medieval theater. 3 types miracle plays mystery plays morality plays
TRANSCRIPT
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Medieval Theater
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3 types
Miracle plays
Mystery plays
Morality plays
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Miracle plays
“A miracle play presents a real or fictitious account of the life, miracles, or martyrdom of a saint. By 1200’s, they had been divorced from church services and were performed at public festivals. Almost all surviving miracle plays concern either the Virgin Mary or St. Nicholas, the 4th-century bishop of Myra in Asia Minor.” (Encyclopedia Brittanica online)
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more “Both Mary and Nicholas had active cults during
the Middle Ages, and belief in the healing powers of saintly relics was widespread.” Characters included “the devil, a woman falsely accused of murdering her own child, and a pregnant abbess.”
“ Typical of these is a play called St. John the Hairy. At the outset the title character seduces and murders a princess. Upon capture, he is proclaimed a saint by an infant. He confesses his crime, whereupon God and Mary appear and aid John in reviving the princess, which done, the murderer saint is made a bishop.” (Encyclopedia Britannica online)
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Why people knew Bible stories: medieval theater
Nothing like we have
Connected to the church
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Mystery Plays
Put on by guilds (= “mysteries”)
On top of a wagon (which sometimes would be paraded into town)
Told Biblical stories to illiterate people
Very elaborate, involving hundreds of people
Still ongoing in places like York and Chester
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Wagons
Sometimes quite simple
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Wagon is brought in a parade
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Evolved until it is more elaborate 2012 York Mystery Cycle
York Mystery Cycle
What does this
remind you of?
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York mystery plays
Each guild puts on one part, such as Guild of Goldsmiths – Coming of the 3 Kings
Guild of Shipwrights – Building of the Ark
Guild of Butchers – Death of Christ
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The “stars”
God
Jesus
Martyred saints
Eve being tempted by Satan
Fall of Adam
Noah and the Ark
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Elaborate Ark
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Noah and family
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Shepherds
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The Life of Christ
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Crucifixion of Christ
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Second Shepherd’s Play
Is also a mystery play
1385-1450
Written by the “Wakefield Master” – called a Master because his plays are so much better than any others written during that time. He used a poetic meter that was his alone and had his own rhyming style, too. He might have been a “minor cleric” (Jacobus 215).
Master also wrote Noah and the Ark, the First Shepherd’s Play, Herod the Great, and The Buffeting.
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Wakefield Cycle
Always in late May to early June (Corpus Christi celebration) lasted all day long from sunrise to sunset
Actors were amateurs who did the play on a wagon.
Note that there are social issues mentioned, such as poverty, taxes, prices (Jacobus 216).
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Morality Plays
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First in Latin, then English
Characters: Vices (Ignorance, Greed, Riot) Virtues (Humility, Good Deeds) The Devil
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Battle between vices and virtues
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Everyman
A Morality play, around 1495
Author is anonymous but may have been a priest – what is the evidence?
Allegory! – Each character has a distinctive name, costume, and props: Knowledge, Strength, Beauty, Death, Kindred, Goods, and so on.
Lego movie of Everyman
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Everyman may go to the devil
A Simple Everyman Play
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Everyman’s descendents
Allegorical drama continues on:Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus, an Everyman who confronts the devil, angels, Temptation, etc.
Shakespeare’s Falstaff, the Vice become real
Al Bryan Lagman under the direction of Mark Ryan Hernandez – Filipino version which plays annually
Superman and the comic heroes
Who else?
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And some non-religious plays, too