meljun cortes--computer system history evolution of computer

8/8/2019 MELJUN CORTES--Computer System HISTORY EVOLUTION of Computer

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Presentation made by:Presentation made by:

MELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACSMELJUN CORTES, BSCS,ACS

COMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEMCOMPUTER SYSTEM

ORGANISATIONORGANISATIONORGANISATION


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Index Evolution of computers

History of computing

Basics of computer and its operation:

Functional Components and their

interconnections

Classification of Computers

Software Concepts:

Types of Software - System Software, UtilitySoftware and Application Software;


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EVOLUTIONOF COMPUTEREVOLUTIONOF COMPUTER

The development of the modern day

computer was the result of advances

in technologies and man's need toquantify.

Let us look at some of the important

milestones in the evolution of

computers.


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ABACUSABACUS

The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in

Babylonia.Beads on rods to count and calculate

still widely used in Asia!


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Slide Rule 1630

based on Napiers rules for

logarithms used until 1970s


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PASCALSADDING MACHINEPASCALSADDING MACHINE

In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French

mathematician invented a calculating machine

named as Adding Machine.This machine was capable of doing Addition

and Subtraction. This device is known as theFirst Calculator of the world.


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LEIBNITZSCALCULATORLEIBNITZSCALCULATOR

In 1671 AD, Gotfried Leibnitz, a German

Mathematician improved the Adding machine andmade a new machine capable of performing

multiplication and division also.


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first stored program - metal cards

first computer manufacturing

still in use today!


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BABBAGESDIFFERENCEENGINEBABBAGESDIFFERENCEENGINE

Charles Babbage was a Britishmathematician. In 1822, he designed a machine

called Difference Engine. It aimed at calculatingmathematical tables.

Since the technology was not so advanced at

that time this machine could not be made.


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BABBAGESANALYTICALENGINEBABBAGESANALYTICALENGINE

In 1833, Charles Babbage designed a machine

called Analytical Engine. It had almost all theparts of a modern computer. Unfortunately, this

machine could not be built because of lack oftechnology. His designs remained a concept.

His great designs earned him the title of

FATHER OF COMPUTERS.


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LADYADALADYADA

Lord Byron's daughter, Ada, Countess of

Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he use

the binary system in his machine.She wrote programs for his analytical

engine in 1840, becoming the world's first

computer programmer.


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HOLLERITHSTABULATINGMACHINEHOLLERITHSTABULATINGMACHINE

Hollerith, a Mathematician, invented a fast

counting machine named Tabulating

Machine in 1880.This machine was used by American

Department of Census to complete their

1880 census data.


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MARKICOMPUTERMARKICOMPUTER

Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA

joined hands with the company IBM.He developed a computer named Mark I in

1943.It could perform mathematical operations

very fast.

It could perform one operation per second.


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ENIACENIAC

The first electronic computer ENIAC wasdeveloped in 1946 by a team lead by Professor

Eckert and Mauchly at the University of

Pennsylvania in USA.Electronic Numerical Integrator and Compute

(ENIAC) was very huge and very fast.

It could solve 5000 operations per second.


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INTEL 8080 PROCESSORINTEL 8080 PROCESSOR

In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor wasintroduced - it became the basis for the firstpersonal computers.


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Definition of ComputerDefinition of Computer

Electronic Device

Accepts and stores input

Manipulates result

Outputs results

Under direction of stores programs andinstructions


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Characteristics of ComputerCharacteristics of Computer

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence : not afflicted to tiredness, monotony, lackof concentration like human beings.

Reliability

Versatility : can work with different types of data like

sound, graphics, audio.

Memory


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What is Data and InformationWhat is Data and Information

Data is raw facts

ex: India, 200, 4, Cricket, Wicket

Information is meaningful and arranged

form of dataex: Indias score in Cricket is 200 for 4

wickets.


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Hardware refers to physicalcomponents that can be seen and

touched. E.g. CPU, Memory, I/O

devices.

HARDWAREHARDWARE

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

Software is a set of programs that

make the Hardware of thecomputer run.

Program is a set of instructions.


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FIRMWAREFIRMWARE

LIVEWARELIVEWARE

Firmware is like prewritten program that ispermanently stored in read-only memory.

BIOS ( Basic Input Output Services )

instructions are an example of firmware.

It is the term generally used for the peopleassociated with and benefited from the

computer system.


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Classification of Computer Systems

On the basis of TechnologyGenerations of computers

On the basis of Purpose

General Purpose, special Purpose computers

On The basis of size & Speed

Micro, Mini & Super ComputersOn the basis of how it functions

Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers


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Each generation of computer is

characterized by a major technological

development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate,

resulting in increasingly

Technology Based Classification of Computer Systems

smaller,

cheaper,

more powerful

more efficient and

reliable devices.


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TIMEPERIOD : 1940's-1950's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes

SIZEAND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire

rooms, Slow speed

LANGUAGEUSED : Machine language

COST : System and

working cost very high.

OTHERFEATURES :

Used a great deal of electricity.

Generated a lot of heat.

Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and

output was displayed on printouts.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC andENIAC

Structure of

a VaccumTube

UNIVAC

ENIAC

FIRST GENERATION


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SECOND GENERATION

TIMEPERIOD : 1950's- 1960's

TE

CHNOLOGY USE

D : TransistorsSIZEAND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed

LANGUAGEUSED : Assembly language and languages like

COBOL and FORTRAN

COST : Cost decreased

OTHERFEATURES : More efficient and reliable.

Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that

subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the

vacuum tube.Second-generation computers still relied onpunched cardsfor input and

printoutsfor output.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604

UNIVAC

1108

IBM 1401

TRANSISITORS


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THIRD GENERATION

TIMEPERIOD : late 1960's-1970's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit

SIZEAND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased

LANGUAGEUSED : Operating System was developed.

COST : Cost decreased further

OTHERFEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with

third generation computers throughkeyboardsandmonitorsand interfaced with anoperatingsystem, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central

program that monitored the memory.

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller andcheaper than their predecessors.

EXAMPL

E: IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell 6000series, CDC 1700.

IBM360/50


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FOURTH GENERATION

TIMEPERIOD : 1970's-today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZEAND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGEUSED : High Level Languages like PASCAL,

COBOL, C, C++, JAVA

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHERFEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm

of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday

products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together toform networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and

handheld devices.

EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the firstMacintosh, was the first

commercially successful personal

computer to use images, ratherthan text, to communicate.

Intel 4004Dmicroprocessor


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FIFTH GENERATIONTIMEPERIOD : 1990's -today

TE

CHNOLOGY USE

D : Microprocessor

SIZEAND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGEUSED : Based on Artificial intelligence

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHERFEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in

development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are

capable of learning and self-organization.

EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference Machine

Note Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like

humans.VoiceRecognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can

recognize spoken words.


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The current classifications of computers place them into four

categories:

Super Computers,

Mainframes,

Minicomputers,

Microcomputers (Personal Computers)

Size and Speed Based Classification of Computer Systems


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Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can

perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it thefastest machine known so far.


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MAINFRAMEMAINFRAMEIn the early days of computing, mainframes were huge computers that could

fill an entire room or even a whole floor.

As the size of computers has decreased while the power has increased, the

term mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll stillhear the term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge

machines processing millions of transactions every day.

Characteristics:Expensive

Powerful and fastIs not limited to one job

Used by business and small government organizations

The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that asupercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible,

whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs simultaneously.


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MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER

Another term rarely used anymore, minicomputers fall in betweenmicrocomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).

Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.

Characteristics:Smaller than mainframe

Can do several jobs at once

Can be used by many people at one time

Used by small companies


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PERSONAL COMPUTERPERSONAL COMPUTERThe term microcomputer, also known as personal computer (PC), or a

computer that depends on a microprocessor.

A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a microchip

(the microprocessor), a memory system (read-only memory and random access

memory), placed on a motherboard.

Example: desktop, notebook, laptop, handheld devices.

Charcteristics:

developed in 1980designed for single user

not very powerful or expensive

found in homes


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The current classifications of computers

place them into four categories:

Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computers

Classification of Computers of On the basis of

How It Functions


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Digital Computers

Analog

Computers

Classification of Computers of On the basis of

How It Functions

Operate on continuous data, likemeasuring temp. changes

Faster

Accuracy of an analog computeris restricted to the accuracy with

which physical quantities can besensed and displayed.

Specific Purpose computers

Digital computers work ondiscrete data.

digital computer can process

data with greater accuracy

We generally use digital computers for business and

scientific data processing.

Digital

Computers


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Hybrid computers are computers that comprise

features ofanalog computersanddigital computers.

The digital component normally serves as thecontroller and provideslogical operations, while the

analog component normally serves as a solver of

differential equations.

Hybrid Computers


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General Purpose

Computers

Special Purpose

Computers

Purpose Based Classification of Computer

Systems

The FirstReal Computers:

1939: Konrad Zuse

completed the first

programmable, general-

purpose digital computer

Special-purpose computer:

Dedicated computers that performspecific tasksControlling the temperature and humidity

Monitoring your heart rate

Monitoring your house security system


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Types of SoftwareTypes of Software

Software

( Set of programs that govern the operations of computer )

System Software

( Software that controls internal

computer operations)

Application Software

( Set of programs to carry out operations

for a specified application )

Operating System

( Software which

acts as aninterface between

user and thehardware )

Language

Processor

( Software which

converts HLLprogran into

machine language

)

Packages

( General

utilitysoftware)

Utilities

( perform

housekeeping)

Customized

Software

( Tailor madesoftware

according to

users needs)


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Anti Virus e.g., Norton,

File Management tools

Compression toolsDisk Management tools ( Disk Cleanup, Disk

Fragmentor, Backup)


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Language ProcessorsLanguage Processors

Assembler: This language processor converts the program writtenin Assembly language into machine language.

Compiler: This converts HLL program into machine language in

one go.

After the compiler is not needed. It is removed from the

memory.Therefore, better memory utilization.

Interpreter: This converts HLL program into machine language by

converting and executing itline by line.

It must be present In memory every time program is executed.

Therefore, unnecessary usage of memory.

There are three types of Language Processors:


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Low Level Language

Fifth Generation

Fourth

Generation

Third Generation

(High Level Language)

Second Generation

(Assembly Language)

First Generation

(Machine Language)


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Need For Operating System

To make computer system convenient to use

To use computer hardware in an efficient

manner

It decides

How to do?What to do?

When to do?


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Functions of Operating System

Processor Management Keep track of processor

Decide which job should use the processor

Allocate Processor

Deallocate Processor

File Management

Keep track of files

Decide which job should use the file and for what purpose Allocate the file for use

Deallocate file after use


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Functions of Operating System

Device Management

Keep track of devices

Decide which job should use the processor

Allocate Processor


Memory Management

Keep track of processor Decide which job should use the processor

Allocate Processor



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Types of Operating System

Interactive (GUI)

Time Sharing

Real Time Distributed


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FIRST GENERATION : Machine language

i.e. language of 0 and 1

SECOND GENERATION : Assembly language

Similar toEnglish

Uses mnemonics codes

THIRD GENERATION : High Level Language

Very close toEnglishE.g. C, C++, Java, VB

FOURTH GENERATION : Languages for accessing databases

FIFTH GENERATION : Uses a visual or graphical development

interface to create source language that isusually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL

language compiler Used mainly in artificial intelligenceresearch E.g. Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury


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BLOCKDIAGRAM OF A

COMPUTER


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Input/Output

BASICCOMPONENTS of COMPUTERSYSTEMS

Secondary

Memory


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INPUT UNIT

Accepts data from outside world.

Converts data into binary form acceptable to the

machine.

Send data in binary form to computer for further

processing.


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INPUT DEVICES

SCANNERLIGHT PEN


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Input/Output

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Terminal

Simpler than a PC

Designed strictly for input and output Has keyboard and screen

Does not have a processor

Connected to computer with telecommunication line

Allows user to key data directly into computer



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Input/Output

Common input methods:

Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) used to

process bank checks Optical character recognition (OCR) directly scans typed,

printed, or handwritten material

Imaging inputs digital form of documents and photos

Bar code labeling scans bar codes on packages or

products, and reads into computer

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Input/Output

Common output methods:

Print output to paper using various types of

printers

Computer output microfilm (COM) microfilm

generated for archive copies in small space

Voice response units computer recognizesinput, generates verbal response messages

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Input/Output

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Multimedia

relatively new term for computer input and outputin the form of text, graphics, sound, still images,

animations, and/or video



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Computer Memory


Secondary

Memory


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Computer Memory

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Memory

All data flows to and from memory Divided into cells:

Each has a unique address

Memory cell types:

Byte stores one character of data

Word stores two or more characters of data



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Bits and Coding Schemes

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Each memory cell is a set of circuits

Each circuit is on or off (represented by 1 or 0)

Each circuit corresponds to a bit (binary digit) Most computers 8 bits (circuits) represents a

character (byte)

2 common bit coding schemes used today:

ASCII

EBCDIC



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Arithmetic/Logical Unit


Secondary

Memory


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Consists of VLSI circuits

on a silicon chip

Carries out:

arithmetic add, subtract,

multiply, divide

logical operations comparing two numbers

Arithmetic/Logical Unit

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Computer Files

(Secondary Memory)


Secondary

Memory


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BASICCOMPONENTS OFCOMPUTERSYSTEMS

When power is off, everything stored in Main memory is lost

Computer files are used to store data for long term

File storage devices (Secondary Memory) : Magnetic tape drives, disk drives, floppy drives

Optical CD or DVD drives

Computer Files (Secondary Memory)

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Types of DASD

Removable:

Floppy drives

Zip drives

Newest: portable

DASD for PCs

keychain drive

Computer Files (Secondary Memory)

BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERSYSTEMS

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