medicine of the middle ages - mentalcontinuum.ru
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Medicine of the Middle AgesAuthor: Ignatova A.I.
V – XV CENTURIES
1455, Roma)
Cosmas and Saint Damian
MONASTIC MEDICINE
September
September governs the black bile. All kinds of bitter foods should be eaten, in particular boiled leeks, fresh leeks, leek soup, boiled garlic, raw garlic and garlic in a spicy sauce. Among meat, lamb; [among] birds, pigeons and geese and quails (chicks and hens), ducks and wood pigeons and turtle doves and partridges; beef, along with deer, gazelle, fallow deer, hare and wild boar should be avoided. Among fish, grey mullet, cork wing and all scaleless fish may be eaten; only salt fish is to be avoided. Among pulses broad beans, lentils and grass peas are to be avoided; others may be eaten. All kinds of asparagus and cepes de Bordeaux may be eaten. Among fruits, white grapes, wild pears as they ripen, sweet apples, green figs, peaches of both kinds (downy peaches and nectarines), pomegranates, dates, quinces may all be eaten. Among dry fruits, pistachios, walnuts, almonds and pine kernels. Drink white and olive-oil colored wines and rose and wormwood wines. Eight baths, using lotion. Make love.
UNIVERSITIES
Medieval theology + Renaissance humanism
When a finger is lost is this a disease in number
or in quality?
Is the virture of nutrition essentially the same as
the virture of growth?
HUMORAL THEORY
GALEN ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES BOOK I
Chapter 1 (Distinction between the effects of (a) the organism’s psyche or soul) and (b) its physic or nature). Since feeling and voluntary motion are peculiar to animals, whilst growth and nutrition are common to plants as well, we may look on the former as effects of the soul and the latter as effects of the nature. And if there be anyone who allows a share in soul to plants as well, and separates the two kinds of soul, naming the kind in question vegetative, and the other sensory, this person is not saying anything else, although his language is somewhat unusual. We, however, for our part, are convinced that the chief merit of language is clearness, and we know that nothing detracts so much from this as do unfamiliar terms; accordingly we employ those terms which the bulk of people are accustomed to use, and we say that animals are governed at once by their soul and by their nature, and plants by their nature alone, and that growth and nutrition are the effects of nature, not of soul.
Ψυχς
Psychís
Gk. psyche, Lat. anima. soul ( - πνευματικς - pnevmatikós , - ψυχικ - psychikí )
φσεως
fýseos
( - φση , φυσικς – )
The fact is that those (Sophists) who are enslaved to their sects are
not merely devoid of all sound knowledge, but they will not even stop
to learn! Instead of listening, as they ought, to the reason why liquid
can enter the bladder through the ureters, but is unable to go back
again the same way,—instead of admiring Nature’s artistic skill -
they refuse to learn; they even go so far as to scoff, and maintain
that the kidneys, as well as many other things, have been made by
Nature for no purpose!
Now the method of demonstration is as follows. One has to divide
the peritoneum in front of the ureters, then secure these with
ligatures, and next, having bandaged up the animal, let him go (for
he will not continue to urinate). After this one loosens the external
bandages and shows the bladder empty and the ureters quite full
and distended in fact almost on the point of rupturing; on removing
the ligature from them, one then plainly sees the bladder becoming
filled with urine.
VEIN IN ORDER TO WITHDRAW BLOOD OR INTRODUCE A FLUID,
OR (HISTORICALLY) AS PART OF THE PROCEDURE OF LETTING
BLOOD FROM THE ANTECUBITAL VEIN.
“We used to open blood on Mondays. The latest achievements of science require that we open blood on Thursdays. The latest achievements of science require that the patient be treated severely.”
Bachelor Carrasco
Don Quixote.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
All that we have learned so far, it was not
worth looking for and one should not know.
Wagner. Desk scientist.
physician) :
use the word oppilatio, because they do
not understand what it means.
“You will be like God, knowing good and
evil”. Mephistopheles.
university course (bachelor) – a minority that
created a taste for university physicians
medicine in the elites of Europe
Rational surgeons
hopeless doctors.
The doctor must have the eyes of a falcon, the girl's
hands, the wisdom of a snake and the heart of a lion.
THEORY AND PRACTICE, PSYCHOLOGY OR
MAGIC: ANECDOTIC CASES
scientia and magica
Love`s grief
Then if you can discover no cure except to unite the two in such a wise as is sanctioned by religion and law you will do this. Ibn Sina. Canon.
Fertility treatments
An amulet in a form of a belt is to be girded on a boy who is still a virgin, saying first three Our Fathers (Prayer) and Hail Marys in honour of God and the Holy Trinity and St. Catherin; and the letters written on the belt are to be placed on the belly, on the naked flesh…and did not hearken to women`s chatter. Letters to Francesco di Marco Datini.
MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI
ARNOLD OF VILLANOVA (1235-1312)
A contagion theory do not surface until the 16 c.
Lazaretto
Quarantine
wanderers, beggars, ambassadors
THE RENAISSANCE
Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around 1436.
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519)
He for the first time in the history of anatomy displayed the actual structure of the body.
He correctly showed the shape of the spine, depicted frontal and maxillary sinuses, limb bones, many muscles, heart, large vessels, pregnant uterus, fallopian tubes, ventricles and membranes of the brain, many cranial nerves, eyes and other organs. During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings devoted to anatomy, but he did not publish his works.
LEONARDO'S STUDY OF A FOETUS IN THE WOMB
(C. 1510) ROYAL LIBRARY, WINDSOR CASTLE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Casket with a detachable lid. Iran, Between 1776 and 1777. ( . 1776-
1777.© . -. 2019.) Permission to reproduce the photo in a presentation on history of medicine and publication on this site is given by the State Hermitage to Ignatova A.I. ( ..).
File:Justinian555AD.png. Wikimedia. The Eastern Roman Empire (red) and its vassals (pink) in 555 AD during the reign of Justinian I. Author Tataryn. Date 16 June 2012, Source /Own work/ This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
SS. Cosmas and Damian. Oil painting. Free to use with attribution CC BY Credit: Wellcome Collection.
The Healing of Justinian by Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian. 1438-40 Tempera on wood, 37 x 45 cm. Museo di San Marco, Florence. WikiArt. Public Domain.
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der Gesundheit, Mit Vorrede von Bernhard von Breydenbach, Augsburg, 1485.08.22. [BSB-Ink W-94 - GW M09751] http://daten.digitale- sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00057068/images/index.html?id=00057068&groesser=&fip=yztssdaseayawqrseayaf sdryztsxsxdsyd&no=2&seite=4
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der Gesundheit, Augsburg, 1486.06.05. [BSB-Ink W-95 - GW M09754] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de
Fasciculo di medicina,February 5, 1493 [modern style, 1494] Possibly Johannes de Ketham, German. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/352478 Credit Line:Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1938. CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
The History of Don Quixote, Volume 1, Complete by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra/ The Project Gutenberg License/ Public Domain.
H[ans] Stubenrauch: Osterspaziergang. A 6546. Verso: F. A. Ackermanns Kunstverlag. G.m.b.H., München. Reihe 682 - H. Stubenrauch: Goethes Faust (6 Karten). Nicht gelaufen.
File:Avicenna (980 - 1037).jpg Avicenna (980 - 1037) Arzt, Gelehrter, Medizin, Porträt Date 18 th century
Source https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=7326082 Author Unknown, Public Domain.
V – XV CENTURIES
1455, Roma)
Cosmas and Saint Damian
MONASTIC MEDICINE
September
September governs the black bile. All kinds of bitter foods should be eaten, in particular boiled leeks, fresh leeks, leek soup, boiled garlic, raw garlic and garlic in a spicy sauce. Among meat, lamb; [among] birds, pigeons and geese and quails (chicks and hens), ducks and wood pigeons and turtle doves and partridges; beef, along with deer, gazelle, fallow deer, hare and wild boar should be avoided. Among fish, grey mullet, cork wing and all scaleless fish may be eaten; only salt fish is to be avoided. Among pulses broad beans, lentils and grass peas are to be avoided; others may be eaten. All kinds of asparagus and cepes de Bordeaux may be eaten. Among fruits, white grapes, wild pears as they ripen, sweet apples, green figs, peaches of both kinds (downy peaches and nectarines), pomegranates, dates, quinces may all be eaten. Among dry fruits, pistachios, walnuts, almonds and pine kernels. Drink white and olive-oil colored wines and rose and wormwood wines. Eight baths, using lotion. Make love.
UNIVERSITIES
Medieval theology + Renaissance humanism
When a finger is lost is this a disease in number
or in quality?
Is the virture of nutrition essentially the same as
the virture of growth?
HUMORAL THEORY
GALEN ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES BOOK I
Chapter 1 (Distinction between the effects of (a) the organism’s psyche or soul) and (b) its physic or nature). Since feeling and voluntary motion are peculiar to animals, whilst growth and nutrition are common to plants as well, we may look on the former as effects of the soul and the latter as effects of the nature. And if there be anyone who allows a share in soul to plants as well, and separates the two kinds of soul, naming the kind in question vegetative, and the other sensory, this person is not saying anything else, although his language is somewhat unusual. We, however, for our part, are convinced that the chief merit of language is clearness, and we know that nothing detracts so much from this as do unfamiliar terms; accordingly we employ those terms which the bulk of people are accustomed to use, and we say that animals are governed at once by their soul and by their nature, and plants by their nature alone, and that growth and nutrition are the effects of nature, not of soul.
Ψυχς
Psychís
Gk. psyche, Lat. anima. soul ( - πνευματικς - pnevmatikós , - ψυχικ - psychikí )
φσεως
fýseos
( - φση , φυσικς – )
The fact is that those (Sophists) who are enslaved to their sects are
not merely devoid of all sound knowledge, but they will not even stop
to learn! Instead of listening, as they ought, to the reason why liquid
can enter the bladder through the ureters, but is unable to go back
again the same way,—instead of admiring Nature’s artistic skill -
they refuse to learn; they even go so far as to scoff, and maintain
that the kidneys, as well as many other things, have been made by
Nature for no purpose!
Now the method of demonstration is as follows. One has to divide
the peritoneum in front of the ureters, then secure these with
ligatures, and next, having bandaged up the animal, let him go (for
he will not continue to urinate). After this one loosens the external
bandages and shows the bladder empty and the ureters quite full
and distended in fact almost on the point of rupturing; on removing
the ligature from them, one then plainly sees the bladder becoming
filled with urine.
VEIN IN ORDER TO WITHDRAW BLOOD OR INTRODUCE A FLUID,
OR (HISTORICALLY) AS PART OF THE PROCEDURE OF LETTING
BLOOD FROM THE ANTECUBITAL VEIN.
“We used to open blood on Mondays. The latest achievements of science require that we open blood on Thursdays. The latest achievements of science require that the patient be treated severely.”
Bachelor Carrasco
Don Quixote.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
All that we have learned so far, it was not
worth looking for and one should not know.
Wagner. Desk scientist.
physician) :
use the word oppilatio, because they do
not understand what it means.
“You will be like God, knowing good and
evil”. Mephistopheles.
university course (bachelor) – a minority that
created a taste for university physicians
medicine in the elites of Europe
Rational surgeons
hopeless doctors.
The doctor must have the eyes of a falcon, the girl's
hands, the wisdom of a snake and the heart of a lion.
THEORY AND PRACTICE, PSYCHOLOGY OR
MAGIC: ANECDOTIC CASES
scientia and magica
Love`s grief
Then if you can discover no cure except to unite the two in such a wise as is sanctioned by religion and law you will do this. Ibn Sina. Canon.
Fertility treatments
An amulet in a form of a belt is to be girded on a boy who is still a virgin, saying first three Our Fathers (Prayer) and Hail Marys in honour of God and the Holy Trinity and St. Catherin; and the letters written on the belt are to be placed on the belly, on the naked flesh…and did not hearken to women`s chatter. Letters to Francesco di Marco Datini.
MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI
ARNOLD OF VILLANOVA (1235-1312)
A contagion theory do not surface until the 16 c.
Lazaretto
Quarantine
wanderers, beggars, ambassadors
THE RENAISSANCE
Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around 1436.
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519)
He for the first time in the history of anatomy displayed the actual structure of the body.
He correctly showed the shape of the spine, depicted frontal and maxillary sinuses, limb bones, many muscles, heart, large vessels, pregnant uterus, fallopian tubes, ventricles and membranes of the brain, many cranial nerves, eyes and other organs. During his life, Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings devoted to anatomy, but he did not publish his works.
LEONARDO'S STUDY OF A FOETUS IN THE WOMB
(C. 1510) ROYAL LIBRARY, WINDSOR CASTLE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Casket with a detachable lid. Iran, Between 1776 and 1777. ( . 1776-
1777.© . -. 2019.) Permission to reproduce the photo in a presentation on history of medicine and publication on this site is given by the State Hermitage to Ignatova A.I. ( ..).
File:Justinian555AD.png. Wikimedia. The Eastern Roman Empire (red) and its vassals (pink) in 555 AD during the reign of Justinian I. Author Tataryn. Date 16 June 2012, Source /Own work/ This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
SS. Cosmas and Damian. Oil painting. Free to use with attribution CC BY Credit: Wellcome Collection.
The Healing of Justinian by Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian. 1438-40 Tempera on wood, 37 x 45 cm. Museo di San Marco, Florence. WikiArt. Public Domain.
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der Gesundheit, Mit Vorrede von Bernhard von Breydenbach, Augsburg, 1485.08.22. [BSB-Ink W-94 - GW M09751] http://daten.digitale- sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00057068/images/index.html?id=00057068&groesser=&fip=yztssdaseayawqrseayaf sdryztsxsxdsyd&no=2&seite=4
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der Gesundheit, Augsburg, 1486.06.05. [BSB-Ink W-95 - GW M09754] (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de
Fasciculo di medicina,February 5, 1493 [modern style, 1494] Possibly Johannes de Ketham, German. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/352478 Credit Line:Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1938. CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication
The History of Don Quixote, Volume 1, Complete by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra/ The Project Gutenberg License/ Public Domain.
H[ans] Stubenrauch: Osterspaziergang. A 6546. Verso: F. A. Ackermanns Kunstverlag. G.m.b.H., München. Reihe 682 - H. Stubenrauch: Goethes Faust (6 Karten). Nicht gelaufen.
File:Avicenna (980 - 1037).jpg Avicenna (980 - 1037) Arzt, Gelehrter, Medizin, Porträt Date 18 th century
Source https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=7326082 Author Unknown, Public Domain.