Medieval Europe at Its HeightMedieval Europe at Its Height

Chapter 13Chapter 13By: Michel KernizanBy: Michel Kernizan

A.D. 1050-1500A.D. 1050-1500

The CrusadesThe Crusades

• Early Middle Ages were characterized by Early Middle Ages were characterized by decentralized government, warfare, cultural isolation, decentralized government, warfare, cultural isolation, famine, and wretched living conditions, but by A.D. famine, and wretched living conditions, but by A.D. 1100, the conditions in Europe had begun to improve.1100, the conditions in Europe had begun to improve.

• Strong central governments have been built by some Strong central governments have been built by some succeeded European monarchs.succeeded European monarchs.

• Better farming methods developed, town and trade Better farming methods developed, town and trade began to reappear, and the church held a powerful began to reappear, and the church held a powerful sway over the emotions and energies of the people.sway over the emotions and energies of the people.

• Changes in religion, society, politics, and economics Changes in religion, society, politics, and economics made the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1050 to A.D. 1270) made the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1050 to A.D. 1270) a springboard for a new and brilliant civilizations in a springboard for a new and brilliant civilizations in western Europe.western Europe.

Section 1Section 1

Continued…Continued…

• The transformation of medieval society began The transformation of medieval society began with a holy war over Jerusalem between the with a holy war over Jerusalem between the European Christians and the Muslims.European Christians and the Muslims.

• The European Christians undertook nine series of The European Christians undertook nine series of military expeditions to recover the Holy Land military expeditions to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims.from the Muslims.

• These expeditions were known as the Crusades. These expeditions were known as the Crusades.

Call For a CrusadeCall For a Crusade

• Jerusalem was a holy city for the Jews, Christians, Jerusalem was a holy city for the Jews, Christians, and the Muslims.and the Muslims.

• The Jews regarded it as Zion, God’s own city, and The Jews regarded it as Zion, God’s own city, and as the site of Solomon's temple.as the site of Solomon's temple.

• The Christians stated it was holy because it was The Christians stated it was holy because it was the place were Jesus was crucified and the place were Jesus was crucified and resurrected.resurrected.

• The Muslims said it was the third holiest city after The Muslims said it was the third holiest city after Makkah and Madinah. It was the place were Makkah and Madinah. It was the place were Muhammad ascended to heaven from Jerusalem. Muhammad ascended to heaven from Jerusalem.

JerusalemJerusalem

• Fell to Arab invaders Fell to Arab invaders in A.D. 600s.in A.D. 600s.

• Late in A.D. 1000s, the Late in A.D. 1000s, the Seljuk Turks (central Seljuk Turks (central Asian Muslim people) Asian Muslim people) took Jerusalem and took Jerusalem and left Palestine in chaos. left Palestine in chaos. Hazards of pilgrimage Hazards of pilgrimage increased.increased.

First CrusadeFirst Crusade

• 1095 A.D., Pope Urban II asked for a volunteer army to 1095 A.D., Pope Urban II asked for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine form the Seljuks.take Jerusalem and Palestine form the Seljuks.

• The Crusade was a welcome chance for the knights to The Crusade was a welcome chance for the knights to employ their fighting skills. employ their fighting skills.

• The Crusade meant freedom from feudal bonds for the The Crusade meant freedom from feudal bonds for the peasants.peasants.

• All were promised immediate salvation if they were killed.All were promised immediate salvation if they were killed.

• Adventure and a possibility of wealth were other reasons Adventure and a possibility of wealth were other reasons to join.to join.

• Red crosses of cloth were stitched on clothing as a symbol Red crosses of cloth were stitched on clothing as a symbol of service to God.of service to God.

1096A.D.-1099A.D.1096A.D.-1099A.D.

ContinuedContinued

• The First Crusade marked the onset of a long The First Crusade marked the onset of a long period of Christian persecution of the Jews.period of Christian persecution of the Jews.

• French nobles led three armies of Crusader knights French nobles led three armies of Crusader knights and volunteers that traveled separately from and volunteers that traveled separately from western Europe to the eastern Mediterranean.western Europe to the eastern Mediterranean.

• The three armies met in Constantinople in 1097 The three armies met in Constantinople in 1097 A.D.A.D. and made there way to Jerusalem, enduring the and made there way to Jerusalem, enduring the hardships of desert travel as well as quarrels hardships of desert travel as well as quarrels among their leaders.among their leaders.

• In 1099 In 1099 A.D.,A.D., the crusaders reached the city. After the crusaders reached the city. After almost two months, Jerusalem fell. Most of the almost two months, Jerusalem fell. Most of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were massacred.Muslim and Jewish inhabitants were massacred.

• Success of the First Crusade reinforce the authority Success of the First Crusade reinforce the authority of the Church and strengthened the self-confidence of the Church and strengthened the self-confidence of western Europe.of western Europe.

ContinuedContinued

• Contact between the Crusaders and the relatively Contact between the Crusaders and the relatively more sophisticated civilizations of the Byzantines more sophisticated civilizations of the Byzantines and Muslims would continued for the next 100 and Muslims would continued for the next 100 years and become a major factor in ending the years and become a major factor in ending the cultural isolation of western Europe.cultural isolation of western Europe.

Second CrusadeSecond Crusade• Less than 50 years after the First Crusade, the Seljuks Less than 50 years after the First Crusade, the Seljuks

conquered part of the Crusader states in Palestine.conquered part of the Crusader states in Palestine.

• The Second Crusade was called a pond by Pope The Second Crusade was called a pond by Pope Eugenius IV to regain the territory.Eugenius IV to regain the territory.

• Monk Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded King Louis VII of Monk Bernard of Clairvaux persuaded King Louis VII of France and the Roman Emperor Conrad III to lead France and the Roman Emperor Conrad III to lead armies to Palestine.armies to Palestine.

• Second Crusade lasted from 1147 A.D. to1149 A.D..Second Crusade lasted from 1147 A.D. to1149 A.D..

• Was unsuccessful because Louis VII and Conrad III Was unsuccessful because Louis VII and Conrad III constantly quarreled and had an ineffective militarily.constantly quarreled and had an ineffective militarily.

• Were easily defeated by the Seljuks. Were easily defeated by the Seljuks.

Third CrusadeThird Crusade• Also so know as the “Crusade of Kings” lasted from Also so know as the “Crusade of Kings” lasted from

1189 A.D. to 1152 A.D.1189 A.D. to 1152 A.D.• A diplomatic and forceful leader named Saladin united A diplomatic and forceful leader named Saladin united

the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187 A.D. the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem in 1187 A.D. which stunned and horrified people of western Europe.which stunned and horrified people of western Europe.

• Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Richard I of England assembled warriors for the Third Richard I of England assembled warriors for the Third Crusade.Crusade.

• Not more successful than the Second Crusade.Not more successful than the Second Crusade.• Frederick Barbarossa died on his way to Palestine and Frederick Barbarossa died on his way to Palestine and

his army returned home.his army returned home.• Philip Augustus returned home before his army Philip Augustus returned home before his army

reached Jerusalem, which left Richard to struggle reached Jerusalem, which left Richard to struggle alone. alone.

ContinuedContinued

• Richards’ army defeated the Muslims in several Richards’ army defeated the Muslims in several battles but could not win a decisive victory over battles but could not win a decisive victory over Saladin’s well-trained forces.Saladin’s well-trained forces.

• After three years of fighting, Richard signed a After three years of fighting, Richard signed a truce with the Muslims.truce with the Muslims.

• Tried to persuade Saladin to return to Jerusalem Tried to persuade Saladin to return to Jerusalem to the Christians but was denied.to the Christians but was denied.

• Saladin allowed Christians pilgrims access to Saladin allowed Christians pilgrims access to Jerusalem.Jerusalem.

Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades• Crusades helped to speed up the pace of changes Crusades helped to speed up the pace of changes

already underway in western Europe.already underway in western Europe.

• Helped break down feudalism and increase the Helped break down feudalism and increase the authority of kings.authority of kings.

• European monarchs levied taxes, raised armies, and European monarchs levied taxes, raised armies, and cooperated on a large scale.cooperated on a large scale.

• Dead nobles without heirs, lands were pasted to kings.Dead nobles without heirs, lands were pasted to kings.

• Many lesser nobles sold their estates of allowed their Many lesser nobles sold their estates of allowed their serfs to buy their freedom to become freeholders on serfs to buy their freedom to become freeholders on the land or artisans in towns, to raise money for the land or artisans in towns, to raise money for weapons.weapons.

• Contact with more advanced Byzantine and Muslim Contact with more advanced Byzantine and Muslim civilizations broadened European view of the world.civilizations broadened European view of the world.

ContinuedContinued• The European presence in the East heightened demand The European presence in the East heightened demand

at home for Eastern luxury goods: spices, sugar, at home for Eastern luxury goods: spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, and other items.melons, tapestries, silk, and other items.

• Commerce increased in the Eastern Mediterranean area.Commerce increased in the Eastern Mediterranean area.

• Muslims learned how to build better ships, make more Muslims learned how to build better ships, make more accurate maps, use magnetic compass, and improve accurate maps, use magnetic compass, and improve their weaponry.their weaponry.

• Religious military orders of knights primarily aided Religious military orders of knights primarily aided pilgrims, but they were also bankers for both princes pilgrims, but they were also bankers for both princes and merchants.and merchants.

• Crusader states were relatively weak. Crusader states were relatively weak.

• The arrive of the Crusaders united the Muslims against a The arrive of the Crusaders united the Muslims against a common enemy.common enemy.

Economic and cultural Economic and cultural RevivalRevival• Economy of western Europe begun to thrive around 1000 Economy of western Europe begun to thrive around 1000

A.D. A.D.

• Opportunities in trade encouraged the growth of towns in Opportunities in trade encouraged the growth of towns in turn stimulated creative thought and innovations in art. turn stimulated creative thought and innovations in art.

• Heavier plows were invented which enabled farmers to Heavier plows were invented which enabled farmers to cultivate new lands and increased food production. Nobles cultivate new lands and increased food production. Nobles and freeholders migrated to new areas clearing forest, and freeholders migrated to new areas clearing forest, draining swamps, and building villages.draining swamps, and building villages.

• Collar harness replaced the ox yoke. The ox yoke choked Collar harness replaced the ox yoke. The ox yoke choked the horse, but the new collar shifted weight allowing the the horse, but the new collar shifted weight allowing the horses to pull the plow faster than the oxen, also allowing horses to pull the plow faster than the oxen, also allowing the farmers to grow more crops. the farmers to grow more crops.

• As the land began to feed more people, the population As the land began to feed more people, the population increase.increase.

Section 2Section 2

Expansion of TradeExpansion of Trade• Revival of towns caused a rapid expansion of trade. Revival of towns caused a rapid expansion of trade.

• Important sea and river routes connected western Important sea and river routes connected western Europe, and Scandinavia. Europe, and Scandinavia.

• The Roman road system was rebuilt and carried The Roman road system was rebuilt and carried international traders to and from Europe.international traders to and from Europe.

• Italian towns such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa and Italian towns such as Venice, Pisa, and Genoa and controlled the Mediterranean trade after A.D. 1200, controlled the Mediterranean trade after A.D. 1200, bringing silks and spiced from Asian to Europe. bringing silks and spiced from Asian to Europe.

• Flanders (present-day northern France) and Flanders (present-day northern France) and southwestern southwestern Belgium became the center of trade on Europe’s Belgium became the center of trade on Europe’s northern coast. Textiles were produced there and northern coast. Textiles were produced there and were sent to the Black sea and then traded at the were sent to the Black sea and then traded at the Middle Eastern markets for porcelain, silk, and silver. Middle Eastern markets for porcelain, silk, and silver.

Continued…Continued…• Towns along the Baltic coast form the Hanseatic Towns along the Baltic coast form the Hanseatic

League, which controlled trade between eastern League, which controlled trade between eastern Europe and the North Atlantic.Europe and the North Atlantic.

• In a town, merchandise was varied and seemingly In a town, merchandise was varied and seemingly endless. endless.

• Hundreds of traders met at trade fairs each year at Hundreds of traders met at trade fairs each year at places convenient to the land and water routes.places convenient to the land and water routes.

• Feudal lords charged the merchants fees, charged Feudal lords charged the merchants fees, charged taxes on goods, and offered protection to the taxes on goods, and offered protection to the merchants.merchants.

• Champagne was the most famous fair in eastern Champagne was the most famous fair in eastern France located almost in the exact center of France located almost in the exact center of Europe.Europe.

BankingBanking• Early merchants used the barter system.Early merchants used the barter system.

• Merchants found that system impractical and would Merchants found that system impractical and would only accept money on luxury goods such as silk.only accept money on luxury goods such as silk.

• The rise of money economy lead to the growth of The rise of money economy lead to the growth of banking.banking.

• Since the traders came from different countries they Since the traders came from different countries they had different currencies.had different currencies.

• Moneychangers (often Jews or Italians) determined the Moneychangers (often Jews or Italians) determined the value of currencies and exchanged one currencies for value of currencies and exchanged one currencies for another.another.

• They also developed procedures for transferring funds They also developed procedures for transferring funds from one place to another, received deposits, and from one place to another, received deposits, and arranged loans, which made them become the first arranged loans, which made them become the first bankers in Europe.bankers in Europe.

Continued…Continued…

• The word bank comes from The word bank comes from banca, or bench that the banca, or bench that the moneychangers set up at moneychangers set up at fair.fair.

• Kings, clergy, and nobles Kings, clergy, and nobles became dependent on became dependent on money to pay their money to pay their expenses.expenses.

Growth of TownsGrowth of Towns• Towns grew tremendously between 1000 and 1100 Towns grew tremendously between 1000 and 1100

A.D. beside well traveled roads or beside A.D. beside well traveled roads or beside waterways.waterways.

• Townspeople built walls (made out of stone with a Townspeople built walls (made out of stone with a guard tower at the gate) around there city to guard tower at the gate) around there city to protect themselves from bandits. protect themselves from bandits.

• Medieval towns had almost no sanitation and a Medieval towns had almost no sanitation and a constant stench.constant stench.

• Garbage and sewage were tossed into the streets. Garbage and sewage were tossed into the streets. These conditions lead to a rapid spread of diseases These conditions lead to a rapid spread of diseases such as diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malaria. such as diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and malaria. These diseases turned into epidemics such as theThese diseases turned into epidemics such as the

• Bubonic plague a.k.a. Black Death was the worst Bubonic plague a.k.a. Black Death was the worst epidemics between 1348 A.D. and 1350 A.D. which epidemics between 1348 A.D. and 1350 A.D. which killed one-third of the population. killed one-third of the population.

Medieval TownsMedieval Towns

• Inside the walls narrow, winding Inside the walls narrow, winding streets bustled with people, cart streets bustled with people, cart drawn by horses and oxen, and drawn by horses and oxen, and farm animals on the way to the farm animals on the way to the market.market.

• Church bells chimed the hours: Church bells chimed the hours: carts piled high with goods carts piled high with goods creaked and rumbled through creaked and rumbled through streets about the size of alleys.streets about the size of alleys.

• Shop lined the streets at ground Shop lined the streets at ground level, and the shop owners live level, and the shop owners live above the shops. above the shops.

• Most building were made of Most building were made of wood and thatch roofs which wood and thatch roofs which made fire a constant hazard.made fire a constant hazard.

GuildsGuilds

• Guilds are business associations that merchants Guilds are business associations that merchants and artisans organized themselves into during the and artisans organized themselves into during the 1100 A.D..1100 A.D..

• The guilds primary function was to maintain a The guilds primary function was to maintain a monopoly of the local market for its members.monopoly of the local market for its members.

• Guilds restricted trading by foreigners in their city Guilds restricted trading by foreigners in their city and enforced uniform pricing.and enforced uniform pricing.

• Craft guilds, regulated the work of artisans; Craft guilds, regulated the work of artisans; carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths, masons, carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths, masons, tailors, weavers. Women worked as laundresses, tailors, weavers. Women worked as laundresses, seamstresses and embroiders, and maidservants seamstresses and embroiders, and maidservants and had their own trade associations.and had their own trade associations.

• Craft guilds established strict rules concerning Craft guilds established strict rules concerning prices, wages and employment. Craft guilds also prices, wages and employment. Craft guilds also prohibited competition.prohibited competition.

Continued…Continued…• Craft guilds were controlled by masters which were artisans who Craft guilds were controlled by masters which were artisans who

owned their own shops and tools and employed less skilled owned their own shops and tools and employed less skilled artisans as helpers.artisans as helpers.

• Artisans severed an apprenticeship to become a master at a Artisans severed an apprenticeship to become a master at a particular craft. The length of apprenticeship varied according to particular craft. The length of apprenticeship varied according to the difficultly of the craft. the difficultly of the craft.

• Apprentices worked for a master with no pay.Apprentices worked for a master with no pay.

• After being an apprentice they became a journeyman, which After being an apprentice they became a journeyman, which received pay. Journeyman could only work under a master. received pay. Journeyman could only work under a master.

• Journeyman then submitted a work of art to the guild for Journeyman then submitted a work of art to the guild for approval, if it was approved, the journeyman could set his shop.approval, if it was approved, the journeyman could set his shop.

• Guilds also provided medical and unemployment relief to its Guilds also provided medical and unemployment relief to its members.members.

• They also organized social and religious life by sponsoring out They also organized social and religious life by sponsoring out door plays, banquets, and holy day processions. door plays, banquets, and holy day processions.

Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class• In medieval towns or burgs, a name for a new class of In medieval towns or burgs, a name for a new class of

people was created. In German it was burghers, in people was created. In German it was burghers, in France it was bourgeoisie, in England its was burgesses.France it was bourgeoisie, in England its was burgesses.

• The name originally referred to anyone who live in a The name originally referred to anyone who live in a town, but it eventually came to mean the people who town, but it eventually came to mean the people who made money through the money economy.made money through the money economy.

• The middle class included bankers, artisans who no The middle class included bankers, artisans who no longer had to rely on the land to make a living, and longer had to rely on the land to make a living, and merchants. merchants.

• The middle class turned towns into organized The middle class turned towns into organized municipalities.municipalities.

• Kings began to rely on the middle class for loans and Kings began to rely on the middle class for loans and income taxes they paid.income taxes they paid.

Town GovernmentTown Government• Conflict developed between the feudal classes and the Conflict developed between the feudal classes and the

burghers,burghers,• The burghers wanted to run there own affairs, while the The burghers wanted to run there own affairs, while the

feudal lords began to strictly enforce feudal laws to keep feudal lords began to strictly enforce feudal laws to keep the burghers in line.the burghers in line.

• In A.D. 1000 the money gave the towns the income and In A.D. 1000 the money gave the towns the income and power they needed to win the struggle against the lords. power they needed to win the struggle against the lords.

• Italian towns formed groups called communes which Italian towns formed groups called communes which made the Italian towns independent city-states.made the Italian towns independent city-states.

• In other parts of Europe, the kings and nobles granted In other parts of Europe, the kings and nobles granted charters which allowed the cities to control their own charters which allowed the cities to control their own affairs.affairs.

• Many town also remained a part of a kingdom or feudal Many town also remained a part of a kingdom or feudal territory. territory.

EducationEducation

• Education was controlled Education was controlled by the clergy. by the clergy.

• As town grew, the need for As town grew, the need for educated officials educated officials increased.increased.

• The growth of courts and The growth of courts and other legal institutions other legal institutions created a need for lawyers.created a need for lawyers.

• Around A.D.1150, students Around A.D.1150, students and teachers began and teachers began meeting away form meeting away form monastery and cathedral monastery and cathedral and formed universities.and formed universities.

UniversitiesUniversities • Began as a guild of scholars Began as a guild of scholars organized for learning.organized for learning.

• Classes were held in rented Classes were held in rented rooms, churches, or outdoors rooms, churches, or outdoors and met regularly.and met regularly.

• Teachers read the text and Teachers read the text and discussed it while the discussed it while the students took notes on slates.students took notes on slates.

• Universities spread Universities spread throughout Europe by the end throughout Europe by the end of 1200 A.D.of 1200 A.D.

• Most southern European Most southern European universities were modeled universities were modeled after the law school at after the law school at Bologna, Italy, and specialized Bologna, Italy, and specialized in law and medicine. in law and medicine.

• Northern Europe specialized Northern Europe specialized in theology and liberal arts in theology and liberal arts and were modeled after the and were modeled after the University of Paris. University of Paris.

New LearningNew Learning• Medieval scholars studied the works of Aristotle, Muslim Medieval scholars studied the works of Aristotle, Muslim

writing, and Roman law.writing, and Roman law.

• Much information was reached by Muslim and Jewish Much information was reached by Muslim and Jewish scholars in European Muslim strongholds.scholars in European Muslim strongholds.

• European contact with Muslim scientific thought sparked European contact with Muslim scientific thought sparked an interest in the physical world led to the rise of an interest in the physical world led to the rise of western science.western science.

• Church leaders opposed Aristotle’s works because his Church leaders opposed Aristotle’s works because his ideas threatened Christian teachings. Although some ideas threatened Christian teachings. Although some scholars used Aristotle’s works to theological questions scholars used Aristotle’s works to theological questions and developed a system of thought called scholasticism and developed a system of thought called scholasticism which emphasized the interpretation of the Christian which emphasized the interpretation of the Christian doctrine.doctrine.

Continued…Continued…

• Thomas Aquinas was the most important scholastic Thomas Aquinas was the most important scholastic thinker in 1200 A.D..thinker in 1200 A.D..

• Wrote the Summa Theologica in which he claimed that Wrote the Summa Theologica in which he claimed that reason was God’s gift that could provide answers to reason was God’s gift that could provide answers to basic philosophical questions. Reason, he said, exited basic philosophical questions. Reason, he said, exited in harmony with faith, both pointing to God and the in harmony with faith, both pointing to God and the orderliness of creation.orderliness of creation.

• Catholic Churches accepted and promoted his way of Catholic Churches accepted and promoted his way of thinking.thinking.

Strengthening of MonarchyStrengthening of Monarchy

• England fought to keep England fought to keep French lands inherited French lands inherited from the Normans.from the Normans.

• France’s king wanted to France’s king wanted to unite these lands to their unite these lands to their kingdom.kingdom.

• In 1337 A.D. warfare began In 1337 A.D. warfare began when England’s Edward III when England’s Edward III claimed the French crown. claimed the French crown.

• Between 1337 A.D. and Between 1337 A.D. and 1453 A.D., England and 1453 A.D., England and France fought a series of France fought a series of conflicts, known as the conflicts, known as the Hundred Years’ War.Hundred Years’ War.

Section 3Section 3

Major BattlesMajor Battles• England defeated France England defeated France

at Crécy in 1346 A.D. and at Crécy in 1346 A.D. and Agincourt in 1415 A.D.Agincourt in 1415 A.D.

• England basically won England basically won because of better because of better weaponry such as a weaponry such as a firearm that was the firearm that was the forerunner of the cannon forerunner of the cannon and the longbow.and the longbow.

• In 1429 A.D., a 17-year-old In 1429 A.D., a 17-year-old Joan of Arc told King Charles Joan of Arc told King Charles VII that heavenly voices had VII that heavenly voices had told her to save France.told her to save France.

• She inspired a French army She inspired a French army to a victory at Orlto a victory at Orléans, which éans, which had been a town under siege by had been a town under siege by England.England.

• Joan fell into English hands and Joan fell into English hands and was burned at the stake for was burned at the stake for witchcraft.witchcraft.

• However, her courage led the However, her courage led the French to gradually drive the French to gradually drive the English out of France.English out of France.

• Calais was the only French Calais was the only French territory in English hands at the territory in English hands at the end of the war.end of the war.

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc

Effects of the WarEffects of the War• Since the war occurred on French soil, France suffered much Since the war occurred on French soil, France suffered much

worse than England.worse than England.• The war gave France a new sense of unity. The war gave France a new sense of unity. • England’s defeat lead to bitterness among the nobles who England’s defeat lead to bitterness among the nobles who

had lost French lands. Fro the rest of the 1400 A.D., England had lost French lands. Fro the rest of the 1400 A.D., England was divided by social conflict. was divided by social conflict.

• England’s defeat also allowed England to focus on problems England’s defeat also allowed England to focus on problems at home.at home.

• The Hundred Years’ War hasted the decline of feudalism.The Hundred Years’ War hasted the decline of feudalism.• Longbows and firearms made feudal warfare based on Longbows and firearms made feudal warfare based on

castles and mounted knight became outdated.castles and mounted knight became outdated.• Feudal soldiers were replaced by national armies which were Feudal soldiers were replaced by national armies which were

expensive and monarchs turned to townspeople for a source expensive and monarchs turned to townspeople for a source of revenue. of revenue.

• These groups willingly paid taxes and made loans in return These groups willingly paid taxes and made loans in return for security and good government.for security and good government.

FranceFrance

• In the late 1400s, France’s monarchy won much prestige In the late 1400s, France’s monarchy won much prestige and power.and power.

• Louis XI the son of Charles VII, strengthened the Louis XI the son of Charles VII, strengthened the bureaucracy, kept the nobles under royal control, and bureaucracy, kept the nobles under royal control, and promoted trade and agriculture, and worked to unite all promoted trade and agriculture, and worked to unite all French feudal lands under his crown.French feudal lands under his crown.

• Louis also gained partial control of Burgundy, which is Louis also gained partial control of Burgundy, which is one of Europe’s most prosperous areas by encouraging one of Europe’s most prosperous areas by encouraging quarrels between Burgundy and the neighboring Swiss. quarrels between Burgundy and the neighboring Swiss.

• When Burgundy’s ruler, Charles the Bold died in battle When Burgundy’s ruler, Charles the Bold died in battle with the Swiss, in 1477, Burgundy was divided between with the Swiss, in 1477, Burgundy was divided between his daughter Mary and the French king.his daughter Mary and the French king.

EnglandEngland• During the Hundred Years’ War English monarchy’s During the Hundred Years’ War English monarchy’s

power was limited by the Parliament, which had won power was limited by the Parliament, which had won the right to levy taxes, approve laws, and provide the right to levy taxes, approve laws, and provide advice.advice.

• Royal authority decreased because of nobility for Royal authority decreased because of nobility for control of the throne. This began in 1455 A.D. and was control of the throne. This began in 1455 A.D. and was known as the Wars of the Roses because the symbols known as the Wars of the Roses because the symbols of the rival families were roses. The royal house of of the rival families were roses. The royal house of Lancaster bore the red roses and its rival family, the Lancaster bore the red roses and its rival family, the hose of York, bore the white roses.hose of York, bore the white roses.

• During this war Edward, duke of York, overthrew the During this war Edward, duke of York, overthrew the Lancaster dynasty and became King Edward IV.Lancaster dynasty and became King Edward IV.

• He worked to strengthen royal government and to He worked to strengthen royal government and to promote trade. promote trade.

• His death in 1483 A.D. brought uncertainty to England.His death in 1483 A.D. brought uncertainty to England.

Continued…Continued…

• The heirs to the throne were his two sons, however The heirs to the throne were his two sons, however Edward’s brother Richard proclaimed himself king and Edward’s brother Richard proclaimed himself king and locked his young nephews in the Tower of London where locked his young nephews in the Tower of London where they probably were murdered.they probably were murdered.

• Richard III lacked widespread support and fell to the forces Richard III lacked widespread support and fell to the forces of Henry Tudor, a Lancaster noble, on the Bosworth Field in of Henry Tudor, a Lancaster noble, on the Bosworth Field in A.D. 1485 and became the first Tudor king and was known A.D. 1485 and became the first Tudor king and was known as King Henry VII. as King Henry VII.

• He eliminated royal claimants to the throne, increased royal He eliminated royal claimants to the throne, increased royal power over the nobles, and avoided costly foreign wars.power over the nobles, and avoided costly foreign wars.

• English monarchy emerged from the War of the Roses English monarchy emerged from the War of the Roses strengthened with few challengers. strengthened with few challengers.

SpainSpain• In 1469 A.D. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were In 1469 A.D. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile were

married, but there kingdoms maintained separate governments, married, but there kingdoms maintained separate governments, and royal power was limited by local interest.and royal power was limited by local interest.

• Christians, Jewish, and Muslims settling in Muslim areas had their Christians, Jewish, and Muslims settling in Muslim areas had their own laws and officials in Castile and Aragon and were also royal own laws and officials in Castile and Aragon and were also royal charters allowed many towns to keep there courts and local charters allowed many towns to keep there courts and local customs.customs.

• In Castile, the two monarch worked to strengthen royal power by In Castile, the two monarch worked to strengthen royal power by sending out officials to govern the towns and set up special courts sending out officials to govern the towns and set up special courts in the countryside to enforce royal laws. in the countryside to enforce royal laws.

• In A.D. 1492 their armies forced the surrender of the last Moorish In A.D. 1492 their armies forced the surrender of the last Moorish stronghold at Granada.stronghold at Granada.

• Ferdinand and Isabelle wanted all Spaniards to be Catholic. Ferdinand and Isabelle wanted all Spaniards to be Catholic.

• Spanish Jews and Moors were ordered to convert or leave.Spanish Jews and Moors were ordered to convert or leave.

Continued…Continued…

• The persecution and departure of many Jews and The persecution and departure of many Jews and Moors weakened Spain’s economy and culture.Moors weakened Spain’s economy and culture.

• The Spanish monarchy set the Spanish Inquisitions to The Spanish monarchy set the Spanish Inquisitions to enforce Catholic teaching.enforce Catholic teaching.

• It tortured, tried, and punished anyone suspected of It tortured, tried, and punished anyone suspected of heresy. This strengthened the power of Spanish heresy. This strengthened the power of Spanish monarchs over their people.monarchs over their people.

The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire• Made up of largely of German, Italian, and Slavic Made up of largely of German, Italian, and Slavic

lands, and was Europe’s largest political unit.lands, and was Europe’s largest political unit.

• This empire was farthest from achieving unity under a This empire was farthest from achieving unity under a strong monarch.strong monarch.

• Emperors were elected by a diet, or assembly of Emperors were elected by a diet, or assembly of mostly German princes who governed their local mostly German princes who governed their local territories as independent rulers.territories as independent rulers.

• The German princes could reject or accept the The German princes could reject or accept the emperors request for taxes and soldiers. emperors request for taxes and soldiers.

• In 1356 A.D. seven princes participate in the imperial In 1356 A.D. seven princes participate in the imperial elections.elections.

• In 140s they began choosing emperors from the In 140s they began choosing emperors from the Hapsburgs, which is a family of nobles based in Hapsburgs, which is a family of nobles based in Austria.Austria.

Continued…Continued…

• The Hapsburg emperors could not unify the empire, but The Hapsburg emperors could not unify the empire, but were able to increase their prestige by securing other were able to increase their prestige by securing other areas of Europe.areas of Europe.

• One of Hapsburg most ambitious emperors was One of Hapsburg most ambitious emperors was Maximilian I.Maximilian I.

• He was elected emperor in 1493, married Mary or He was elected emperor in 1493, married Mary or Burgundy and acquired present-day Belgium, the Burgundy and acquired present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg as part of Hapsburg Netherlands, and Luxembourg as part of Hapsburg inheritance. inheritance.

• His grandson, Charles, became emperor as Charles VI His grandson, Charles, became emperor as Charles VI and under him, the Hapsburg became the most powerful and under him, the Hapsburg became the most powerful European royal family, ruling Spain, Austria, Germany, European royal family, ruling Spain, Austria, Germany, the Low countries (present-day Belgium, the the Low countries (present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg), and much of Italy. Netherlands, and Luxembourg), and much of Italy.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

• In eastern Europe, In eastern Europe, between present-day between present-day Germany and Russia, Germany and Russia, the largest and most the largest and most powerful kingdoms were powerful kingdoms were Poland and Hungary.Poland and Hungary.

PolandPoland• Poland was formed in the 900s A.D. by the West Slavs, and Poland was formed in the 900s A.D. by the West Slavs, and

had accepted Roman Catholicism and close ties with western had accepted Roman Catholicism and close ties with western Europe.Europe.

• The Poles fought groups of Teutonic Knights for controls of The Poles fought groups of Teutonic Knights for controls of areas of Poland near the Baltic sea around about 1000s A.D.areas of Poland near the Baltic sea around about 1000s A.D.

• Poland’s golden age was around 13002 under King Casmir III, Poland’s golden age was around 13002 under King Casmir III, who reduced the power of local nobles and formed a strong who reduced the power of local nobles and formed a strong central government.central government.

• In 1386 A.D. one of Casmir's successors, Queen Jadwiga In 1386 A.D. one of Casmir's successors, Queen Jadwiga married Wladyslaw Jagiello who was the duke of neighboring married Wladyslaw Jagiello who was the duke of neighboring Lithuania.Lithuania.

• Their married united Lithuania and Poland creating one of the Their married united Lithuania and Poland creating one of the largest states in medieval Europe.largest states in medieval Europe.

• This unity allowed Polish forces to defeat the Teutonic This unity allowed Polish forces to defeat the Teutonic Knights at the battle of Tannenburg in 1410 A.D.Knights at the battle of Tannenburg in 1410 A.D.

HungaryHungary• Hungary is south of Poland and is made of Magyars, Hungary is south of Poland and is made of Magyars,

Germans, and Slavs.Germans, and Slavs.

• In 1000 A.D. King Stephen I became a Roman Catholic In 1000 A.D. King Stephen I became a Roman Catholic and introduced his people to western Europe ways and and introduced his people to western Europe ways and he marked the beginning of a strong Hungarian he marked the beginning of a strong Hungarian monarchy.monarchy.

• Mongols from central Asia invaded Hungary in 1241 Mongols from central Asia invaded Hungary in 1241 A.D. and caused widespread destruction, but soon A.D. and caused widespread destruction, but soon withdrew and the kingdom was able to rebuild itself.withdrew and the kingdom was able to rebuild itself.

• The Ottoman Turks periodically attacked Hungary The Ottoman Turks periodically attacked Hungary during 1400 and 1500 A.D.during 1400 and 1500 A.D.

• Hungary’s King Louis II was defeated by the Ottoman Hungary’s King Louis II was defeated by the Ottoman ruler Suleiman I at the battle of Mochas.ruler Suleiman I at the battle of Mochas.

• Most of Hungary was ruled by the Ottomans, and the Most of Hungary was ruled by the Ottomans, and the rest was ruled by the Hapsburg emperors. rest was ruled by the Hapsburg emperors.

The Troubled ChurchThe Troubled Church• Many people turned to the Church Many people turned to the Church

for comfort and reassurance for comfort and reassurance because of warfare, the plague, because of warfare, the plague, and religious controversy in the and religious controversy in the Late Middle Ages.Late Middle Ages.

• Thousands of religious people Thousands of religious people went on pilgrimages which are went on pilgrimages which are journeys to holy places and journeys to holy places and religious ceremonies multiplied.religious ceremonies multiplied.

• However the authority of the However the authority of the Church was weakening because of Church was weakening because of the influences of strong monarchs the influences of strong monarchs and national government.and national government.

• A growing educated middle class A growing educated middle class towns people and questioning of towns people and questioning of the Church’s teachings the Church’s teachings contributed to its decline.contributed to its decline.

Section 4Section 4

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity• The papacy came under the influence of the French The papacy came under the influence of the French

monarchy during the early 1300s A.D.monarchy during the early 1300s A.D.• In A.D. 1305 a French archbishop was elected Pope In A.D. 1305 a French archbishop was elected Pope

Clement V. Clement V. • Clement moved his court from Rome to Avignon, a Clement moved his court from Rome to Avignon, a

small city in southern France to escape the civil wars small city in southern France to escape the civil wars that were disrupting Italy. The pope appointed only that were disrupting Italy. The pope appointed only French cardinals and he and his successors remained French cardinals and he and his successors remained in Avignon until 1377 A.D. This became known as the in Avignon until 1377 A.D. This became known as the Babylonian Captivity after the Jews exile in Babylon.Babylonian Captivity after the Jews exile in Babylon.

• The people feared the papacy would be dominated by The people feared the papacy would be dominated by French monarchs while the pope was in France.French monarchs while the pope was in France.

• The Avignon popes showed for increasing church taxes The Avignon popes showed for increasing church taxes and making church administration more efficient.and making church administration more efficient.

• The people believed the popes had become corrupted The people believed the popes had become corrupted by worldly power and were neglecting their spiritual by worldly power and were neglecting their spiritual duties.duties.

The Great SchismThe Great Schism• Pope Gregory XI left Avignon and returned to Rome in Pope Gregory XI left Avignon and returned to Rome in

1477 A.D.1477 A.D.

• After his death, Roman mobs forced the College of After his death, Roman mobs forced the College of Cardinals to elect an Italian as pope.Cardinals to elect an Italian as pope.

• The cardinals later declared the election invalid, saying The cardinals later declared the election invalid, saying that they voted under pressure. that they voted under pressure.

• The cardinals then elected a second pope, who settled The cardinals then elected a second pope, who settled in Avignon.in Avignon.

• The Italian pope refused to resign, the Church faced The Italian pope refused to resign, the Church faced being led by two popes. This became known as the being led by two popes. This became known as the Great Schism (which lasted from 1378 to 1417) because Great Schism (which lasted from 1378 to 1417) because it caused serious divisions in the Church and seriously it caused serious divisions in the Church and seriously undermined the pope’s authority.undermined the pope’s authority.

Calls for a CouncilCalls for a Council• Many kings, princes, and church scholars called for a reform of Many kings, princes, and church scholars called for a reform of

church government.church government.• The most popular idea was a general council, but this idea had The most popular idea was a general council, but this idea had

problems such as that councils were traditionally called by problems such as that councils were traditionally called by popes and different rulers in Europe supported different popes.popes and different rulers in Europe supported different popes.

• Many western Europeans were committed to the church Many western Europeans were committed to the church council. council.

• The council met at Pisa, Italy, to unite the church under one The council met at Pisa, Italy, to unite the church under one pope.pope.

• This resulted in the election of a third pope. This resulted in the election of a third pope. • In 1414 A.D. another council met at Constance, Germany to In 1414 A.D. another council met at Constance, Germany to

force the resignation of the three popes and elected Pope force the resignation of the three popes and elected Pope Martin V, ending the Great Schism.Martin V, ending the Great Schism.

• However the Great Schism weakened the political influence of However the Great Schism weakened the political influence of the Church. the Church.

• Europeans felt a greater sense of loyalty to their monarchs Europeans felt a greater sense of loyalty to their monarchs than to the pope.than to the pope.

Calls for ReformCalls for Reform• Church authority was also weakened by the people’s Church authority was also weakened by the people’s

disliked of abuses within the Church.disliked of abuses within the Church.

• The clergy used many unpopular means to raise The clergy used many unpopular means to raise money by fees charged for almost every type of money by fees charged for almost every type of service the Church performed. service the Church performed.

• The clergy also sold church positions (which was The clergy also sold church positions (which was called simony) which was disliked by many common called simony) which was disliked by many common people.people.

• The princely lifestyle of the clergy further deteriorated The princely lifestyle of the clergy further deteriorated regard for the Church.regard for the Church.

• Many Europeans called for a reform and to of the Many Europeans called for a reform and to of the voices were an English scholar and a Bohemian voices were an English scholar and a Bohemian preacher.preacher.

John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe

• A scholar at England’s Oxford University.A scholar at England’s Oxford University.

• Criticized the Church’s wealth, corruption among the clergy, Criticized the Church’s wealth, corruption among the clergy, and the pope’s claim to absolute authority.and the pope’s claim to absolute authority.

• He wanted to remove church officials who corrupt or immoral.He wanted to remove church officials who corrupt or immoral.

• Translated the bible to English.Translated the bible to English.

• His followers were known as the Lollards who destroyed images His followers were known as the Lollards who destroyed images of saints, ridiculed the Mass, and ate communion bread with of saints, ridiculed the Mass, and ate communion bread with onions to show that it was no different from ordinary bread.onions to show that it was no different from ordinary bread.

• Widespread antipapal feeling made it difficult for the English Widespread antipapal feeling made it difficult for the English government to suppress the Lollards.government to suppress the Lollards.

• Queen Anne, wife of Richard II supported the Lollards.Queen Anne, wife of Richard II supported the Lollards.

• Wycliffe died peacefully in 1384 A.D. Wycliffe died peacefully in 1384 A.D.

Jan HusJan Hus• The Slavs of Bohemia became known as the Czechs and wanted to end The Slavs of Bohemia became known as the Czechs and wanted to end

German control of their country and supported reforms in the Catholic German control of their country and supported reforms in the Catholic Church in Bohemia.Church in Bohemia.

• The leader of the Czech religious reform was Jan Hus, a popular The leader of the Czech religious reform was Jan Hus, a popular preacher and professor at the University of Prague.preacher and professor at the University of Prague.

• When his works were condemned by the Church and political leaders, a When his works were condemned by the Church and political leaders, a violent wave of riots swept across Bohemia.violent wave of riots swept across Bohemia.

• The council at Constance demanded that Hus appear before them to The council at Constance demanded that Hus appear before them to defend his views and the Holy Roman emperor promised safe conduct defend his views and the Holy Roman emperor promised safe conduct to Constance, however this was ignored and Hus was burned at the to Constance, however this was ignored and Hus was burned at the strake as a heretic.strake as a heretic.

• His death caused many Czechs to rally around their new martyr.His death caused many Czechs to rally around their new martyr.

• From 1420 to 1436 A.D. his supporters known as the Hussites, resisted From 1420 to 1436 A.D. his supporters known as the Hussites, resisted the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.

Continued…Continued…

• The Church launched five crusades against the Hussites The Church launched five crusades against the Hussites which the Hussites won.which the Hussites won.

• In 1436 A.D. representatives of the pope and the Holy In 1436 A.D. representatives of the pope and the Holy Roman emperor reached a compromise with the Hussite Roman emperor reached a compromise with the Hussite leaders.leaders.

• They gave the Hussites certain liberties in return for They gave the Hussites certain liberties in return for their allegiance to the Church.their allegiance to the Church.

• The ideas of Jan Hus continued throughout Europe and The ideas of Jan Hus continued throughout Europe and influenced radical reformers.influenced radical reformers.

• The Church successfully met the challenges to its The Church successfully met the challenges to its authority, nut the basic spiritual questions raised by Hus authority, nut the basic spiritual questions raised by Hus and others did not go away.and others did not go away.

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