meljun cortes computer organization lecture chapter11

8/13/2019 MELJUN CORTES Computer Organization Lecture Chapter11

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Chapter 11

Removable Media

MELJUN CORTES


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MELJUN CORTES

2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Overview

In this chapter, you will learn to

Explain and install floppy disk drives

Demonstrate the variations among flash drives and

other tiny drives

Identify and install optical-media technology

Troubleshoot removable-media drives


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What Is Removable Media? Floppy drives

Traditional floppy

Flash drives

USB thumb drives to flash memory

Optical media CD-ROMs to DVDs

External drivesAny drive that connects via an external cable


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Floppy Drive Basics


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Floppy Drives

Floppy disk inserts into floppy drive

Lit LED indicates data is being read or written to

disk

3-inch 1.44 MB

disappearing5-inch

legacy


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Installing Floppy Drives

Essentials

CompTIA A+

Essentials


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Floppy drives designated A: or B:

Floppy drives connect to the

computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable

Cables supporting two floppy drives

use a seven-wire twist



Inserting Ribbon Cables

Connect Pin 1 on cable to Pin 1 on motherboard

Pin 1 on cable has red stripe

Many connectors are notched




Power 3-inch use mini-connector

CMOS Usually configured to use 3 inch, 1.44 MB

Can disable Boot Up Floppy Seek

Can change boot order to boot off floppy


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Flash Memory



Flash Memory

Same type of memory used in CMOS

Two different families

1.USB thumb drives

2.Memory cards



USB Thumb Drives

Commonly used as replacement for floppy disksto transport data

AKA jump drive or flash drive

Hot-swappable

Cross-platform compatibility

Can create bootable thumb drives



Memory or Flash Cards

Compact Flash (CF) Use simplified PCMCIA bus

Two sizes: CF I and CF II

Some are actually micro hard

drives with platters and heads

SmartMedia

Was competitor to CF

Replaced by Secure Digital




Secure Digital Most common today

Size of postage stamp

SD and SDIO versions

Mini and micro forms available

Popular in cell phones

Memory Stick Sony proprietary format

Used in Sony devices that

use flash memory




xD Picture Card Developed by Olympus (proprietary)

Used almost exclusively in Olympus

and Fujifilm digital cameras

Version available in USB housing

Card Readers

Allow reading the different types of memory cardsAvailable separately

Often installed in PC


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Optical Drives



CD-Media

Includes CD- andDVD-media

Generically called

optical discs

Drives called optical drives

Includes

CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD+RW, HD-DVD



How CDs Work

Stores data in microscopic pits Burned in with power laser on glass master

Copies made on plastic copies

Covered with reflective metallic covering

Data on top under label

Written in pits and lands

Standard CD holds

about 650 MB



CD Formats

CD-Digital Audio (CDDA) Music CDs

CD-ROM

Added file support and

directory structure for PCs

Many different types

ISO-9660 defines CD

File System (CDFS)



CD Formats IUSO-9660 Extensions

JolietMicrosofts extensionSupported by Mac and Linux

Rock RidgeOpen standard for UNIX

El Torito

Enabled bootable CDs

Apple ExtensionsProprietary

Cant be read by Windows



CD-ROM Speeds

First CD-ROM had speed of 150 KBps

All others multiples of 150 KBps

1X 150 KBps 10X 1500 KBps 40X 6000 KBps





8X 1200 KBps 36X 5400 KBps



CD-R (CD-Recordable)

Gave users ability to record or burn CDs

CD-Rs come in two sizes

74-minute 650 MB

80-minute 700 MB Most CD-R burners now support 80-minute CDs

Single-session and multi-session

Single-session data can be added only once

Multi-session allows data to be added multiple times (all

modern CD-Rs are multi-session)

Two speeds: read speed and write speed (8x/24x)


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CD-RW (CD-Rewritable)

CD-R drives have been replaced byCD-RW (CD-Rewritable) drives

CD-R discs sill around (cheaper)

CD-R can be written to only once

CD-RW disks allow data to be written and

overwritten


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CD Rewritable(CD-RW) works by Using a laser to heat an amorphous (non-

crystalline) substance

When cooled slowly becomes crystalline

The crystalline areas are reflective

The amorphous areas are not

The MultiRead method allows regular CD-ROM

drives to read CD-RW discs


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Most CD-RW drives today utilize a function calledpacket writing

Uses special format called the Universal Data

Format(UDF) Replacement for ISO-9660

All movie DVDs use this

Packet writing and UDF give drag-and-drop

capabilities to CD-RW drives

CD-RW drive specs have three multiplier values:write, rewrite, read (8x4x32)


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Windows and CD-media

All optical drives ATAPI-compliant Means they plug into ATA controllers

Windows XP supports drag-

and-drop for burning

data onto CDs

Third-party software needed

to create bootable CDs or

CDs from ISO images


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Music CDs

Different formatMusic CD-R

Can record toa Music CD-R or CD-RW

Can not record fromone

Designed to restrict duplication of copyrighted

music


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Digital Video Discs (DVD)

Developed by a consortium of electronics and entertainment

firms

Released as digital video discs(DVD) in 1995

DVD uses smaller pits than CD-media and packs them more

densely, creating much higher data capacities

Both single-sided (SS) and dual-sided (DS) formats Single-layer (SL) and dual-layer (DL) formats

DVD Version Capacity

DVD-5 (SS/SL) 4.37 GB (> 2 hours of video)

DVD-9 (SS/DL) 7.95 GB (@ 4 hours of video)

DVD-10 (DS/SL) 8.74 GB (@ 4.5 hours of video)

DVD-18 (DS/DL) 15.9 GB (> 8 hours of video)


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DVD-Video

DVD-Videocan store two hours of video on oneside

Supports TV-style 4:3 aspect ratio screens as well

as 16:9 theatre screens Some producers distribute both on opposite sides

of the DVD

Uses MPEG-2video and audio compressionstandard Up to 1280x720 at 60 frames per second with CD-quality audio


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DVD-ROM & Recordable DVD

DVD-ROM Similar to CD-ROM

data format

Can store up to 16 GB of

data

Support DVD-video and

most CD-ROM formats

Recordable DVD

DVD-R and DVD+R May write to them like CD-R

Cannot erase

DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-

RAM Written and rewritten like CD-RW

Combo drives can do all ofthese - look for DVD Multi onthe label

Not all players read all formats


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Installing Optical Drives

Most look the same from a distance

Most also install the same way

Most use PATA or SATA &

support ATAPI

Typically set up as slave

when using PATA

Some are SCSI or USB


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Installing Optical Drives

Does Windows recognize the CD-ROM? Check Device Manager

To disable Autoplay

on XP, use Group Policy


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Applications

CD-ROM drive installation does not requireapplications

CD-R and CD-RW require applications for burning

capabilities

Nero Burning ROM

Roxios EasyMedia Creator

CDBurnerXP Pro


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ISO Files

Complete copy of CD or DVD

Can download ISO image and burn to CD

Provides fully functional CD

Commonly used to share copies of bootable CDs


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Troubleshooting

Removable Media

CompTIA A+Technician

IT Technician


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Floppy Drive Maintenance

Floppy drives frequently fail Exposure to outside environment and mechanical

damage are common causes

Floppy drive cleaning kits can be used to cleandrives

Can also use cotton swab with denatured alcohol


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Repairing Floppy Drives

1. Check for a bad floppy disk2. Check for data errors on the disk

3. Check the CMOS settings

4. Blame the floppy controller5. Check the cable

6. Replace the floppy drive


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Troubleshooting

Connectivity problems Occur if the power connector is not plugged in,

cables are inserted incorrectly, or the jumpers have

been misconfigured

CDs may be dirty

Dont believe someone who says

CDs can be cleaned in dishwasher


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Troubleshooting

Most modern CD-media drives have a built-incleaning mechanism

CD-media discs can be easily cleaned using a

damp cloth or mild detergent

Problems such as stuck discs can be resolved

with paper clip Find the small hole on the front of the CD drive

Insert a small wire (paper clip) in the hole to

manually eject the CD-media from the drive


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Burning Issues

Know what it can do Check out technical documentation before making a

purchase

Type reviewand the model number in a search

engine to get other opinions

Media issues

Media quality is based on speed and inks Check for a manufacturer guarantee on speed


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Buffer Underrun

Most often occurs when copying from CD-ROM toCD-R or CD-RW

Inability of the source device to keep the burner

loaded with data

Make sure your CD-RW drive has 2 MB or larger

buffer

Create an image fileone big file on the hard drive

first because any hard drive can keep up with a CD

burner


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Firmware Updates

Most drives come with an upgradeable FlashROM chip

Check the manufacturers Web site for updates


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Beyond A+

Color books Different specifications identified by colors

Red, yellow, green, orange, white, blue

High-Definition Optical Drives

HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc

Higher capabilities in size and time Higher capabilities in resolution


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meljun cortes computer organization lecture chapter11

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