membrane interface probe hydraulic profiling tool mip... · mihpt membrane interface probe +...
TRANSCRIPT
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MiHptMembrane Interface Probe
+Hydraulic Profiling Tool
Tom Christy, PEWes McCall, PGDan Pipp, ChemistGeoprobe Systems®
Anders ChristensenKlaus WeberNIRAS, Denmark
Mads TerkelsenDanish Capital Region
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This project has been presented at:• Battelle Bioremediation Symposium, Jacksonville, FL June, 2013• RemTech Remediation Technology Symposium
Banff Alberta, Canada October 2013Published: Groundwater Mon. & Rem. Vol. 34, No. 2, pages 85-95.
MiHptMembrane Interface Probe
+Hydraulic Profiling Tool
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• How Does MIP Work ? MIP Log
• How Does HPT Work? HPT Log
• The Combined MiHpt Probe & Log
• Cross Sections with MiHpt logs
• Developing a Conceptual Site Model
Outline
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EC Dipole
Heater Block
Membrane
Trunkline Connections
The heater block heats up to 120C to help “extract” volatiles from the formation. The thermocouple is used to monitor & control the temperature. Supply and return gas lines in the trunkline connect to the fittings at the probe.
MIP Probe
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VOCs to Detector
Semi-permeable Membrane
Probe Body
VOCs diffuse across the semi-permeable membrane under a concentration gradient.
Carrier gas delivers the VOCs to gas phase detectors at the surface.
MIP Principles of Operation:
VOCs in Soil
Nitrogen Carrier Gas
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• Portable Computer
• FI6000 Field Instrument
• MIP Controller
• Gas Chromatograph with three detectors:
• PID• FID• XSD (or ECD)
MIP Instrumentation
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MIP Field Operation
A probe machine advances the tool string into the subsurface incrementally while a stringpot tracks the depth of the probe. Rod and trunkline management provide your daily workout routine.
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MIP QA/QCField VOC Response Testing
Field standard (e.g. Benzene, TCE, PCE, etc.)
Field standard is injected into 500ml of clean water
The heated MIP probe is inserted into the working standard for 45 seconds
NOT A CALIBRATION
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Typical Chemical Response Test
Trip Time
ImmersionTime (45s) Response to single analyte
(e.g. benzene) in water. 5ppm concentration
Trip time is the time required for analyte to travel across the membrane and through the trunkline to its first observation at the detector. The trip time is entered into the software to allow for accurate tracking of contaminants in the log. 9
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Electrical Conductivity(mS/m)
Here is a fairly typical MIP log. EC graph on the left, units are millisiemens per meter.
Example MIP Log: Skuldelev SK05
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EC Rule of Thumb : Low EC >> sand ….. High EC >> clay … Exceptions !
The EC rule of thumb is for fresh water formations. There are exceptions to the EC rule … ionic contaminants can cause hi EC even in a clean sand
Electrical Conductivity(mS/m)
Example MIP Log: Skuldelev SK05
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PID Detector4.4 x 10E5(µV)
Example MIP Log: Skuldelev SK05
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XSD Detector7.4 x 10E5 (µV)
Scale is Important !
Example MIP Log: Skuldelev SK05
PID Detector4.4 x 10E5(µV)
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Incremental Probing & Trip Time
Stop incrementally to let the contaminants travel up trunkline to the detector
Δ L = 1 foot ~ 30 cm
The peaks or “spikes” in the detector logs are caused by the incremental probing. Stopping at each depth interval for about 45 seconds to allow time for the probe to reach temperature and diffuse contaminants across the membrane. 14
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Correlating MIP Detector to Groundwater Samples
71 mg/l(PCE+TCE+DCE+VC)
How does the MIP detector response correlate with groundwater sample results? At the Skuldelev site the results correlate pretty well. We used a direct push piezometer with a 1-foot screen interval to collect discrete samples for this comparison. 15
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Injection ScreenEC Array
Trunkline Connections
Replaceable Screens
The HPT Probe System
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HPT Principles of Operation
A) Water Tank
B) Pump & Flow Meter
C) Electronics/computer
D) Trunkline
E) Pressure Sensor
F) Screened Injection Port
G) Elec. Conductivity Array
Inject Water at 300 ml/min
Advance Probe at 2 cm/sec
AB
C
D
E
F
G
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HPT Principles of Operation
Inject Water at 300 ml/min
Advance Probe at 2 cm/sec
AB
C
D
E
F
G
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The pump in the HPT flow module (B) draws water from the supply tank and pumps water down the trunkline at a constant flow rate. An inline flow meter measures the flow rate. The downhole pressure sensor (E) monitors the pressure generated by injecting water into the formation matrix. The HPT probe includes an electrical conductivity (EC) Wennerarray. The EC, pressure and flow rate are logged every 0.05 ft (15 mm) and displayed onscreen as the probe is advanced.
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AB
C
D
E
F
G
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HPT Pressure Rule of Thumb:
Hi Pressure >> Lo Permeability
Low Pressure >> Hi Permeability
HPT Interpretation
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HPT QA/QC
HPT Pressure Transducer Onscreen QA Report(data saved to log file)
HPT Probe in Reference Tube to Verify Δ6” Water Pressure = 0.22 psi (1.52kPa)
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Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
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Electrical Conductivity(mS/m)
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HPT Pressure(kPa or psi)
690kPa = 100 psi
Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
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HPT Flow Rate(ml/min)
Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
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HPT Pressure Rule of Thumb:
Hi Pressure >> Lo Permeability
Low Pressure >> Hi Permeability
Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
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EC Anomaly ?
Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
HPT Pressure Rule of Thumb:
Hi Pressure >> Lo Permeability
Low Pressure >> Hi Permeability
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Correlating HPT Pressure to Soil Cores
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Sand & Gravel
Clay -Till
How well does HPT pressure respond to lithologic changes? Here we can see the sand +/- gravel gives low HPT pressure while higher HPT pressure corresponds to the lower permeability clay-till.
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HPT and Hydrostatic > Corrected Pressure > Est K
Dissipation Tests
As you advance below the water table hydrostatic pressure effects the HPT pressure measured. Dissipation tests are used at selected depths to determine the piezometric pressure. Once we have the potentiometric profile that pressure can be subtracted from the total HPT pressure to determine the corrected HPT pressure. 27
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HPT and Hydrostatic P > Corrected P > Est K
f (Q/Pcorr) = Est K
Dissipation Tests
The corrected HPT pressure is the pressure required to inject water into the formation. The corrected pressure and flow are then used in an empirical model to calculate the estimated hydraulic conductivity of the formation at the inch-scale. 28
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Combining MIP and HPT Probes MiHPT
TrunklineConnections
Combining these probe functions into one probe provides you with information on contaminant concentration and distribution and lithologic information all in one boring.
HPT Injection Screen
EC Array
Heater Block
MIP Membrane
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The MiHpt Log: SK05 at Skuldelev
Electrical Conductivity
These logs give us the EC graph …
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HPT Pressure & Flow
The MiHpt Log: SK05 at Skuldelev
HPT pressure and flow rate data …
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PID Detector
XSD Detector
The MiHpt Log: SK05 at Skuldelev
As well as the detector logs for contaminant level and distribution. Here we see the chlorinated VOC contaminants are located within the sandy aquifer material at this location. Now … Where did we run this log ? 32
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Location of Skuldelev, Denmark
Here the insert map shows that Skuldelev is located about one hour west of Copenhagen in Denmark. A small community in the pastoral countryside.
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Skuldelev Geology
Glaciated Region
Site underlain by glacial till and related unconsolidated deposits
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Previous work with the MIP system and Electrical conductivity logs was not able to distinguish between the coarse grained materials and fine grained materials in the subsurface as observed with targeted soil cores.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart. 36
So we ran some MiHptlogs to see if the HPT pressure logs could help understand the local hydrostratigraphy. To date it was unclear why the groundwater plume was migrating in the direction it was following. Logs in the transect were placed about 8 meters (25ft) apart.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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We have been looking at data from the SK05 log at Skuldelev …
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Now let’s look at results for the SK04 log, just outside of the main groundwater plume body.
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Skuldelev SK04 Location LogSand & Gravel
Clay-Till
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No EC Increase at Clay-Till
At Skuldelev the EC of the clay-till was essentially the same as the EC of sands and gravels. So maybe that EC peak at the SK05 log was an anomaly?
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Skuldelev SK04 Location LogSand & Gravel
Clay-Till
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However, the HPT pressure increased significantly in the clay-till.
Pressure Increase at Clay-Till
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Skuldelev SK04 Location LogSand & Gravel
Clay-Till
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At this location outside of the main groundwater plume the halogen specific detector (XSD) found only minor detects of contamination.
Pressure Increase at Clay-Till
PCETCEDCEVC
~ND
XSD = redPID = Green
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Now let’s look at the SK12 location log …
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Skudelev SK12 MiHpt Log
EC = poor definition of clay till
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Skudelev SK12 MiHpt Log
Sandy Aquifer= low pressure
Contact
Clay-Till = Hi P
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Skudelev SK12 MiHpt Log
Clay-Till = Hi P
PID = XSD =1 x 10E7 µV 1 x 10E7 µV
Notice that the detector responses are almost exclusively in the clay-till at this location. The detector responses are high, almost at the maximum of the detector range for both detectors. 45
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Skuldelev Cross Section Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Back at the site map, we have looked at the SK12, SK05 and SK04 logs …
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Skuldelev Cross Section Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Now, let’s look at a cross section of HPT pressure, looking from the northeast to the south west.
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure X-Section(Elevation Corrected)
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
East West
(Facing ~ Southwest)
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We can see the top of the clay-till in the subsurface across the site where the HPT pressure increases in each log.
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure X-Section(Elevation Corrected)
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
East West
(Facing ~ Southwest)
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If we draw a line between each log connecting the elevation where the HPT pressure increases we define a surface of contact …
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure X-Section(Elevation Corrected)
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
East West
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This surface separates the top of the high pressure clay-till from the low pressure, sands and gravels (Aquifer materials). Looking at the profile it looks like a cross section of a stream valley.
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SK01 SK12SK05SK04
East West
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It appears that a post-glacial stream eroded a small valley in the surface of the clay-till that was later filled with sand and gravel, probably from outwash streams as the glaciers receded. Now we have created a detailed hydrogeologic model of the subsurface based on the HPT pressure logs. This becomes the foundation for our hydrogeologic conceptual site model (CSM).
Buried Stream Valley(filled with sand & gravel)
Skuldelev HPT Pressure X-Section = Hydrogeologic model = CSM
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure and XSD Cross Section
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
WestEast
XSD (µV)
SK07
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In this hydrogeologic cross section the MIP XSD detector response (red with blue fill) for chlorinated VOCs has been placed over the HPT pressure logs (black) at each location.
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure and XSD Cross Section
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
WestEast
XSD (µV)
SK07
53
It becomes apparent that the CVOC groundwater plume is migrating down the buried stream valley at locations SK05 and SK07. This was not understood until we had run the HPT logs and constructed this HPT pressure cross section.
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure and XSD Cross Section
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
WestEast
XSD (µV)
SK07
54
It becomes apparent that the CVOC groundwater plume is migrating down the buried stream valley at locations SK05 and SK07. This was not understood until we had run the HPT logs and constructed this HPT pressure cross section.
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Skuldelev HPT Pressure and XSD Cross Section
SK01 SK12SK05SK04
WestEast
XSD (µV)
SK07
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Over at the west end of the cross section (SK11 & SK12) CVOC contamination is present in the clay-till. This “hot spot” formed as the result of a sewer leak after solvents were disposed of in the facility sewer, and is not associated with the groundwater plume.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
56
Here is the hot spot at SK12 shown on the map (red arrow).
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
57
Here the sewer line juncture where the leak occurred that resulted in the hot spot at SK12 is shown on the map (red arrow). Sewer lines/back filled ditches led to vapor intrusion in some homes.
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EC Anomaly ?
Example HPT Log: Skuldelev SK05
When EC increases before HPT pressure, it may indicate an EC anomaly, caused by ionic contaminants.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 50 100 150 200 250
De
pth
(m
ete
rs)
EC(mS/m) : Pressure (kPa/3) : Spec. Cond. (µS/cm)/10
EC (mS/m)
HPT Press. Max (kPa)/ 3
Turbidity [NTU]
GW Specific Cond.(µS/cm)/10
SK05 Location
EC & HPT Pressure
Groundwater specific conductance
59
We conducted groundwater profile sampling at SK05 for CVOCs with SP16 groundwater samplers. The 30 cm (1 ft) piezometer screens were developed prior to sampling. Water quality parameters, including specific conductance, were monitored to stability at each interval. Here we see the specific conductance is increasing as we approach the EC anomaly. This suggests that an ionic contaminant in the formation is causing an increase in the bulk formation electrical conductivity.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12
MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
Persulfate Injection
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
60
During discussions with the NIRAS project managers (Klaus Weber and Anders Christensen) we learned that a pilot study with persulfate injection had been conducted at one of the DNAPL hot spots upgradient of the MiHptcross section.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12
MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
Persulfate Injection
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
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Anders indicated that well sampling after the injection program had confirmed the presence of persulfate in several monitoring wells. Well and boring logs appeared to indicate it was moving in a thin basal conglomerate present at the top of the clay-till in some areas across the site.
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Skuldelev Site Map
Pond
Manufacturing Bldg
SK01
SK05
SK04
SK12
MiHpt Log X
Cross section Line
GW Plume & Hot Spot
Persulfate Injection
North
Logs are spaced 8 m (~25ft) apart.
PCE, TCE, DCE & VC
62
Now, let’s look at a cross section from SK04 over to the SK10 location, focusing on EC and HPT pressure.
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Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Cross Section with HPT Pressure & EC
SK04 SK05 SK07 SK08 SK09 SK10 SK11
600East West
HPT Pressure (kPa)
63
HPT pressure is in purple and EC is black dashed line. Background EC at SK04 and SK10 & 11 are relatively flat, and below HPT pressure.
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Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Cross Section with HPT Pressure & EC
SK04 SK05 SK07 SK08 SK09 SK10 SK11
600East West
HPT Pressure (kPa)
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However, between the SK05 to SK09 locations we see that EC clearly increases above the clay-till. In several cores across the area we observed a “basal conglomerate” at the boundary between the clay-till and the overlying sands and gravels.
High EC in a Sand formation indicates ionic contaminants
“Mapping” distribution of persulfate in the subsurface
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Electrical Conductivity (mS/m)
Cross Section with HPT Pressure & EC
SK04 SK05 SK07 SK08 SK09 SK10 SK11
600East West
HPT Pressure (kPa)
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It appears this very permeable layer maybe providing a conduit for rapid movement of the persulfate in the subsurface. Detecting the EC anomaly by combining HPT pressure and EC logs provides a method for mapping ionic contaminants in the subsurface.
High EC in a Sand formation indicates ionic contaminants
For high concentration brines the bulk formation, EC can be several hundred or even a few thousand milliSiemens/meter, becoming very obvious in the EC logs.
“Mapping” distribution of persulfate in the subsurface
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MiHpt Summary
Combined MIP + HPT Probe Simultaneously Provides: MIP Detector Logs (where is it ? how much?)HPT Pressure Log (lithology, hydrostartigraphy)EC log
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Cross Sections with HPT Pressure Logs Provide: • Lithologic information• Hydrogeologic model for the site• Geologic cross sections
Gray Clay-Till(High HPT Pressure)
MiHpt Summary
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Cross Sections with MIP Detector Logs and HPT P Logs:• Lithologic control on contaminant migration
(migration pathways)• Conceptual site model development
MiHpt Summary
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