melody, harmony, and scales
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Elements of Music
Melody, Harmony, Scales
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Melody
A timely arranged linear sequence of pitched sounds that listeners perceive as a single entity.
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Listening Activity
Define melody and harmony of the following composition in your own words.
A. Vivaldi, Concerto “Spring” from the “Four Seasons,” 1st movement, Allegrohttp://magnatune.com/artists/albums/lara-fourseasons/
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Range
The distance between the lowest and the highest notes in the melody.
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Wide RangeBach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, in D Major, 1st Movementhttp://content.thespco.org/music/compositions/brandenburg-concerto-no-5-in-d-johann-sebastian-bach/
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Narrow Range
Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, 3rd movementhttp://content.thespco.org/music/compositions/violin-concerto-in-d-johannes-brahms/
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Melodic Motion
Disjunct—melody moves by large leaps.
Conjunct—melody rises and falls slowly, with only small changes between one note and the next.
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Conjunct Motion
Beethoven, “Ode to Joy” from Symphony No. 9Start listening at 2:30 mark.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljGMhDSSGFU
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Disjunct Motion
Piazzolla, “Spring”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJzogioRx6A
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Listening Activity
Define the melodic motion of the following composition. Is it conjunct, disjunct, or a combination of both?
F. Chopin, “Nocturne in E-Flat Major,” op. 9 no. 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--ykTqoQnqI
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Melodic Contour or Shape
• Ascending• Descending• Arch
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Ascending Melody
R. Strauss, “Don Juan”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66zOdfCWEqA
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Descending Melody
Handel, “Joy to the World”—the opening of the melody.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKW_az2HVfk
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Arch
D. Shostakovich, “Romance from The Gadfly”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDW4VJGKLAQ
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Listening Activity
Define the melody of this composition in terms of range, motion, and contour.
J. S. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, 1st Movementhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj1VvTTTO7Q
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Harmony
Two or more notes played together at the same time.
• Two notes played at the same time—an interval.
• More than two notes played at the same time—a chord.
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Intervals
Please read and study page 1, Intervals:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_of_music/melody1.shtml
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Consonant Intervals
Consonance in music—a combination of notes that sounds pleasant.Please replay the following intervals:• Unison• Major and Minor Thirds• Perfect Fourth• Perfect Fifth• Major and Minor Sixths• Octave
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_of_music/harmony_and_tonality1.shtml
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Dissonant Intervals
Dissonance—a combination of notes that sounds unpleasant or harsh.Please replay the following intervals:• Major and Minor Seconds• Tritone• Major and Minor Sevenths
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_of_music/harmony_and_tonality1.shtml
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Chords
Please read all four pages on the Harmony and Tonality section of this website:
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_of_music/harmony_and_tonality1.shtml
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Scales
Scales are various combinations of musical intervals.
Please study the following:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_of_music/melody2.shtml
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Diatonic Scales• Major—happy.• Chopin, Etude in G Flat Majorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
4pyqLbi2wLU
• Minor—sad.• Rachmaninov, Prelude in C Sharp Minorhttp
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXQCPAR0EHo
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Pentatonic Scale
Is widely used in music around the world, especially in folk music. Watch from 3:00 to 6:30:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnbOWi6f_IM
Gang and Zhanhao, “Butterfly Lovers” Violin Concerto, start listening at 1:50http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_qd-9wD6qA
Traditional music from Ugandahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=363Nv-5oYBA
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Chromatic ScaleIs not happy or sad
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sr2rXc9Qu4ASchoenberg, Piano Concerto—is based on series of chromatic tones.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_dnflTagHMRimsky-Korsakoff, Flight of the Bumblebee—the melody is based on a chromatic scale.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yZPrrboTkYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0z3LS45xU
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Other Scale Types
Whole Tone Scale—based on whole steps• Debussy, “Volies”http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVV0jkZC4jI
Microtone Scale—a scale based on the intervals that are less that ½ step.• Composer Harry Partch created a 43-note scale and new
instruments. Please watch various selections from this documentary.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfCjWIQtm-M&list=PL325E98023B8838E2
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Listening Activity
Define the melody and harmony in the following example using terms discussed in this part.
J. S. Bach’s “Air on the G String” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2j-frfK-yg
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Required Readings• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody• http://
openhighschoolcourses.org/mod/page/view.php?id=11834• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/elements_
of_music/melody1.shtml
• http://www.musictheory.net/lessons/30• http://www.musictheory.net/lessons/31• http://cnx.org/content/m10851/latest/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony• http://www.musictheory.net/lessons/40• http://www.musictheory.net/lessons—read (1)The Staff, Clefs,
and Ledger Lines and (2)Steps and Accidentals in the Basics area