meeting - lost art press · pdf fileminutel of the imt meeting were ..ad and codbmed. ......

$: MEETING - Lost Art Press · PDF fileMinutel of the IMt Meeting were ..ad and coDbmed. ... "tapl. IQa\(:rial of construction, tho properties and ... woods the medullnry ray' "1'8 more$
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(8jifriI & ~tr!rttniml @ngillm,' ~n'ittu,

MEETING OF SOCIETY ........

1, WESTM INSTER OHAMBERS,

0.. THURSDAY, lUIWU I, ISH

Minutel of the IMt Meeting were ..ad and coDbmed.

Mr, U""RY AD.ut8 then read lILl paper on

" JOINT S rN WOODWORK."

Mr. l'uluDDT .lIfO Gn-rt..EllEll,

ID the following paper the fo ....... d orrangemen~ of .,"""

01 the princi~ Joints in Woo(hrork, ... d tho method. in

"",nmon 11*1 for toeCuriog them, "ill be C()lIlidom:l, together with

a few incidentaJ matte ... pertAining to the material elllplole<l.

Although wood is UMd ",ueh lGIII than fonned)' iu ]>er

mLIIent . 1ruct1J .... it i.e ,till of ,ufficient ilnport.o.ru:e 10 WBI'I'I.IlL

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JOINts Iii WGODWOKK.

a careful study of if.! nature, properties, aud ,\$C.$. This suhjeet

is lleldom treated in R "ufficiently _j'Sten,at.ie manllCr in the

tnt- books u$W by the junior memhe"" of the prof_ion,

especi.o.lly n" among EIlgin"""" iron is looked upon a. the

"tapl. IQa$:rial of construction, tho properties and economical

us.. of wbich receive, in conseq,,"nce, 1\0 almOolt exclusive

.h.re of their attention,

An trees are divided by botlluistIJ into tbree cI.o.sses:

Exoge"" or outwanl_growtrs; Eodostns, Or inward_growers;

and .Acrogeus, or "ummi!. growers; aeconling to the reI,t.he

pooition in whicb the new maurial for increuing the ,,,$stance

of the tree ill added; vi .. , whet.her towanh t.he "ntside, t.he

inside, Or the top. Typical trees of eacb cluo would be tbe

oak, the polm, and t.he t.rre-fem W. have to dcal wilh the

",x<>geuou cl...,. only, ... that !urn;'hes the timb« in general

\1M for oou8Iruct.i0!1, the tenn "timber" including all vnricties

of woOO which, when feUed and IIlIIIOnoo, are suitable for

building purJlOS"l'

II the uem of ao exogenous ttefl 00 cut a<l1'05S, il will he

foulld to Il.Ihibit ~ numoor of neMly CODc:<::ntrie rings, mo",

or leos distinct: and, ill c:<::rtaiu case" ",dial liue. intereeet.ing

t.l'~ln. These ring. represenl the IlIlnllal srowth of the t.ree

which takes place j""t uoder t.he OOrk. Each rjug consist.s

of hun dies of woody fibre or voscular tiuue, in the fonn 01


JO[I!TI [II WOO[)WOMl(. , 10llg !apering tuhm. inu,rlaoed, . nd breaking j-oin~ wit.ll ncb

other, Laving a amall portion 01 eelh.lnr tWiuo ~t iultrvals.

Towards We outer ~ olll&Ch rin; We woody &bre iI ha~.,

"""" ""ruf"l"l, and of • dart... ""I""r than the remaining

I""tio". '11'8 ~",I li nC8 ",,"si.et 01 thin, h.rd vertical plateo

lormed elltinly of ceUulnr tWine, t"" .. o to botallil!a ..

~ medullary "'Ylt.nd 10 ....-pe1>ten .. " lilyer grain." Fl/!. I

,bew. u.s woody &bn! u _n ;n • ma~o;6ed vertical _tiOIl,

Fig. 2 tile eellular ti.ue, and Fig. :I • typieal teetion of tile

Item of • youo; tIM, • being the woody 6bre, 6 tbe pith,

< the medon.....,. ny., uod d the t..rk, the tbrel 1.l.Ioer ""n

l isting of cellular liNne .nd enclosing the woody fibm in

wedge-oh&ped portiOllL A. ;be 1_ ted .. u",," in age, the

ringa .... d rey. !.:ow. IIIOre irregular, the growt.l, being

mo ... ~igoroUI on the lunny .i~e, CIIuling diltortion. TI,e

Itreugth of "ootl ~ a1011g the grain" depend. on tile \.enMity

of lite .a11& 01 th. ~b .. ...d edII, wlille the luengU<"_

tbe grain" depend. on the adh",iou of tbe .ideo of til. tula

and cell& 10 Meb otller.

Tredgold ~ a claMiJiution of limt.or accordiug

[0 its weeblpical 1I.ru«u .... thill, .. uoodilied hy l'roleaor

Rankine, i, giv"" in !.he followiug table.

CILM l._fu .... wood (""nileron. trea),- piue, &r, lardJ,

ODWrie, yew, oedar, Ill:.


, IOUITS III WobDWO~

Cl .... l l _r..e.t_wood (oon-coni(eron_lroN). Division L with

d.;.tinct large medoUary rays.

Sob..tivWoo I.-Annual nUgi diltioct.,--<IIIk.

SulHiivi"011 !I._ Aooual ring. (ad;I~lIct.,-beeclI. alder,

"lane, 8y ... mD~, &C.

Division n._No diltinct large meduU,.,.y ray ..

Sub-di.iIioo I . __ A.lwual riup ditUoct, _ cheltnut, qb,

elm, &c.

Sllb-divWon 1I._Aouu.ai ringo indilltinct.,-ruahopny, Mit,

wunllt, box, &0.

Sl*lilll~1lII or Mv~ral of the above-mulled tNlel IU1I lyin3

M the ~ble for iuspeo::tion. A peno:maI IIDDlin· ' iou i,

--IJ' to obt&l.a • cl..... ~ of lhe diftilrencel

between !.hem, wbich IU1I ... minlll<!. and at lhe oamo ume 10

.aried, t.h.ot no verbll de&eriptiou <:I.n convey I Illflicieuuy

ACCUJ'I.te idea 01 their nature.

Having glanced at 1M micro.oopicalltt'llCl.Ure of the wood,

.... oholl be. in. poeition to Dndel'\lW>d ~ I""OC'lA of _ruug,

and. Ihe shrinkins illcidenW to thai. opuat.ion. ,vrut. wood

ill in ... growing lUte there ;s .. eoOlt.llll paasagt! 01 tap. (lr

uutritive Buid, which keeps the wlool0 of tohe interior of \Jle

""" mm.1., &lid tho 5b .... di.tended, bUl lUOnI especially t.owa.ro.

lbe OIItAide. When lhe I.rfJe 11 ell' do .... , .ud upoMd to 1M

air, lit .. molotll.., gmdwilly .. va"" ... ~ OI.uomg the fi"- to


JulNTS L~ WOODWOl<K. , ~hrink o.eoording to certain law3 ; th ;" ;' the natural process

of '!easoning. There ore vRrioUlJ methode of $eIISOning tiwber

artificially. in Meh """" the object in vie .. i8 to expedioo the

pl'"OOMI of evaporation. The shrinkage in lengtb i. very

slight, and need not therefor<! be COlliidered; but the shrinkage

t.ralliVerse.ly. ia so great. that it ilo necessary to look closely

into the nature 01 it, lUI the que.tioll of jointing ia .ffacted

coosiderably thereby. The behaviour of timber in . brinking

WlUI demonst.rated by Dr. Andenon in olle of the Cantor

Lectureo at tbe Society of Arta. whicb tbe anthor of Ibia

paper had tbe ple ... ura 01 hearing. and of which he has availed

bimsell to BOrne e%tent.

I f Fig.", be taken,," representing the "..,.,Iioo of B newly.

relied tree. it will be aeeo that the wood i. BOlid throughollt.

and on comparing f jg. (; with thilo the ,....nlt of the 'le8$Otling

will be aPJl"l"llt. The action is ""flggereted in tbe diagrams

in order to render it more oonspicuoll$. As the moi.tuno

evaporates. the bundl<.lll of woody fiL!"eII shrink atld draw clo4er

~ther; but tht. coDlrection CIIJInot take place milia/lr.

without croshiull Or tearing th~ hard plAtes forming the

rue<\ull"TY ra)'ll, wbich are unaffected ;n si .. by the seasoning.

These plAw ..... gene",l1y sufficiently strong to !"ellis!; 110.

crushing action. aDd Wle COUmLction is thcu!ore compelled t.o

take plaee ill Wle oppoaite dirootiou ...... circuruferentially ;


, JOZliTli ll< WOODWOJI.L

the l\.rain 6t>dinS t'lllief by . pliwng the umber in radial

li" .. , allowing th medullary ray. in each pIIrtially .. vered

portiuu 10 .pproacb _h otb .... in !.he _ dinICuOII lIS the

ribs ol • lady'_ ran .. h~n d .-ing. n... ilh,,~ .. t.ion of •

dOling f." ~oros the bes; eurnpJe of the principle of

.shrinking during _Ding. every portion of lobe wood p .....

t.ically rttaining ill origi .... l diMaQoe f"l'Olll the COIIitn. It !.be

tnIO w,," ..... n down th8 middle, the cut o"rf.OOI, altbOl'Rh

1I!1t 1>1. ft"!l, would ill lime becorue rou"ded . .. in Fig. 6;

t.he outer portion .shrinking mo .. u..11 that ,,_ t.he heart

on _nL of t.he pee.ter mua of woody tim i\ coD~i ....

and the I"rg<!' amouDt of moitl""" If out into quartcl'1

each port.iott wonld pre.ent. eimilv l"IlIll!t, ... .bow" in Fig. 7.

Figs. 8 10 12 sho .. \.be _ principle appliod to ."n timber

of various fomu, Ib" peculillritie. of which Ire perhaps in.

dicated ,nore olearly ill ~1g. 14. If We UlUIlU! the tree t.o

be <lUI into pltnb. ... chown in Fig. l~. it will be 'oolld,

alter allow;": due tin,,, (Vi" -.soniug. that the pwks have

altered th.i. shape. III in l' lg. l ~. Tllkiug the cent'" plank

lil$, i~ will ... oboerYed w..t u.. t.bicl:n_ at W. middle

",mal.,. .. naltered, ill the edj,oe it ;. redttOe<l, ...... both .....

~ ronll~oo, while the wi~tb remain. uualtered. The I'I!Ulkl

011 each .ide of will ~ rouoding 00 the beotC- .. de, Iloilo ...

On w.. qI.her, retain Lheil" whldlc lhick,,-- but ."" red.u:e.l

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r _________ "_'_'_~_'_'_'_·oo_"_W_"_'_" ________ '

In width in pn.oportion to Iheir ,IiSla"", from I~e ~nll'8 of

the tree; or, in otber W"I'IB, the more nearly tl," Runnru rings

at<;! p~ .... l1el to tJ'e sideo of tI,. phnks the greal<lr will be

tbe reduction in width. The Dloot striking roIInlt 01 the

shrinkage is eh""" it> Hgs. 15·17. Fig. 15 shows n p,ece

of qurtering frelhly CUI from ",,,,,,,,",,ued timber; in Fig. 16

tbe part coloured blnck 8holl's the portion lost by . hrinkage.

and Fig. 17 sho' ... the finnl ~l\k Th_ remArk. apply

100"" e.opeeially to 08k, beech, RlId the ,trouger hODle firs. In

the oon.t, woods the medullnry ray' "1'8 more yielding, nnd

this .lightly modia ... the resu lt; but the ".."'" prinoipl e!! must

be borne in mind if 100 wish to Avoid the .vil. of ' hrinking

whicb mAy occur from negl igent::<> in tllU, respect.

Th. peculiar direction which H $bAk.,." Or natural fract""",

lOmet.imes take i. due to the "uequAI adhesion of the woody

fibree, the weakest part yielding first. In. "enp·shake."

which is the seJ""'MioD of " ponion of ~wo IIl1nual rings, th~

m..:l1)ll~ry rays are deficient io cohesion; several eu~'~k ..

will be oburved in the eample of Quebec pine e~hibil..:l to

you. The ... me fnult 80metimes """urs in D.nt.ic fir. and

hM been RUribllU.d to the nct;on of lightning and of severe

Irwts. So far We ~a"e considered the shrinking only II.J!

regards the eMS:< ...,tion of "arious pieces. Turuing now to

the effect produced wheo w~ look at tbe tinlber in the other


" 10111111 III WooD_O&1O.

directi"D, I';g. 18 ~pr .. enl8 II pieoe of limber witb the end

enl oft &quanl; M this _brink., lhe .00 remaiDi oquan!, 1.1, •

• ,dlh alone being atrected. If, b'lqnr, the K<I be beTelled

.... n Fi£. 19, ~ th.U find tlJ.t in Ibrinking it .. nIUel •

more &Culoe .u81e, lnd this should be l'Il",elllbond iu ' .. mh,s

roof" .,.".nging !.he joiut.a for Itrutt, &c., .. pecially by tbo

C*rpeulut .. hn have to do the &CI.Hal work 0/ fiUing the partt..

If the IUIgle be I.D interna.l _ or binl'l-IDDIIt.b, il will in the

arne .... y become more ICUt.. ill _ning. The traIlST ....

,],rink.age is here \IOuliderwi t.o the e~oI",ioll of 1.11)' .light

IOllgitl1dinal oltAlratiou which might ooou', ~nd whicb would

"eve. be .ufllcUout to afl"ea the Ingle of the bevil When

MNOned timbu is ...00. in pocitiool IUbjeeI. to damp, U>e

wood .. ill rwell in enetl)' the reY!Ine directiOP \(I W

alninhge. Ind induce ';milar difllcultiee unless this point

hu .100 reoei.ed dUl! at.tent.ion. or OOUrM it will be _

from II .tudy of tb, ero. leCtionl ilhllllated in lhe ~.1.mI

tl .. t the piece miaht be IIdeded h. oae.b • _y that t.loe

sliriunge nil upanaiou .. ""Id take p\aotl chiefly ill the

thickn.". instee.d of the width, and thn. leave the bevil

ullAlterOO_ In tbill c:<)'lIi.to tbe cbief ftl't of .. lecting pi_

Nr fro.miog; bu~ in many inSlBn_ mOOv .. of economy

unfortunately favour the UN of pieceI OIL I&OCk, wilbou~

~r~ to their ",i~bility for tboi pu~ required.

"


JOINT!! "' WOOU\\'O.~. u

We may now leue the question of ,hrinh~. aU'\ p_1

to " co~ideration of the more immediate objeet. of the p"per.

l u tbe following lable, ~u ~~tempt I, ... been made kI c1"""ify

tiniber uoder the differeo~ terms by which it is known, aoooruing

to illl size, and other Rocideotal ehnl.cteristico. Tn;" i. only

R rough approximation, as no definite rule can be laid down;

but it lnay be of SOme usi.t.>nca to those who have OO<>I\8io,,"lIy

to deal with workmen llSing tbe term".

CUSSU'lCATIOl< OF TlIlBER AOOORUI"O TO SIZI!..

Balk ...

Whole tilnber

Half timber

SeauUiog . ..

Qu~rteriug

Planks

D"o.I.

BaUen.

StriP'" aod latru.

(Approximate).

12' x ". " IS' ~ ". 9 • 9 " " • 15

9 • 4! kI 1S • 9

• • , kI 12 • " 2 • 9 " 6 • 6

11 kllS x 3to 6

9 x2to4!

4ito1xfto3

2to4ixitoli

Pieces large>' tho plank. &1'11 gon.mIly called timber, but

wben sawn all round, 81'11 called """ntling. aDd when &aWn to

eq,uRI dimemion. """b way, ue ealled die-sqn ....... Th. dimen_

siOM (width aud thiekn .... ) of parla in a framing a"" .6O!Mtimes

called the lI(:8utliuga of the pieoes. The te .. n "denl" ill alsG


" JOilin III WOODWOI.L

osed t.I di3! iuguiah wood ;" :th otate ready lor ,·hejoiller, lrom

- timber " wbieb ia wood! pn!....,.I lor Iht Qe of tb. coupent.el'.

A " log" or Mlltiek," ia .. rough .. hole timber uoA,wu,

TI,o use of wood m&y he tliBCUMed under the two hea<b

of CIltpeOt.ry and joioft}". n .. fOl1ller oon.iM1 priocipo.lly of

\l,t UI of large ti",bers, eitber ..... '11, adzed, or awn, ""d

the latter of ... ",llu piecell, a1 .... y ..... ". and with tho

u.,.-l ""rra.,. planed, TI>e ~nt.en' work i. cbif.lly

on«loor; it embr&Coll IDeh objectl as building timber bridget

a",1 pntries, '",miog roof. and Aoon, conllrucLing <If;utreing.

.00 other beaT,. or rough.-olk. Th' join.'" work ill ItIGlUy

indoor; it includel layiog 600ri"l, mtl:ini{ and filing doon,

windo ..... hee, fram .. , Iinlo&" partitioDl, tnd inte ..... l 6wIIjII

I" .. n ..... I.h. proper connectioa of the

part. ;1 an •••• mt.ial elemen!., aud in d";gniug or "",,utiog

joint.a and l&Stenlagl in woo.hmrk, th, follo.ing prillciplea,

laid do.... by ' '101__ ItAukin<', ,bOllld be adhered to,

vi .. ,_

lit. To cut tI,. jo;nt.a and "mloge ~he , ... teIl;ngs III ... to

weakea the p- or timber that t.hel oonnect .. liule ..

""",ibl8

2nd. To pl_ ....,h ... butting 8urf_ in a joint .. oearl1

.. """,ible perpendieuw to tl~ p"-Ute whieh it I,.. to

tnn8m;t.


r JOINTfj '" WI)Q1'>won.

Srtl . To proportion tb~ ~ of each ~nrface to !lIe pres.,,",

which it has to bur, $0 that the timber may be ... fa again ....

injury under the heaviest lMII. which <><:CUI'! in practioo and to

form and fit every pair 01 oncb surf""", Roo"!'IItely in order

to diatribn~ the .t ...... uniformly.

4th. To proportion the fast.enings "" th~t Ihey may be of

equal .t.rength with tbe pieces which they connect.

lith . To place the lastl'ui,,1l" in each pi""" of timber ""

that there sball be sufficien! n;si$tanoo to the giving way of

the joint by the last.enil'gs shearing or CI'Il3hiug their wOJ

through the !.huber.

To these may be added II 6th principle nOt less important

than Il,e foregoing; viz., To .. leet \J,e simplest fonm of joint.e,

and to obtain the smell .. ! pos8ible number of I hutmeuts.

'n," rea&OU for this is that Ihe mOra complicated the joint,

or ilia greate r the number of bearing s"rfa..... the 1_

probability there will be of getting a sound and cheaply-,nade

oonnection. To ensure a foir and equal bearing in • joiut

wbich is not quite tr"e. i~ i. naual. alter tbe pieces 9re put

together. to ruu a """,-cut between each !Jeanng Sl1rface or

abutment, the kerf or width of cut being equal in each cu".

the !Jean"g iI! !.hen reudered tn,e. Thil! is often done. for

illstanCE. with the should"", of B Wnon or the ~utting ends

of a .... arf. wbeu carele8ll workmanahip baa rendeloo it


JOI/I"TS "' WOOliWO ....

11_1')'. Wh en the v;";ble junction of two P- il

reql1ired to .. u do. u poaible, and ~o gnat Itraia hu

to b8 met .t Lhe joint, it ill ",ua1 to Iligbtly unden:ut I~

r-rta. and give devan ... on Lhe in,.;de. '" in J.'ig. 20, .. hich

Ihows an en l ~rgod view 01 ~ tongued And rebated hfading

joint in ftooring. In pa~rn·makinfl, the SlIets "bich are

pliloted at the internll a.ngle of \"'0 meet.ing .....r_. are

made obtuM angled 011 the back. in onIe-r Uw .. hen bradded

into plAoe ~e sharp tdj;eI may lie el_. u obow" in Fig. 21,

The print.! uted by pattenl-makere for lndi .. ting tbft pooIition

of ronnd_ccIW. hoi. are 0.100 nndercut by being tUnled Ili&htlr

ho1Iow on Lhe bouom, .. UlOwn in Fig. 21. Tbe principle ill

edopted in n_Iy.1I CNN wbeno a cI<. joint ill. deaidentnm.

C\earanoo lOU,," .110 be len in joinlll of framing .. hen •

eetr.leme"t i1 likely to t.t'Ike pi""", in order that dter th~

eettIement, the abutting .nria .... ml.y I&ke .. fair beo.ring to

..,.;"t the .train.

The n.rioow II.n.i.na \bat can come upon "'1' member of

• rtrocttm. ..........

Tenlion : Stretching or pulling.

CompreMion : C~l'illg Or puhing

Tn. ... n .. .wain: c.... ,t.rain or b8odiug.

Tonion: T"illting or wnllChing.

SIl~ring: Cutting.


JOJ~"" 'N WOOPWOU. " nu~ in woodwork, wbeu Il,. latter fOIlle ae~ 'loug tbe pi",

j~ ill gel>elll!J.y called "deLnlaiont IDe term d" .. ing being

Jj,uiled 10 I~ .wop _ the pin. ~ fim threoo nrietiet

..., the auai ... which usually COllIe upon ~i .. ItruloS, and beaml

retpectivcly. The t"\!Lave ... Itrain, it IUUIt be oboer>'ed, i.

ruolvable into tel";OU aDd cowp""";oo, U,. tOnlle. occurring

01' th~ eonY,"" "de of a \...Jed beam, IUd the 1.W!r ou the

00IIClO'e IIide, the t..., beOng oepuated by the ,,"utn.i &xii Ol"

line or 110 .tn.in. Th, shearing otn.in OCCW"I princit-Jly In

beoIml and;" g""'leIt At the point of IUpport, the teodeney

beina to ent tbe timber through at right lugl .. 1<1 the pin;

bu~ in Pearly dl CIIOI if the timbe r ill mops euough 10

..w. the t ....... ve .. ..un it ill amply sc.rong for aoy ~b'"

'bet.ring Iln.in wbich (l,n 000tU". KeYI and other flsteninlP'

ara eapecially IUbjeot 10 t!>earing IIlorain, Ind it will be ,how"

in Lbat porUou 01 Our ,object thdt Lbere nre certaiu p,.".

ClIltinll& 10 be IIdopted 10 obtain Lbo. belt ,""nlll.

The following IIbl.. ";U -"e .. an intnxl<lCtiou 10 tho!

remaining portiou 01 Lb. plp<!I":_

a..",J«ot..... 0/ hi,u, ' K c..rp<1Il1)'.

Joint. to. lengthening ti .. , ~t.-uIoS, Ind *"": L&pping. filbing. -mag. tabling. building_up.

Ilearing-joinloS for beam" 1W~ing. notching. C<Igging. do ......

l.I.iling. t<ltk-tedOOing. housing. chu&-mnrWiug.


" JOIIiTII I" WOODWORI:,

Jo,ntec rot post& alld beams: Tenon, joggle, bridle, 11OllSiog.

Jointll for Btm"'" with ties lind posta: Oblique tenon, hti,llf,

toe joint..

Miacell .. -..: Buuillll. mitRing. rebatiog.

w~. K.,.. !

Wood pins, Pi", : nai'-,ll'ikes.

f TTeoD&n .. Pi .. : t ICR", bolta.

&m,.. Soekcts.

And for joinery m"'" be addod ll~ •.

W. will consider ~_ joiotl in 1he onJ..r !Ii""" .. ~. Ooe of the /irs\. requimnenll in the nse of timber for ell·

gioeE,ing pUrpo&eI it the cooD..::tion of tw" or mo,.. beams 10

obtain .. greater IMgth. Fig. 23 ob...... the method of

leugt.lJeoil\i ft t-m by lapping another to II., \.be tlO'O being

held together by 'trap' and prevented from llidinll by the

iOHmoo of keys. )-", 24 Ihowl .. aimi!., joint. t.broUJih.

boluo being .-d inltMd of .trapl, ftod wl'DIIgbt-il'Dll plote.

instead of oak by.. Thi" DlIIkeil 1\ neater joiot thon Ihe

fonner, but !.hey a .. both uuaigbul. And .. hllOl'<iOr odopted

!.he beam, .oouw be arn.oged io three or h' piooes in

order that the 8upportlat each end may be level, and tile bea.".

hori..,ntal. Thi. joint i, 1llOt"\'. suilahle lor .. c.- etl'&in t.bau for

temion IUId """'p.-ioo. Fig. 25 thow. the common fonu 01 a


fllhed beam I(\'pted ror I'01n~on. If require<! to tUiet

t~n,ile Itrain, keYIII"mJd be insert«! ill the top IJId oottom

joinLt between tbe bell.. Fig. 2G .how.1 fisbed joint adapted ror

• _ .traio, Ute ... }WI, _!.ional ...... or the origina1 beam l.akillil

lb, """.]>.--in poNon or the Cf'IM It.n.ill, ",d ,b, 6sbin,·piece

taking the \eII';I. portion. Fir. 21 tho ... a fiBhed !ft.m ror the

_me purpole, ;" wbich ... ro"lIht.-iron pl~te turned up at the endt

tAt ... tb, ten.i1e strain. r abli"l1 COMioLt of beddi"g portionl of

one beam into the otber longitudinally. Ocelllion.lly the

£Ihing p~ .~ t.abled at the end.. into the bealll.ll to ..wei tile r.er1(1~ncJ 1.0 lIip under straia, ba' this o!lice iI bet.te.

performed loJ key.. ud ;11 pnoctioe t.ablillg is aol. IQUch uK

The diitincUo" bet.een fiBhed bNlns and ecarled bNm. i.

th. t ia tho former the ori8i".1 length "' not reduced, 1.1",

pie<: ... beinll butted .gRint et.elt other, while in the ratter

the beam. the_Iva . ,.. cut in •• ped.l maUDer .nd lapped

pIIrtJy oyer uch oth.r; ill botb _ addition.l pieett or wood

o. iron .... Itw:bed 1.0 a\nagtMD tIM joint. Y,. 28 obowa

• fDnQ of _d .clapted to "011. poota. H.~!.be _rf "'

ent "I"'''' and po.ralt..1 to the lid .. , to iliu \.be ru!l _iOll~

.ou. il .. tiliIN for _il!.ing the compressive Itl"ain. Wh,n

the pott ie longel" .nd Ii.bl" to A betIding slrain the IlU.r'

.hOl.ld be ine\ined, u in Fig. 29, 1.0 allow of greater tbickn ...

being ret.o.iued .t the "ouldu of ...,It piece. \.be lhonld.T


JOI~TII III WOODWORK.

beiog kept .qure. 10 thi& joint .. oolllideraW, etrain .... ,. tJ.

thrown on th, botl4l from the Ilidiug ten.w.cy of the _d, if

tJ>a thould~", should happcn to ba badly Ht\OO, .. ...,y .lipping

.. ould virtually inc-.se the thickn .... of the timba, .hen!

We Doh ..... through. The "idth of MCh __ Ider III01lId tJ.

DOl. I .... Un ... oD&-follrl.h lh, touJ t.hicm- Join", in poItI

Are mostly required when i~ i. dllli""" to IlngthelL pil ... I"*'y

driven, to . upport • "npe .. !mctunI in thl IllI.Dller of ooluw .....

Another fOJ'Dl of ... d fOT • pDIt put 1.OJIeI.her wid"'lIt boIl4I

itlhown in .'ig. 30, ~ partll being tabled and tongued, and

held together by ,.edgeII. Toit it not .. IIItillll\eto'1' joint,

.nd it moroove., upeU!iv, because of il4l ~uiring utra UTe

in fining; but it _y tJ. .. suitable joint ;n 80 ..... pecial .....

in which all the lid .. .,.., required to be dlllh. FiS- 31 11>0 ...

tlol common lorm of .... r1' in .. tie -i><IIulJ. Thl en"- ul till

ICIIrf 1M biN!'t-mouthed, and the joint it tightened up by

.~ drivta from oppomta llida It ill flll"l.he. leCured by 1.11,

~I-iroa p!t.teI 00 the top .lad bottom, "hich ani alUCb.d

to the timber by bolta and unt.. In aU th_joi,,141 tb. friction

between the rurf&Cll, due to W!. bolto being lightly tcte,.ed

np, pl.,.. aa ;,oporlall\ part in the ItnogIh of th, join\; aod

.. .In Limbe. it Ii.ble to "'riol<, it is".,.,.....,. 1.0 enmiue the

bolto <>eeoUioully, and 1.0 keep t~.m well tighteued up. Figt.

32 aod 33 .ho .. ~ood forna of oca,lo, width are Itronger ~lIt


JOI~'T8 III WOODWOItX. " oot .., commoll "" 1.1>0 preceding. Sometimet the tearf II

made vtrtic.lly iu&tea£! of bori..,u,,*Uy, .... d when thll II """II. • liigh~ ouodiKearu.ioo II mode ill tbe JlC*itiou of the projeotiug

lOugue, .. will ba _, from Fig. 34, .. hich Ibo ... the joint

in el~."liou .... d pIau. The ooly other """ to .. 1Lich "",,,lion

"ted ba ca!led Ire tlloee .bow" in Fi~1I. 35 .nd 36, ill which

!he COtIlprtrolSion aide it made .. ilb ....... te abur.ment.. n.", very .!.roDS fOMm, and a, Ih. ",me lime caaiI)' mad.. Mally

o1.l>e. forml .... Y1L been designed, .... d old boob 011 eo.rpolLtl)'

to<!,u wilh """rr. of every conceivable po.turu; bILt;,1 thi&, ...

iu JWUL)' OllIe. _, tb, oimplell. \.hiug i.o the b.It, ... tM

whole .alue depend! "11(In the .ecurse, of ilie workmaILlLbip,

Ind thi, i.o "mdered UOfflSiYIly dillicult .. itb a llIultiplicity

of po.ru or .bumtoult.

10 building.up beaII>I \0 otaiu iu~ Il.rengili the mott

UlUo! method i.o t.o lay t .... o logetbe. aideway, for lho","po.na, ..

in the Ho~ oYtr doorI lod window., Or 10 cut One do"n tIL.

middle and revutIL the hal ..... intertiog • wl'OUBht inm plate

bet .... een, .. ,bow" io tlLe lIil(:h-girder, ~·ig. ~7. The "'ve .... l

of lhe bah .. give. 00 addiliotW otrengc.h, .. many .... orkmen

"UPIX*', but it .""blu ODO to oee if the timber i.o ""nod

1.I'l'OUBlIout to ,be burl, .... d it aloo alLOWI \.he piooeI \0 8eItfIOo

better. A beam uoent mB)' be dl!Cl.)'ed in the ce"lre, oud

be""" tbt advaOtflgt uf euWug and revtroiug. eveo if 00


~OL'I'1lI Ill" WOOIlWO!U.

flitch·plate iI to be inaerted. dafecti." p~ beina Lb811 dia

CIlfded. When very 1000g and .Irang beam ..... reqoired, "

simple o'e\l,od iI to bol~ Mye ..... togell,~r ... u to break }oill~

wilh each other, u shown io Fig. 38, uki"g c.a .. t.hr.t On tlle

tension .ide the middle of OUB piece coruM !n tbe centre or

Lbe .pan .. ith !.he t .. o DeAteSt joinl.t oquidiltIUIl. II is

1l0~ n_.,. in • buill beIun to c .... ,')' the ruu daptJ> .. r.r

u tlla .upport.e; the ,tnill I.. of OOUtM, gr-._ ill thu

centr., and provided then! .. onffid"",~ depth given at. that.

poio~ the beam ""'y be redw:ed Iow.rdo !.be e •• LIo ........

beiog made for th, 1_ of ostreo>gth at. t.he joiDI.t 00 U"'IoO

lid.. A lingle piecte of timber flllCU.red to the n!ldemd.

or • beo.ru at the centre, u in Fl(. 39, i •• lilll pl. and

effeaive ."ode of increaiog it! '&I'Imgth. It .. ill be observed

tbol th. Sl .. pi! .'" bedd~ into the tidM of tile beam.; they

tb", form keY' to prevent the piecet fra,o slipping 011 each

o!.ber. This weo.k .... Lbe tilube. much leu than cuuing OUI

the lOp or bouom, .. Ibe slnmglb or " bIIIm variM Dilly in

ill"':l proportion 10 t.he breadth, but .. the "I ..... of Lb. depth.

The IIddiuOlI of • HCOlld piece of timber in Lb, middlt iI

• me&hod freqaenlly adopted tor _reugthelling thear!ego and

derrick pol_ temporarily for liItiog b_..,. weigbtl.

W, 00 .. cowe \0 Ihe contide .. t.ion of bearing joiDIlI for

bill ..... WI term ~ beam.. being takeo 10 include aU piecet

I


JQlltt'$ III WQODWOllL

.. bieb .....,. <). recei~e .. bd ac:rI* tbe graia. The aj,nplMt

01 '"'- ;. !.be lW"ng joinl., aho .... " .. t Fig. 0&0, when tWO

pi_ .n 0..,.. braciug .. '" halved ~her. TIti, joint it -00

th<)wn u }"ig. ~l, "hera the ends .n t ,,<) ...... U plata n'eet

eaoh other. When a joint oocun! in tb e le"gt~ nl ~ beam,

.. AI. fig. 42, it ;. se"" .. Uy ca.Ued a """.,. In _h 01

tbae aurup!u it .... ill be ..o" th.t h.1I the tillokn_ of

"",,1.1 piece it cut •• a,. 110 .. to nW<e the joint Il",b top .",1

botto.... Sowetlmee the IllIte. eDd of the "pper piece it made

thicker, lonnlnJ{ • bo~1led joint .nd ac&i"ll ... do¥e\lIil

.. ben loaded <)'" lOP. ThiI i. oho .. " .t Figa. 43, .... d 4~.

When 00' bealll e.- an«J>er at right UJlIee, and ;. CUt

... , the lowe •• lde to Ilt ulX'u il., the juiut is kn_n

.. Iingle-nol.hiDg, ohown m Fig. 0&5. When bclth ....

cnt, .. ii, Fig. 4(;, it II known at donble-not<:lhing.

Th_ fo.nll oeeu. ill the bridginl! amI cemng jaia,",

Ihown 00 U,. diagnml 01 donble .ud doubl~·fn""ed floori"~.

When I COS or ... lid projeetl"ll porlio)) is len in !'he lo .. er

pieee It !.b. middle of the joint it is t"" .. " .. coggin.:.

cooti"8- or colill:ing. lod ;. sh<nrD in Fig. 47. t"~ 48 and

49 ahow tWO lonna of the joint oceurriog between. \.Ie •• ,n

.nd ...:II plate in roofinsr;. DoYetailiug if not louch ..-d iu

corptll'T)' or houMl'joiDeT)', o";ug to tI,e Ihrinkagii of U"

... ood I_iug tbejoiut. Two ... ll plA\(::II ..... III>OWII do~etoiled


JOINT!! IN WOODWOJU[.

together at Figs. 50 and 51; in c.he l.tter a wedl!" i8

oomctimes inutted ou the stmight side to enable the joint

to be tighten&<! up u the wood shrinks. Ttedgold prop<llled

the form sbown ill Fig. 52, which i8 kOOWll as !..be "Tredgold

nowll;" but thi8 i8 neVet _n in pn.c~ce. 'l'u .. "..tenoning i.

the method adopted for obttliniug a hearing for ooe beam

""lOtiug ~nother at right angle. at the .. me level. Fig. 5~

,ho," , a trimlnor aupported on a trimming joist in thi8

lUanner; this OOCUI"I round fire-places, holstway., and oth~r

openinl(s through 1100.... ~'ig. 54 show. the l&lne joint

between a wood girder and binding joi.~ it ;" abo _n iu

tile dial:'"8.m of (wnhle·framed flooring. The adv""tage of

this form ;" !..bat a good bearing ill ohtain&<! withont

weakeuing the beam to any very great. edent, lIS the

principal portion of the material cemoved ;" taken from the

no"tml ax;", leaving th~ remfl.inder disp<llled 8Ome"hat after

the fonn of a Hanged giro... When a orou pi""" of ti luber

hu 10 be framed in between two bea"", already fixed, a

tenou and chaM-mortise ( Fig. 55), ,s one of the met~od8

adopted. If the space ;" very confined, the Mome kind of

mortise is made in both beama, hnt in opp03it.e di-w,nt;

the orou-ri_ i. tben held obliquely, and did ;nlO place.

Occa.!iow!lly i~ ill n __ ry to make the ohase-mortise vertieal,

hut this ;.. not 10 be recommended, fill the beam i. more


JOl~ IN WOODWORK.

weakeue<1 by eo doing_it is 8hown ill Fig. 5£. Ceiling joiol.ll,

fixed by teno", and chase·mortises, ~re .hown on the diagm'u

of doubl .. Hooting. In eom. CMM, a aqua .... ~llet ia nRi led

on, .. 8howu in the ... lIIe dill.!;J"lllU, to take the weight of

the joial.8 withont cutting in!.o the beam. Wbile .peaking of

floors, the prooua ot fining.up may be ment.ioned; this

conoisl.ll of laying thin pieeeo, Ot 81rips, of wood On the top

of joisUl, or .."y ,u,faces, to bring tbem up to a level.

Firring-piooes a'e alao 80metimefl nailed underneath tbe large

beam. in fl"8.ll.Jed 11001"8, eo tbat !.be uuder side lDay be level

with the bottom of the ceilin!!" joisl.8 to give a bearing for

the laths. and at tbe SIlme time allow 8ufficient space for the

pl .. ter to form a key. Bmuderiug ia formed by strip" about

o,,~ iucl, "'luare, naile<! to Lhe " I,der aide of the ceiling joist.s

at right auglOlil to !.hem; th_ 'trip" help to .tilfeu the

ceiling, aDd being narrower tha" (.he ceiling jDisl.ll, do 'lOr.

iuterrupt Ih. key 01 the plu~ring 80 Ulucl>_th;" ia also

.hown on Ibe diagram of double Hooting. H ousing cono;,,\8

of letting Olle pi.ce of woOO bodily into Buothe, for a ohort

,Ii.lance, or, .. it we"" a tenon tlie full oire of !.be ''''If.

Thia i •• howu in th diagram of w.ircaae delai1a, wbere tho

tn:e.ds find risers ..... oeeu hOllsed into the strings, and held

by wedges. Housing i. likewise adopteil for hillg nil.

to [lO!Its, .. in Fig. S7, whe .... . n .,n. ruil i. ohow n


JOIlfn Iii WOOD"OHL

IIolUltd inf.O In oak pOU (or fencit\j\. Th. _ 1>010""'''

join~ how~r, beI. ..... o JlOII.& .nd iMUIS, i. ~~ t.en<H, and

mortite joio~, either wedged or hOld bl • piu; \l •• fonner

Rrrangement is shown in lIg. 58, ood the Intt~r in Fig. 59.

TIle friction or the wedgell, wben tightly dri.eo, oided by the

Alll, .. io" of th .. Slue Or white lead ",ith which they oTt! COtIteII.

lorml, in en-tlCl, I IOlid dovet.ail, Ind the tibNI being rom·

I~, do !IM yi.1.1 furtbe-r bl Ih" Ihrinldns of the wood.

10 11,. diop'" of • r"""ed door will to. _n .. , u ... ,pI. or

tile IpplicoUon of this joi"t, and in lh8 adjaoent diacn.m will

be _0 the enI. prod1l00d by Cllretese fltt;"s, or the .... of

nn_ned maI.eriaI Wbeu it i. desired \.0 tenon • 10 .. ""

i,,'o • JlC*, wi\bo"t allowing the teoou f.O .ho" tbrough, or

"'heTt! I 1Il000iae h .. to be In.we in .n uieti"l1 poe' H •• d

.gaioel " .... a1I, the dovetAil teo"", .bown in Fig. 60, i, IOn,e·

limtll adopted, • wedge being driven in ou Ihe .might li,lu

to draw the teoon hom. and keep ;t in pllce. In joining

omlll pi.ee, 110. fo~tlil teoon, ahown in t'ig. 61, h .. <he ".noe

o.d .... nt.ce .. tb. do.etail tenon of not .bowinS thl'Olllll,; but

it Q, IIIOI'e dilll",,]! to fix. The outer wedgel ITt! made tbe

]oogeot. ."" in drinnll the teoon home, th_ toni .. into

... tion fi..t, aplitting """Y the sid ... and fillias up til, dove

tailed mo~, al the MUle \.in,e oom~ng the 6b .... or

the tenon. TIl;' jcio~ ftqui"", IlO glue, ... i~ co."r>Ot rl .. "


25

oul, thould il work I"""" al""1 Urne, the ouly wly tG lightao

i, up would be t.o iusere. .. very Wlhl wedge in one eDd Qf the

mortise. Short tenon., .. isted by .trap bolt!!, &II .bOWD in

."ig. 62, an! oommouly .dopted. In ODDJ>eCting 1.0,. timbere.

The ... " cut to lona • "'oul d~. 110 thai the bee.m uk ••

-..u.g rOf' illl fnn .idlll, the tal>Otl p~yenl.ing 1111 lide

movement. When. post _1.1 on .. be&m or sill piece, ito

movelnent;. pf'8vented by. "joggle," o. e,ub-tellOn, fill Ih<>"" in " ig. 63; hut too much ""li."ee Ihould !lO\ be placed Oil

!.hit tenoo, owing to tbe impcwlibility of _iog. alter the

pi_ ... hod, wlMlther it a. berll prvpmy filUld, aDd i,

" )*'ticularly U.b18 t.o "-1 frotn moilItorll lIeUIi"8 in 1M

joint. For temporary purpowe, poIt.I an! commonl1 _tl~

to bMdt Iud rills by dog-iroue or "doga," " ig. tI4; Lbo pieon

in 1.1". cue limply bult "'8'oi"11 _h other, Ibe object beiuW

to avoid cutting tbe r.imber, &I.d 110 depreciating ;!.II .loIue.

Iud .t.o lor ""''''''''1 01' labour. OI.her lor",. of ' • ..0111 are

ehowo in J'igt. 65 and 66. Tb. double tenon " -.I ill

trami", -.id6 pi ..... ....t 1M bwnebod 1.e1lOI1 when I.ba edgII

01 the piece on which tho tenon " funned is requi....! to be

H",b wit!t th8 tnd of the piece oon\Aiuing tbe morti..." Ex.

Rml'l01 01 both tbese will be IOIlUd in tbe diagram of r",mod

door. tn Figo. 67 and 68 .'" IhoWQ two (OntlS 01 bridle

joill~ btc.Woetl • pol\. and • bmlll. Tred&old _IllOQeIed


JOINTS IN WOOUWOH~.

~ bridle joine with a ciroulu ~b"tment, hue tbill ill nne a

correct form, as the post ill then equivalent to a column with

rom,ded enM, which it i. wel l known i. unable in that form to

'-r "" g ..... t .. load before it comm .. """" to yield. A strut

meo'ting .. tie, as in the case 01 the foot of a princiJIIII raf"t.er

in a roof tl'IIM, is generally wooned into Ihe tie by an obliquo

tenon, as shown In Fig. 69; and (ho joint is furlber

. t.rongthened by a toe 011 the mf"t.er booring against a shoulder

iu the tie. Trodgold strongly ""vised tI,is joint Leing Illi\de

with .. bridle instead 01 a tenon, as shewn in I'ig. 70, on

&COOunt of the abotting eurft\Ce8 beiu~ fully open to vie ....

A .trut mooting a post as ill Fig. 71, or a 81rul mooting the

principal ,.Iter 01 • roof_t.rUSII (~'ig. 72) iI laually connooted

by a sino pie toe-jo;,," The shoulder shonld be CUI "'IU&re

with the piece containing it, or;t sbould hi_I the angle formed

between the two pieces. It ill 8Ometi.,,," n,.de "'Ina1"8 with

Ihe .tru .. bllt thi. i. inoorree" M there would in 80me """""

be a poeaibility of Ihe pi""" . lipping out. In ledged "nd

braced dooT'l or gal<'l thil joint;" nsed, tbe pieces being 110

arranged as to form I";a"8181, and 80 prevent !.he liability

to sag or drop, whkh is 80 difficull to gow again.t in "'luare

framed work without llruta Or brace.. W ben a SlfUdUTe i.

triangulated, ito shape remaiM OOJIotant 80 long as the fasteninS"

are not torn away, beeause, wi!.h • given leugtb of aidee, a


J01N'l'6 IN WOOOWOKK.

tri9.llgle can &.SIImn" only one posir.ion; bu~ thil U. not ~he

(:90$0 with four-sided framing. lUll the sidee, while n!maiDing

coutant in lengtb may vary in JlO*i~ioo. The diR{!ram of "

mansard roof shows varions examples 01 a toe-join~; it show.

&150 Ihe principle of framing king_post and qneen_pool; roof

t.ru_ each portion boiog triangulate<! to ensure \.he utmost

s(ability. Among \.he mi$oollanoollS joints in CIIrpently no~

previously menlioned the most COmmOn an! tbe butt joint,

fig. 73, when! the piec,," meet each ot.her wi th "'lue!"e end!

or side. ; the mit'" joiot, fig. 74, when! the piecet abu~ Bj(llinn

each o~her with bevelled ends, bisecting the angle be~ween

them, as in the CMe 01 .tmlll mitred to. eorbelpiece . upporting

the beam or a galllry; and the .. belte<! Or ,. rebated" joint,

Fig. 75, which u. " kind of nMrow halving, eilher tmul Venll

or 10np;itudinaL To \.hoae Illu.t be lidded in joinery the grooved

and wnguetl joint, Fig. 7G; the matched lind belded joint,

Fig. 77; ~lle dowell<l<l joint, Fig. 78; the dovetailed joint,

Fig. 79, aod otber modifications 01 t.h"", w .ui~ opecial purpoees.

The application of lIe "eral of the&\! joints is Ibow" on Ibe

various diagm1l" beloJ"{! you 01 Hooring. &c. To on~ of We&\!

it way be desirable to call particu lar attention_viz., tbe Booring

laid foldi ng. This is • method of obtaining clo&e joints with

ont tbe """ of a cramp. It consu.ts 01 nailing down two

boarm, aod leaving a ' p"ca between them .. ther leeos Wan


" JOINT!! IN WQODWORI;.

the width uf, say live boom., thPSe boards &n! the" put in

place, Bud tilt two projecting edge! SI'{! foreed down by I.ying

B plank 1ICl'I.ISO the.ll, and ,tanding on iCo. Thi' may Generally

b8 detected in old 11001'11 by ob$erviug that .. ve!'lll heading

joint.s come in one line, u ehown On tile diagram, instead of

breaking joint with ""ch otber. II i. worthy of notice that

the toD~ue. or .lip feather, shown ill Fig. 76, ITloich in good

work i. formed geuerally of hatd wood, ia ",.de up of .hort

pioovo cut diagonally across the gmin of the plank, in ordor

that BOy luoVemen! of tht joint. 111&)' not split the tong"e.

which would iuev;tobly occur if it lVere cut loogitl'dinally

from the plank.

With regard to f..,teniD~. the figul'llll al,...<1y given aho ...

.. veral application.. Wedges .hould 00 split or torn from

the log, 00 th.t the grain may be COlltinuoul; or if ... wo out,

a It .... igh~graiDed piece Mould be selected. S"fficieut taper

should be put (10 I<> give enough oomprestion to the joint.,

but too much taper would allow the p"""ibility of tlle wedge

working loose. }'or outside work, wedges should be painted

over wilb white lead before being driven, Ibis not being

a1feeted by moi.ture, all glue would be. I n I\C8rf·jo;n\.S tbe

ehief use of .... edS ... ill tQ draw the parts together before Ille

bolt-holes are bored. Keys are n~rly parallel st.ripa of hard

wood or metal; they are usually made with a slight draft.,


JOIIl1'!l IN WOO!lWQRL 29

to enable them to fit Ugblly. If the Irey ia cnl lengthnp

of the grain, & pieoe with cu.led o. t,.i.ttu.d grain ehnuld 1.0

Mieeted, but il thia CIlloot boo dont, til\! key should be Clll

Cl"<*war- of the log fl"Om .hieh it ia taken, and i_rted in

I,h. joint .. Ith \he grAin .1 rig:ht IIDSIOll to the direction Qr

the .traill, 10 that tl,e , h.ring _ to which the hy is

... hiec' may Id np>n it _ the libra In timtlt. bridge.

and ot.htr lArge &truetn,... cut iron key, .Te frequently u...d,

'" there " with t~em on ahoenDII 01 all diffie"lty (rom

thrin'-ge. Wood pin, ,bonld be oeleeted in the _ ....... y

.. wedgee. fl"O'" atraight.-grsioed, bani .ood. Sq\Wfl pinl

aTtl more efficient thn l"Ound pillS, bul a..:: not often n...d,

OD acoount 01 the diHieulty of formiug lfJ.'UOTtl hoi_ lor their

...,.ption. Ten ..... are frequently _nlfld in ~ .. in

:Fig. 59, by pi,,,, the pi". being driven io such. nlanne ...

to draw tl," tenon Lightly into the rnort;se up to ita thoulden,

.nol .ne .... rd,., to hold it there. Thia" tloo8 by boring

the hole flnt tbTl)llgh tha cbeeb of the mom., t.beo

inllerting the tenon, markin~ off Ihe poII;!;on 01 Ihe' hole,

remoYllIg the tellOn, and boring the pin.hole in it rath.T

... re-r the Iboolde.. th"" the mark, 10 that. .Mt> the pin

" driven ;t will d ... w Ille tenDO" above described. The

dowelled flOOT thown in Fig. 78 giv. another UOI"ple of

lha """ of pi .....


Naib, and ~heit uses, are too well known to need deocnpt.lon;

it may, however, be we1l to call au.e"t.lon to tha two kind.

01 cnt Bud wrought naib, the former being .beared or .tamped

out. of pla.wJ, aud the httcr forged out of rods. The cnt.

nail. are cheaper, but are n.thor brittle; they are useful

III Ulauy kinus of work, M tbey may be driven without

previously boriug holes tQ receive them, being rather blunt

llOintM. aud baving two p<lrallel .idea, wbicb are placed iu

the direction of tbe grain of tbe wood. The wrought nail.

..to not. •• ,,,ily break, .nd are used where it is desired to clench

thew au the hack to dmw aud huld the wood together. Th.

rollowing table gives .be result of some e:rperimellts all the

adhesion of u8il. and oorew.:_

IUIHESION OJ.' NAILS (Experimeuta by Mr. Bevan.

... ,. ,,",.r- .. ..... ...-. ......... Dii""":: ........ ,- - -" ~~ - -.- - ~-- ",.,. ,""". """" ~--- ,~ '" ' .. " ",.;;..,-~ - ... .. - " -... " .. '., - " -Coo,· ..... ZIOiJo ~ ,~ ' .. - " -Si<ponol "';10 " •• '., .. - -

.- .- .- ., '" - -

" .- .- ,. ... .., '" .- .- .- .- ODd g;:m. " .. ,

.- .- .- ". • • '" -.- .- .- .~ ... ~ -

Fi·orZmy ...... .- .- ODd ,...m. .., -'" . ~ ". - . .. -

."' .......... _ ... ~." .... , ..... --,-. Brought to you by LostArtPress.com

JOlh"TS 111 WOODWORK,

SmUURY.

Across grain.

A<lh"';on of nKil. in Deal 2

" " "m •

With gr~in.

W ,

W ,

EntTlloC<l 1<1 ntmction is &II 6 1<1 Ii.

Common lOrn .. ". '2" dia:n..,. 3 tim ... the adbeBive foree of "-

,upenny nail.

Spikes are nearly of the 38me form "" nailo, hilt n,ncb larger

Rnd are mo.tly ueed for heavy timber work. ll-eeDail~ are

hard wood pins uoed in the 8IImo way M nails. In particular

work, with IIOme woodo, Bueh as oak, they are used to prevent

tbe staining of the wood, which would oocur if Dail. were used

and ""y moisture Ilft.erwaro. reach.., Ill"",. CorupreMe<l tree_

oailo are largely used for hing railway_chairs to .loopers, M

tbey .well on e%posure to moisture, and tbeD hold more

firmly. Screws are used in .ituatiOM where the pari>! may

afl<!rwan\o T\lquire to be discoDOecl<!d. They are mOre useful

than pails, M they pot ooly connect the parI.!, but dralv them

clO!lel" together, lIIId arc more """ure. }'or joinera' work the

oerewa usually have count.ersunk head.; wh.,. it is desired

to conceal theOl, they are let well into the wood, and the

hoI .. plugs'" with dowela of tlle lame kind of wood, with

the graiP in tbe 38m. direction. For carpenters' work tho

screw! are larger ami have orten !qu~re heads; these are known


JOlJ<T8 I!< WQODWOIL

M _h.tcreQ, 'The boIta, lIata,..oo wu/len IlIIIod in c.rpeu"Y

lDIoy be or the proporriou.. gi~1I , .. ~he loIlo..-i .. , tabl_ ..

eumple iI .bow .. in Fill. 80:--

Thi~ko_ or ""' ... _ 1 dilr. of "''' "

h.d ... - I • Diu. 01 loet.d or nut over l id .. ... - 11 • Side 01 &q1W'll ",asher ror fir ... ... - 3t •

• • oak .. ... -2t • Tbi.kn_ or wuhv ". ... - 1 •

Thlllq_ nutl ...d by cmpent.eno.re J!enen1l, mooh t.oo "'i .. ; uol_ "'ey .... equal. in Ihick_ to the di.meter of the bolt.,

tbe rull tody.nta". ... or thai. diameter .,. .. nat be obc&ined, the

.trenglh of ""'1 oon ..... lion being ",_red b1 Itl weakOSlo part.

The bea~ Pl'Oportio .. ror nuta iI Ihown in the diagram or •

Whitworth etandard I,exagon out.. A 1''lIe I().nare "'Mher ;"

generally put under the nnt to prevent it fl'Om l i"king iuto

the wood ...,d to&ring the fib . .. while being IICrewed up, but

it ;" alto neceM&l1 to put .. limililt wuller under Ute bad

to prevent it sinking into We wood. Thil il, how~ver, often

improperl1 omilUd Stn.po 8le baDdt of wI"O\lCht.-iroo plaood

oye,. joint to I\.rtngtheo it and Lie \he pan. ~th\!.. Wh ..

the Il«Ip ;" CIl'ried roond OIU! piece, .ad boEb ena. oecured

to • pi_ joining it It right angl.,., u in I king pc.t .... d

tie.beam, it i. known &II 8 .tirrup, ...,d il Lightened by m .. '"


JOIl<TS III wllOnw'JaL 3'

of R cott,fIr and gib-ke,.., .. Ihown in Fig, 81. Wben It.tnpe

eon!>&et more thin t,..o pieeea of un,oo toge!.ber, ther are

mllM with a btanoh leading in tit, direcLion of NCh piece;

bat !.bey _ Qually not "rong .Dough .t tM point of junetlOD,

Rnd might often be made .bo.ur than lhey _ without

impairing Uteir ellideru::y. Soel<eL'l.re ~nel".lly of cut-iIOD,

Iud _y be deecribed .. hollo ... bolee fo",,1'd to receive the

ends of limller framiug.

With "'gud to tbe UIM! of "In6 for teC\lring joint&, it

hu t-D fonnd that the tensHd .~ugth of IIOlid glue "

.b\lut 4,000 I~ per &quare ineh, whilt !be of • glued joint

in damp weather ill from 350 to 360 It.. per oqaare inch, and

in d'1 weW>er about 715 lbl. per *l,nare inch. The laeer.J

cohwon 01 fir ... 00.\" Arout 562 I ..... per "lUI'" inch, and th_

fore In It gwt gl"o joint the ."lid mnterinl will givo ""y

befo", tho JUDction yieldL

Tb, author Iwt con6ued lti.,.,lf principally to th_ joiu~

wltich are u.sed in general _,,)'I,,;:tioo; m...,y othen might

hue been mentioned, but, DOl. bei", required in cml.i....,.

practice, they hAve been omil.l«l, \.0 .void enending the ~per

\.0 an undue length. He CIlnuot conclude without ..:I<no ... -

Jodg;", the IUi$\IlIlOO he has derivod from the wo,ks of

'l'l'fIdgold, Ranldoe, and others, which contain valuabl. tab]es

aod lufon".t;on relating to tJ" ."bjecl. uuder oonaideratio ...


.. JOIl<TII III WOODWOIK.

Hi. t.ho.nb Ire a1.o due to the Couneil of the City of London

l.JoIlege fill' the ,..,. of • _ of 50 lIlOdeil of joint., .. bleb

... uhibited. Other joints Ire iIl\lltroWd b1 .. Ie .. larger

modo18, and one of th_. & qUAdruple dove~l. may be

referred to III • ouriOllity of joint.hlg.

Tb8 autJlOr tr_ that he hu been able to treat the

q ...... oll ;n • lufficienUy practical manner to be 01 110m. val .... to the membtn of .hill IIOCittl in lob. uel'Ci8e of tlleir

profession, ...,d lb.. the vari0l11 det:..t.bi. poinr.o will be

'Iree ly di""UAee<I by th. D,e.tins .

• u the c:oocluiou of tbe P"per,. dilc:uosion took pI ...

M to the bell. IOnnl of jointll for tarring lb. MWIlI in ~

yariou l poeitiolil to which Limber in engi....nug ...,..b

eIIpecially U. lubje<:ttd, and llotiO!! ..... take" of the lI_ity

for periodically t\,Ithleniog !.he nn" in ca_ wbenl timber if

boItad together.

Mr. A.<Jarn. 1I ... 'lIg replied to lha dift'erellt quesl.iolll .hlell

nieed diac:ullioa, " VOI.e of twltt .... propoeed b1 lir.

Herbert, who exp..-i the hope u..t .. rOOueed copy of the

Uumel'QIIS dia8ra1lll1 by wbich the poIPO' .... iUWltnl6d W<)uld

be iaaued with the _ieti_ JlIOC"""ldinp. • ..... _---_ .. __ ... - .. ... _ ... _----_ .. _ .... --


r JOINTB III WOODWOlUl:.

The vote hYing been eeconded by MT. J. Love W","

carried nnanimou.ly.

The Oha.irmon announced that Mr. Duncan would be

unable to n!Id hi! paper, through .. hoeD"" from L:mdon, a~

the meeting of the 15th insL Bnd that Mr. John Di~on had

kindly prornil!ed to read on tha~ evening a paper "On the

ID~ of Trnnlport fr'()ID Egypt Bud Ere.:tion in L<>ndon of

Cleopatrn'. Needle."

Mr. H. P. Wonsam WWI dncl&red duly elected a member

or the society.

The meeting lOM then dluol.ed.


meeting - lost art press · pdf fileminutel of the imt meeting were ..ad and codbmed. ......

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