THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Meenal and Khushi Patel

Kammerer

Period # 4

WHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? The endocrine system is made up of

glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs.

WHAT DO THE HORMONES DO?

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These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the

physical and chemical processes of the body), and

sexual development and function.

-The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs

throughout the body.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT GLANDS?

-hypothalamus -pituitary gland-thyroid gland-parathyroid glands-pancreas -adrenal glands -gonads -pineal gland-thymus

It produces and builds up t cells early in life which aids in the immune system. t cells recognize foreign antigens and destroy them. 

HYPOTHALAMUS- The most important

function of hypothalamus is homeostasis

Different factors which are maintained during the process of homeostasis include:

body temperature, blood pressure, electrolyte

balance, fluid balance and body

weight.

•Temperature is regulated by the anterior (cooling) and posterior (heating) parts of the hypothalamus.

PITUITARY GLAND Secretes

hormones necessary for growth reproduction

THYROID- The two main hormones produced by it are iodine and Triiodothyronine

--These hormones are essential for life and have many effects on body metabolism, growth and development.

- For example, thyroid hormones make the heart beat faster and cause the body to burn up calories more quickly.

PARATHYROIDThey produce

parathyroid hormone (PTH) the main

regulator of blood calcium levels. It's produced when Ca levels decrease, it

elevates it by:1. increasing bone

destruction to release Ca

2. increasing re-absorption of Ca from

kidneys

3. activating vitamin D which increases the

absorption of Ca from the gut 

it's inhibited by high Ca levels in blood

PANCREAS

It produces hormones, the two main ones being insulin and glucagon, that maintain homeostasis in

the blood sugar concentration.

The pancreas is a small organ located near the lower part of the stomach and the beginning of the

small intestine. 

The adrenal and thyroid glands are located in the throat and above the kidneys, respectively. These glands produce hormones, which are chemicals that help give orders throughout the body. The adrenal and thyroid glands actually work together, the hormones they produce feeding off each other and combining to regulate the activities of your body.

ADRENAL GLAND

GONADS

The gonads are the reproductive cells found in the testes in males and the ovaries in females. They are haploid gametes.

Pineal Gland is an endocrine structure located on the posterior, superior surface of the diencephalon. It is responsible for the production of melatonin, a hormone, that increases in production when light exposure decreases and vise versa. Due to the pineal gland's activity it plays a role in circadian rhythms. 

PINEAL GLAND

THYMUS The role of the thymus

gland is to process lymphocytes, which are white blood cellsthat travel the body through the bloodstream.

They stop at lymph nodes to ensure everything is working properly, and if not, it is believed that they jump into action to fix any issues.

These T-lymphocytes, or T-cells, play a part in cellular immunity by blocking the invasion of harmful foreign agents, viruses, and bacteria.

They also aid in preventing the abnormal cell growth that occurs with cancer.

DISEASES AND DISORDERS

Diseases and disorders caused by the endocrine system.

CATEGORIES OF DISEASES Hypersecretion: gland produces too

much of a hormoneMay result in hurt or traumae.g. primary hyperparathyroidism:

parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone and may result in kidney stones and damage.

Hyposecretion: gland’s ability to secrete a hormone decreases causing a deficiency of hormonese.g. hypothyroidism: an abnormally low

activity of the thyroid gland, resulting in retardation of growth and mental development.

ECTOPIC CUSHING’S SYNDROME Adrenal glands produce excessive cortisol Causes:

pituitary gland secretes excess ACTH (adrenocortiocotopin hormone), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol

Some kinds of tumors also secrete ACTH and can stimulate the adrenal glands to produce cortisol

Symptoms include: weight gain, a redistribution of fat to the face (moon face), the upper back (buffalo hump) and in the neck above the clavicle thinning extremities due to muscle weakness

Not common, but still fatal can be treated with radiation therapy and

medication

DIABETES Type 1 and Type 2 Pancreatic failure in which the pancreas

can not produce enough insulin, a hormone used to convert sugar into energy used by the body (metabolism), causing sugar to build up in the bloodstream

Symptoms:Type 1: frequent urination, unusual thirst,

extreme hunger, fatigue and irritability Type 2: all of Type 1 diabetes, frequent

infection, blurred vision, easy bruising, recurring infections

OSTEOPOROSIS More likely to develop in girls, but still

present in boys Happens due to increased aging Body produces less sex hormones,

testosterone for men and estrogen for women

“silent diseases” –no visible symptoms Bones may break from the slightest falls

MAINTAIN A HEALTHY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Exercise regularlyCan also alleviate

stress which can cause damage to the endocrine system

Eat healthyMostly fruits,

vegetables, and herbs such as garlic

THANKS.