meliponas in yucatan, mexico - ctahr website · 2011-01-25 · university autonomous of yucatan....
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Meliponas in Yucatan, Mexico
Luis Medina MedinaDepartment of Apiculture
Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity Autonomous of Yucatan
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Before A. mellifera introduction =ethnic groups in the Americasonly produces honey fromdifferent native stingless beespecies.
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Stingless bee species used by different ethnic group in the Americas to produce honey
Melipona compressipes (Tiúba= Maranhão, Brazil) Timbira, Tupinanmbá, Guajajara, Tremembé, Guajá, Urubu, Gavião.
Melipona scutelaris (uruçu = Norwest Brazil) Potiguara, Kiriri, Xucuru, Pataxo, Paiaku, Tupirucuba, Caete, y Aymore.
Melipona beecheii (xunan’cab = Yucatan, Mexico) Mayas
Kerr, et al., 1996
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The Meliponiculture (beekeeping with stingless bees) dates from pre-Columbian times and it was an important and ancient activity to theMayas from the Yucatan peninsula.
The Mayas developed a meliponiculture (Melipona beecheii species) toa level similar to that of management of the honey bee A. melliferaduring Medieval times in Europe.
Each hollow log = 1 stingless bee colony
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Codex Cortesiano; Tro-Cortesiano II (Codex de Madrid); XIV century
Folding book with 112 pages related with agriculture and hunting.
Agriculture Hunting
22.6
12.2
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10 pages are related with stingless bees and their management
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Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Stingless bee enemies?
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Knowledge about queen physiogastric condition
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≥ 250 stingless bee colonies keeping in hollow log hives± 80 years old “najil kab” = bee house
© Felipe Martinez, 1958
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≥ 15 stingless bee colonies keeping in hollow log hives
±± 15 years old15 years old
©Jonathan Ott,, 1998
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Stingless bee species in Yucatan, Mexico
Melipona genera1) Melipona beecheii (Xuna´an Kab; Kolel Kab)2) Melipona yucatanica (Ts´ets´)
Melipona beecheii Melipona yucatanica
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Trigona genera
1) ScaptotrigonaScaptotrigona pectoralispectoralis (Kan-Tzac)2) TrigonaTrigona ((FrieseomelittaFrieseomelitta) ) nigranigra nigranigra (Sak-Xic)3) Trigona (Trigona) fulviventris (Mu´ul-Kab)4) Trigona (Trigona) fuscipennis (Kuris-kab)5) NannotrigonaNannotrigona perilampoidesperilampoides (Bo´ol; Yaxich)6) Cephalotrigona zexmeniae (E´hol; Ta´a kab)7) Trigonisca maya (Ch´ache´m; Pu´up)8) Plebeia frontalis (Us-Kab)9) Plebeia moureana (Us-Kab)10) Plebeia pulchra (Yaax´ ich)11) Partamona bilineata (Xnuk; Ch´o´och)12) Lestrimelitta niitkib (Niit-kib; Limon-Kab)
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Mayas produce honey and wax (cerumen) only M. beecheii= keeping in hollow log hives.
Worker population (400 a > 1,200 bees).
Honey production (20 to more than 200 honey pots).
Easy adaptability in artificial nests (log hives).
No aggressive behavior.
Honey quality (flavor).
Frequent in the nature.
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Inside a natural Melipona Nest
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Splitting Melipona Hives
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Inside a natural Melipona Nest: Brood Combs
Camargo & Posey, 1990
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The hive or Hobon
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The hive or Hobon
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Honey extraction
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Splitting Melipona colonies
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Decline of Meliponiculture
1) Forest clearing for towns and agriculture
2) Extensive forest clearing for Sisal and Henequen (Agave spp)
3) Decline of native population
4) Urbanization of native population
5) Growth of sugar cane
6) The coming of Apis mellifera
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Little economic interest in the Meliponiculture by new generations..
©Gonzalez-Acereto
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Courses based on practical work for better management, colony reproduction, feeding during dearth and harvesting of colonies.
©Gonzalez-Acereto©Gonzalez-Acereto
©Gonzalez-Acereto
©Gonzalez-Acereto
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New meliponicultores
± 55 hives
± 15 hives
± 20 hives
©Gonzalez-Acereto
©Gonzalez-Acereto
©Gonzalez-Acereto
©Gonzalez-Acereto
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New meliponicultores
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The use of native stingless bee species for crop pollination in greenhouses in Yucatan, Mexico.
In the last 12 years the use of greenhouses for some crops has significantlyincreased in Yucatan.
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Crops in greenhouses need a pollinating agent. In Yucatan, Bumblebees areimported from the US and Canada at a cost of c.150 USD per colony,however, colonies are not perennial and need to be replaced every 3 months.
Native stingless bees have the potential to pollinate some crops (tomato andhabanero pepper) and need to be tested.
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Nannotrigona perilampoides
Scaptotrigona pectoralis
Trigona nigra
Apis mellifera
The treatments used in each section were stingless bees(SB), not pollinated (NP), and mechanical vibration (MV).
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1-25
26-50
51-100
101-200
> 200
WITHOUT
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Probably reflects 25% of total colonies
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Other Melipona products
Pollen, propolis, honey mixes, wax (cera de Campeche), tinctures, supplements, antimicrobial properties + pollination services.
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Beekeeping is not always A. mellifera keeping.
Meliponiculture still important activity in rural areas.
Meliponiculture currently has not uncertain future.
New meliponicultores are engaging in this activity.
Meliponiculture has a lucrative niche marketing and
potential use for crop pollination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Support foundations:
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT).
Sistema Regional de Investigación “Justo Sierra Méndez”.
Fundación Produce Yucatán, A.C.
Programa de Mejoramiento del Profesorado (PROMEP)
Acknowledgements
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University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Dr. Ethel M. Villalobos.
All UH Bee Team.
Many thanks to: