meiosis
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Meiosis. Chapter 10. 10.1 Sexual Reproduction. Chromosomes are duplicated in germ cells Germ cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic division Cellular descendents of germ cells become gametes Gametes meet at fertilization. Asexual Reproduction. Single parent produces offspring - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Meiosis
Chapter 10
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10.1 Sexual Reproduction
• Chromosomes are duplicated in germ cells
• Germ cells undergo meiosis and cytoplasmic division
• Cellular descendents of germ cells become gametes
• Gametes meet at fertilization
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Asexual Reproduction
• Single parent produces offspring
• All offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent
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Sexual Reproduction
• Involves
– Meiosis
– Gamete production
– Fertilization
• Produces genetic variation among offspring
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10.2 Homologous Chromosomes Carry Different
Alleles• Cell has two of each chromosome
• One chromosome in each pair from
mother, other from father
• Paternal and maternal chromosomes
carry different alleles
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Sexual Reproduction Shuffles Alleles
• Through sexual reproduction, offspring inherit new combinations of alleles, which leads to variations in traits
• This variation in traits is the basis for evolutionary change
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Gamete Formation
• Gametes are sex cells (sperm, eggs)
• Arise from germ cells
testes
ovaries
anther ovary
Figure 10.2aPage 164
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Chromosome Number
• Sum total of chromosomes in a cell
• Germ cells are diploid (2n)
• Gametes are haploid (n)
• Meiosis halves chromosome number
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10.3 Meiosis: Two Divisions
• Two consecutive nuclear divisions
– Meiosis I
– Meiosis II
• DNA is not duplicated between divisions
• Four haploid nuclei form
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Meiosis I
Each homologue in the cell pairs with its partner,
then the partners separate
In-text figurePage 165
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Meiosis II
• The two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome are separated from each other
one chromosome (duplicated)
two chromosomes (unduplicated)
In-text figurePage 165
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10.4 Meiosis I - Stages
Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Prophase I
• Each duplicated chromosome pairs with homologue
• Homologues swap segments
• Each chromosome becomes attached to spindle
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Metaphase I
• Chromosomes are pushed and pulled into the middle of cell
• The spindle is fully formed
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Anaphase I
• Homologous
chromosomes
segregate
• The sister
chromatids remain
attached
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Telophase I
• The chromosomes
arrive at opposite
poles
• Usually followed by
cytoplasmic division
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Prophase II
• Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the duplicated chromosomes
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Metaphase II
• Duplicated chromosomes line up at the spindle equator, midway between the poles
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Anaphase II
• Sister chromatids separate to become independent chromosomes
Figure 10.4 Page 167
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Telophase II
• The chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell
• A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
• Four haploid cellsFigure 10.4 Page 167
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Crossing Over
•Each chromosome
becomes zippered to its
homologue
•All four chromatids are
closely aligned
•Nonsister chromosomes
exchange segmentsFigure 10.5Page 168
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Effect of Crossing Over
• After crossing over, each chromosome
contains both maternal and paternal
segments
• Creates new allele combinations in
offspring
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Random Alignment
• During transition between prophase I and metaphase I, microtubules from spindle poles attach to kinetochores of chromosomes
• Initial contacts between microtubules and chromosomes are random
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Random Alignment
• Either the maternal or paternal member of a homologous pair can end up at either pole
• The chromosomes in a gamete are a mix of chromosomes from the two parents
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Possible Chromosome Combinations
As a result of random alignment, the number of possible combinations of
chromosomes in a gamete is:
2n
(n is number of chromosome types)
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Possible Chromosome
Combinations
or
or
or
1 2 3
Figure 10.6Page 169
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Plant Life Cycle
multicelled sporophyte
multicelled gametophytes
zygote
gametes spores
meiosisfertilization
mitosis
mitosis
Diploid
Haploid
Figure 10.7Page 170
10.5 From Gametes to Offspring
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Animal Life Cycle
multicelled body
gametes
zygote
meiosisfertilization
mitosis
Diploid
Haploid
Figure 10.7Page 170
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Oogenesis
GrowthMeiosis I,
Cytoplasmic DivisionMeiosis II,
Cytoplasmic Division
ovum (haploid)
primary oocyte (diploid)
oogonium (diploid)
secondary oocyte
(haploid)
first polar body
(haploid)
three polar bodies
(haploid)
Figure 10.8Page 171
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Spermatogenesis
GrowthMeiosis I,
Cytoplasmic DivisionMeiosis II,
Cytoplasmic Division
cell differentiation, sperm formation
spermatids (haploid)
secondary spermatocytes
(haploid)
primary spermatocyte
(diploid)
spermato-gonium (diploid )
sperm (mature, haploid male
gametes)
Figure 10.9Page 171
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Fertilization
• Male and female gametes unite and
nuclei fuse
• Fusion of two haploid nuclei produces
diploid nucleus in the zygote
• Which two gametes unite is random
– Adds to variation among offspring
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Factors Contributing to Variation among Offspring
• Crossing over during prophase I
• Random alignment of
chromosomes at metaphase I
• Random combination of gametes at
fertilization
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Mitosis• Functions
– Asexual reproduction– Growth, repair
• Occurs in somatic cells
• Produces clones
10.6 Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
Meiosis• Function
– Sexual reproduction
• Occurs in germ cells
• Produces variable offspring
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Prophase vs. Prophase I
• Prophase (Mitosis)
– Homologous pairs do not interact with each
other
• Prophase I (Meiosis)
– Homologous pairs become zippered
together and crossing over occurs
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Anaphase, Anaphase I, and Anaphase II
• Anaphase I (Meiosis)
– Homologous chromosomes separate from
each other
• Anaphase/Anaphase II (Mitosis/Meiosis)
– Sister chromatids of a chromosome
separate from each other
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Results of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis
– Two diploid cells produced
– Each identical to parent
• Meiosis
– Four haploid cells produced
– Differ from parent and one another