meljun cortes computer application chp 1 operating system

7/31/2019 MELJUN CORTES Computer Application Chp 1 Operating System

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Chapter 1: Introduction and Operating System

Learning Outcomes- Understand the basic hardware and software components of a computer- Understand Operating System

o Desktop screen layout orientationo Desktop properties, settings and screensavero Managing files, folders and applications (taking backups)o Using anti-virus softwareo Installing peripheralso Proper system shutdown


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1.1 Understand the basic hardware and software components of a computer

A computer is made up of both hardware and software.

What is hardware?

The electric,electronic, and mechanical equipment that makes up acomputer is called hardware .


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Data processing cycle

Examples:

typing the hours from the timecards into a spreadsheet. scanning the survey cards with a card reader typing into a word processor


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Typical input devices:

Keyboards, mice, flatbed scanners, bar code readers, joysticks,digital data tablets (for graphic drawing), electronic cash registers.

Processing (manipulation )

DATA is converted into INFORMATION. e.g. a thousand surveysare converted into a graph that actually means something to aperson.

Examples:

Calculating wages from hours worked Counting the number of male and female responding to the

survey Sorting jokes alphabetically by topic

Typical processing software includes word processors,speadsheets, databases, payroll systems, web browsers that decodeand present HTML pages and compressed images.

Storage

Unless you want to input the data every time you process it, it'ssensible to store the data. You also may want to store informationyou have produced so you don't have to keep repeating work.

Typical storage devices:

hard disk (fast, big capacity) floppy disk (slow, low capacity) writeable CD-ROM QIC (quarter inch cassette tape)


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EPROM (Electronically programmable ROM), flash RAM(memory chips that keep their contents after the power isturned off e.g. memory sticks, BIOS chips).

Issues include speed, reliability and capacity of storage.

Output

All the previous steps are useless unless you can see the results.Devices include:

CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD displays printers sound cards/speakers printers plotters special purpose displays (e.g. the floor indicator in a lift)

Communication

Sending data or information to another place. This usually involvesLANs (local area networks), WANS (wide area networks - LANs

joined together), and the Internet.

Typical devices are the modem, network cabling, hubs, switches,satellites, microwave links, infrared links, radio networking, fibreoptic cable and routers.


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What is a input device?

An Input device is any hardware are component that allow you toenter data, program, commands, and user responses into thecomputer. Input devices include the keyboard, pointing devices,scanners, digital cameras and mouse. TYPES OF KEYBOARD

QWERTY Keybord DVORK Keybord

ENHANCED KeyboardFOLDED Keyboard


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WIRLESS Keyboard KEYBOARD WITH TOUCHPAD

ADVANTAGES OF KEYBOARD

Reliable for data input of text and numbers. Usually supplied with a computer so no additional cost. Specialised keyboards are available

Mouse

The mouse is the most widly used pointing device on desktopcomputers because it takes full advantage of a graphical user

interface . Designed to fit comfortably under the palm of your handa mouse is an input device that is used to control the movmentof the pointer, on the screen and make selection from the screen.


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Types of mouse

MECHANICAL MOUSEOPTICALMOUSE

Wireless mouse Wireless mouse


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OTHER INPUT DEVICES

TRACK BALL

Some users opt foralternative pointingdevices other than amouse, such as a track ball.Where as a mechanicalmouse has a ballmechanism on the bottom,a trackball is a stationarypointing device with a ball

mechanism on its topIf you have limited desk space, a trackball is a goodalternative to a mousebecause you do not have tomove the entire device

TOUCHPAD(Fig no 1-N)

A touchpad or trackpad is small, flat, rectangularpointing device that issensitive to pressure andmotion. To move thepointer using a touchpad,you slide your fingertipacross the surface of thepad. Although you can

attach a stand-stand aloneto any personal computer,touchpads are found moreoften on laptop


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What is an output device?

Output is data that has been processed into a useful from calledinformation. Computer generate several types of output depandingon the requirement of user you may choose to display or view

This output can be shown on a monitor, print it on a printeror listen to it through speakers or head set.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Monitor

A monitor is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics,and video information shown on a display device.

Types of Monitor

CRT

"Regular" computer monitors are called CRT monitors. These are

large and heavy monitors with cathode ray tubes, and are also themost commonly used monitors, because they are inexpensive andrender a clear picture.


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CRT Monitor

Size :

The monitor is measured in inches. The17" is currently a very popular model.

This is due to the fact that it' s largeenough for word-processing,

spreadsheets, Internet and games.However, a larger monitor is always an

advantage. The price increasessubstantially in line with the size of the

monitor, so it comes down to a questionof weighing price against comfort andefficiency. It' s without a doubt an

advantage to be able to see as much of adocument or a spreadsheet as possible .


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LCD

LCD monitorHP monitor l1800 flatpanel

Modern LCD monitors are light and takeup little space. These monitors are,

however, much more expensive. Theyprovide a flicker-free picture, but thequality of color and contrast is not alwaysas high as on a CRT monitor.

As regards LCD monitors, the stated sizeof the screen is the same as the visiblescreen area, which in practice means that a15" LCD monitor almost has the same sizeas a 17" CRT monitor. A shortcoming of LCD monitors is that you have to sitdirectly in front of the display in order toget a clear view. If you look at the displayfrom an angel, you' ll not be able to see thscreen image. This does, however, varysomewhat from display to display, and,after all, most monitors today are quitecapable in this area. Another shortcomingis that images become updated moreslowly on LCD monitors. For a shortmoment, the shadow of the old image isvisible on the screen. This is not a problemwhen you do word-processing, but can bea bit of a bother if you' re playing games,since these require the images to be

constantly updated. On newer LCDmonitors this is not so much of a problem.A high-quality LCD monitor can thereforeprovide you with a satisfactory gamingexperience.


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.

PRINTER

A Printer is an output device that produses text and graphicas andphysical medium such as paper or a transperancy film printedinformation is called hardcopy. hard copy also called a print out,can be printed in portrait or landscape orientation.

Types of printer

DOT-MATRIX PRINTER A dot-matrix printer is animpact printer that producesprinted images when tiny wirepins on a print headmechanism strike an inkedribbon pressing against thepaper. It creates dots that formcharacters and graphics.


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LINE PRINTER A line printer is a highspeed impact printer thatprints an entire line at atime. The speed of a lineprinter is measured by thenumber of lines perminute (lpm) it can print

INK-JET PRINTER Ink-jet printer is atype of non-impactprinter that formscharacter andgraphics by sprayingtiny drops of liqid ink onto a piece of paper.Ink jet printersusually use individualSheets of paper storedin a removable orstationary tray. Thequality of an ink-jetprinter is itsresolution, orsharpness and clarity.

Printer resolution ismeasured by thenumber of dots perinch (dpi) a printercan output.


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LASER PRINTERLaser Printers arehigh-speed, high-qualitynon-impact printer.Laser printer forpersonal computersusually use individualsheets of paper stored ina removable tray thatslides into the printercase. Laser printerssometimes are calledPage Printers. Storing

a page before printingrequires laser printers tohave a certain amountof memory.

Plotter A plotter is a sophisticated printerused to produce high quality

drawing such as blueprints, maps,circuit diagrams, and signs. Becauseblueprints, maps, and other suchdrawing can be quite large, theseprinters typically can handle paperwidths up to 60 inches.


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Data projector A data projector takes theimage that displays on acomputer screen and projects it

on to a screen so that anaudience of people can see theimage clearly. Data projectorscan be large devices attached toa celing or wall in an auditorium,or they can be small portabledevices.


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What is a storage device?

Storage devices hold data , instructions, and information for futureuse. Storage differs from memory, in that it can hold these itemspermanently, whereas memory hold these item only temporarilywhile they are being processed. A storage medium is thephysical material on which data, instructions, and information arestored. One commonly used storage medium is a disk, which is around, flat piece of plastic or metal on which items can be encodedor written.

Storage devices

FLOPPY DISKS A disk or diskette, is aportable, inexpensive storagemedium that consists of a thincircular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coatingenclosed in a square-shapedplastic shell


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HARD DISK A hard disk usually consists of several inflexible, circulardisks, called platters, on whichitems are stored electronically.aplatter in a hard disk is mode of aluminum glass, or ceramic andis coated with material thatallows items to be magneticallyrecorded on its surface. On harddisk the platters, the read/writeheads, and mechanism formoving the heads across the

surface of the disk are enclosedin an airtight, sealed case thatprotects the platters fromcontamination.

CD-ROMs A CD-ROM , which is an

abbreviation for compact disc read only memory is a silver-colored compact disc that uses thesame laser technology as audioCD-ROMs can contain text,graphics and video, as well assound


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What is software?

Computer software refers to the computer programs andcode that operate in a computer. The fastest, most powerfulcomputer hardware in the world is useless without thesoftware to make the computer run. There are various typesof computer software, each of which performs differenttasks. Perhaps the most important type of computer softwareis the operating system.


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OPERATING Software

Operating software consists of programs that control theoperations of the computer and its devices. The operating

software serves as the interface between you, yourapplication software,and your computers hardware. Theoperating software contains instruction that coordinate allof the activites of the hardware devices in a computer. Theoperating software also contains instruction that allow you torun application softwares.

One of the earliest personalcomputer operating systems.Mainly a text-based operatingsystem.

Commands are executed at aprompt. For example, to listfiles, the dir command is used

Graphical User Interface usedon PCs. Includes text, color,fonts, pointing devices, sound,pictures, and videos. Using apointing device, such as amouse, users can manipulateobjects on screen tocommunicate with the operatingsystem


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The Windows NT has a similarinterface to Windows 95 andWindows 98, but is a multi-user,multi-tasking operating system.

Another Graphical UserInterface, used on the AppleMacintosh computer is theMac OS.

A multi-user, multi-taskingoperating system developedat AT&T Bell Laboratories in1969.

UNIX is text-based, but theX Window System is anetwork- based graphicalwindowing system.

UNIX is a machine-independent operatingsystem, which means it isnot specific to just one typeof computer hardware.


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APLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software consists of programs designed to performspecific tasks for users .

Categories of Application Software

Word processing Microsoft WordWordPerfect

Spreadsheet Microsoft ExcelLotus 1-2-3

Presentation graphics Microsoft PowerPointAdobe Persuasion

Database software Microsoft AccessFileMaker ProOracle

Electronic mail Microsoft OutlookEudora Pro


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1.2 Desktop screen layout orientation

Switch on the power of your computer and you will see the below screen.

The Desktop shows files, folders and short-cuts to installed applications.

Shortcutsto installeda lication


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This is the Desktop of a computer.

You can arrange the icons manually of by selecting the Arrange Icons By option.

Right-Click Here


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Select the New option lets you see all the applications available in the Desktop.


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Left-Click on the Start bar.

Left-click on the All Programs bar enable you to see all the applications in your

computer.

Left-click 1

Left-click 2


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1.3 Desktop properties, settings and screensaver

Right-click on the Desktop.

Right Click Here


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Select Properties option and you will see the below screen

You can change the Themes, Desktop, Screen Saver, Appearance and Settings.


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1.4 Managing files, folders and applications (taking backups)

Create a temporary folder called Temp

Left-Click Here


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Select Start All Programs - Accessories Notepad


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Type This is my first Notepad document. and s elect File-Saved As and save in theTemp folder in Desktop as temp1.txt


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1.5 Using anti-virus software

Viruses are computer program that can destroy files in computer. An anti-virus softwarecan search out these viruses and delete them in your computer.

Activate a anti-virus software in your computer. Run it and see if there are viruses in yourcomputer.


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1.6 Installing peripherals

USBThumbDrive

USBPort


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1.7 Proper system shutdown

Select Start Turn Off Computer

Exercises

1) Change the screen resolution in Desktop Properties Settings to 800x600resolution.

2) Use Notepad to create a file. Type into this file a description of yourself.

Click Here

meljun cortes computer application chp 1 operating system

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