)

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen Reserve

Chimpanzee Metabolic Oxygen (90 days)

Chimpanzee Metabolic Oxygen Reserve ( 30 days)




Emergency Airlock Pressurization


Gas Losses for Maintainability

Contingency

Overall Requirements " .

Less Initial Pressurization Gasses


02

kg

8.62

2.72

415.00

138.32

9.52

3.18

59.00

19.50

9.07

9.07

0.91

0.91

38.55

15.87

36.73

766.97

-9.07

Total Cryogen Storage 757.90

lba

19.0

6.0

915.1

305.0

21.0

7.0

130. 1

43.0

20.0

20.0

2.0

2.0

85.0

35.0

81.0

1691.2

-20.0

1671.2

. N2

kg

32.20

10.88

34.01

34.01

2.72

2.72

141.04

58. 5 '

15.87:

331.95

-34.01

297.94

lba

71.0

24.0

75.0

75.0

6.0

6.0

311.0

129.0

35.0

.732.0

-75.0

657.0


53 .;

TABLE 32. ONBOARD OPEN LOOP CONSUMABLES AT INITIALLAUNCH (CENTRIFUGE) (352 WHITE RATS,

2 MACAQUE MONKEYS, AND 1 CHIMPANZEE)

•

Module Leakage (90 days, 0.454 kg/day)

Module Leakage Reserve ( 30 days)


Rat Metabolic Oxygen Reserve ( 30 days)

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen ( 90 days) • •

Monkey Metabolic Oxygen Reserve (30 day's)

Chimpanzee Metabolic Oxygen (90 days)

Chimpanzee Metabolic Oxygen Reserve (30 days)




Emergency Airlock Pressurization ;


Gas Losses for Maintainability • ' , •

Contingency

Overall Requirements

Less Initial Pressurization Gasses


02

kg

8.62

2.72

570.07

190.02

9.52

3.18

- 59.00

19.50

." 9.07

•• 9.07 ' .

• 0.9l' •

0.91

.38.55 •

15. 87 .-

46.71

983.72

-9.07

Total Cryogen Storage 974.65

aIb

19.0

6.0

1257.0

419.0

21.0

7.0

130.0

43.0

20.0

20.0

2.0

2.0

85.0 •

. • 35.0"

' 103.0 '"

2169.0

' -20,0

2149.0

N2

kg

32.20

10.88

34.01

34.01

2.72

. 2.72

141.04

; 58.5

15.87

311.95

-34.01

297.94

aIb

71.0

24.0

75.0.

75. -0

6.-0

6.0

311.0 :'

129:0

35.0 '".,

732.0

-75.0

657.0


54

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57

REFERENCES

1. Wells, HubertB. and Kromis, Andrew G.: Environmental Control andLife Support Subsystem (EC/LSS) for the Modular Space Station (OptionIV). NASA TM X-64603, February 15, 1971.

2. Preliminary Edition of Reference Earth Orbital Research and Applica-tions Investigations (Blue Book). Volume VIII, Life Sciences, NationalAeronautical and Space Administration, January 15, 1971.

3. Study of an Animal Research Facility (Using S-IVB) for a MannedOrbital Biotechnology Laboratory. Final Report, DAC - 58039,Contract NAS7-518, Douglas Aircraft Corporation, September 1967.

4. Russ, E.J.: A Study of Environmental Control and Life Support Systemsfor Spacecraft Animal Experiments. General Dynamics Corporation(Convair Division), Report GDC-ERR-1401, Contract NAS8-25051,December 31, 1969.

5. Altman, P. L. and Dittmer, D. S.: Metabolism. Federation of Amer-ican Societies for Experimental Biology, Bethesda, Maryland, 1968.

6. Altman, P.L. and Dittmer, D.S.: Biology Data Book. AMRL-TR-64-100, October 1964.

7. Bioastronautics Data Book. NASA SP-3006.

8. Preliminary Results from an Operational 90-day Manned Test of aRegenerative Life Support System. NASA SP-261, November 17-18,1970.

9. Mechtly, E.A.: The International System of Units. NASASP-7012.

58

APPROVAL

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTALCONTROL AND LIFE SUPPORT SUBSYSTEMS (EC/LSS) FOR

ANIMAL AND PLANT EXPERIMENT PAYLOADS

By Hubert B. Wells

The information in this report has been reviewed for security classifi-cation. Review of any information concerning Department of Defense or AtomicEnergy Commission programs has been made by the MSFC Security Classifica-tion Officer. This report, in its entirety, has been determined to be unclassi-fied.

This document has also been reviewed and approved for technicalaccuracy.

ANDREW G. KROIChief, Crew Systems Branch

IAYH. LAUEDeputy Chief, Propulsion andMechanical Systems Division

ERICH E. GOERNERDirector, Preliminary Design Office

i-MES T. MURPHYirector, Program Development

59

U.S. Government Printing Office: 1972 — 745-386/4124 Region No. k

INTERNAL

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PD-MP-SMr. MayDr. Hilchey

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