medicine and pharmacy faculty university of oradea epidemiology by constanta turda, m.d
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TRANSCRIPT
MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ByCONSTANTA TURDA MD
History of
Epidemiology
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
On Airs Waters and Places
Idea that disease might be associated with physical environment
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)
Recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology
Emphasized detailed observations of patients amp accurate recordkeeping
James Lind (1700rsquos)
Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
History of
Epidemiology
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
On Airs Waters and Places
Idea that disease might be associated with physical environment
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)
Recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology
Emphasized detailed observations of patients amp accurate recordkeeping
James Lind (1700rsquos)
Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
On Airs Waters and Places
Idea that disease might be associated with physical environment
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)
Recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology
Emphasized detailed observations of patients amp accurate recordkeeping
James Lind (1700rsquos)
Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)
Recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology
Emphasized detailed observations of patients amp accurate recordkeeping
James Lind (1700rsquos)
Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
James Lind (1700rsquos)
Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox
Jenners work influenced many others including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Ignas Semmelweis (1840rsquos)
Pioneered handwashing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
John Snow (1813-1858)
Father of epidemiology
Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854
Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
bull Vital Statistics John Graunt (1620-1674) William Farr (1807-1883)
bull Occupational medicineamp Industrial Hygiene
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)
bull Role of carriers in transmission Typhoid Mary amp George Soper
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Typhoid Mary amp George Soper Mary Mallon a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of
carrier-borne disease in medical history Recognized as carrier during 1904 NY typhoid fever epidemic When source of disease was traced Mary had disappeared
only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred Again Mary fled but authorities led by George Soper caught
her and had her quarantined on an island In 1910 the health department released her on condition that
she never accept employment involving the handling of food Four years later Soper began looking for Mary again when two
new epidemics broke out Mary had worked as a cook at both places
She was found and returned to North Brother Island where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death six years later
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Typhoid Mary
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
US History of Epidemiologybull Lemuel Shattuck (1850)
Proposed creation of a permanent statewide public health infrastructure
Recommended establishing state amp local health offices to gather statistical information on public health conditions
bull Quarantine Commissions (1857)bull 1st Public Health Book (1879)bull US Public Health Service founded (1902)bull Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)bull Pasteurization of milk (1913)bull 1st School of Public Health (1913)
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity
Statistics in the US
bull Edgar Sydenstricker (Early 1900rsquos) Pioneer public health statistician
bull Three notable studiesTuskegee syphilis study (1932-1970)Framingham heart study (1948-present)Epidemiology of cigarette smoking
(1950rsquos - present)
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
bull Mortality stats in first half of centuryUnstable because of outbreaks of infection
bull Stats reversed by 1950rsquos because of childhood immunizations medical interventions and public health measures
bull Economic growth reduced squalor
bull Introduction of antibiotics in 50rsquos
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Wake-up Callsbull Over-optimism in 60rsquos and 70rsquos
bull AIDS recognized
bull Cholera in the southern hemisphere
bull Legionnairersquos disease
bull New forms of hepatitis
bull Chlamydia and heart disease
bull Hospital acquired infections
bull Antibiotic resistance
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
bull 1900 - 500
bull 1918-1919- 850
bull Mid-century-1982 - 30
bull 1982-1994 - 60
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Future Challenges
bull Instant global transmission of pathogensPopulation overcrowdingEase of travelImportation of foods
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
DEFINITIONS
bull What is epidemiology
bull What is an epidemiologist
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death
in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Methods of Epidemiology
bull Public Health Surveillance
bull Disease Investigation
bull Analytic Studies
bull Program Evaluation
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Terminology
bull Endemicbull Hyperendemicbull Holoendemicbull Epidemicbull Pandemicbull Epizooticbull Incidencebull Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Endemic a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic endemic in most of the children in a population with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region country continent or globally
Epizootic of or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Incidence rate of occurrence of an event number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
bull Hostbull Agentbull Environmentbull Fomitesbull Vector bull Carrier ndash activebull Incubatorybull Convalescentbull Healthybull Intermittent
Your Assignment Define these terms
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Changing Patterns of Community Health
bull Health patterns in constant state of flux
bull Infectious versus chronic diseases
bull Population and age-related
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Chain of Infection
bull Etiological agent
bull SourceReservoir
bull Portal of exit
bull Mode of transmission
bull Portal of entry
bull Susceptible host
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull Virusesbull bullRNAndashDNAbull bull RNA viruses genetically unstablebull bullLipid envelopedndashnonenvelopedbull bull Solvent-detergent treatments virucidal only for enveloped viruses
bull Bacteriabull bullGram-positivendashgram-negativebullAntibiotic sensitivity differsbull bull Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of gram-negative capsule
bull Fungi bullDisseminated vs superficial bullMold vs biphasic
bull Parasitesbull bullComplete cyclebull bullLarval migrans
bull Prionsbull bullPathogenesis unclearbull bullResistant to disinfection
Classification of Microorganisms
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
A Clinicianrsquos View
bull Diseases classified according to signs and symptoms1 Diarrheal diseases2 Respiratory diseases3 Cutaneoussoft tissue infection4 CNS diseases5 Septicemic diseases6 Fever of undetermined origin
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Modes of Transmission
bull Contact transmission
bull Vehicle transmission
bull Vector transmission
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
An Epidemiologistrsquos ViewMeans of Spread of Infectious Diseases
bull ContactbullDirect
bull bullIndirectbullFomitesbull bull Body secretions (blood urine saliva etc)
bull VectorAirborne
bull bullSmall-particle aerosol
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull Salmonellosisbull 2 Campylobacterbull 3 Shigellosisbull 4 Clostridium perfringens food
poisoningbull 5 Staphylococcal enterotoxin food
poisoningbull 6 Cholerabull 7 Giardiasisbull 8 Listeriosis
Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Important Airborne Infections
bull 1 Tuberculosisbull 2 Influenzabull 3 Childhood Infections
minus Measles mumps rubella pertussis
bull 4 Parainfluenzabull 5 RSVbull 6 Legionella
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull 1 Malariabull 2 Viral encephalitis
minus SLE WEE EE VE California virus
bull 3 Schistosomiasisbull 4 Tularemiabull 5 Denguebull 6 Yellow feverbull 7 Rocky Mountain spotted feverbull 8 Leishmaniasisbull 9 Trypanosomiasis
Some Important Vectorborne Infections
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull 1 Human
bull 2 Animal (zoonoses)
bull 3 Soil
bull 4 Water
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
bull 1 AIDS (HIV infection)
bull 2 Syphilis
bull 3 Gonorrhea
bull 4 Shigellosis
bull 5 Typhoid fever
bull 6 Hepatitis-B virus
bull 7 Herpes simplex virus
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
bull 1 Nontyphoidal salmonellosis
bull 2 Brucellosis
bull 3 Anthrax
bull 4 Listeriosis
bull 5 Viral encephalitis (SLEWEE CEE)
bull 6 Rabies
bull 7 Plague
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
bull 1 Histoplasmosis
bull 2 Coccidioidomycosis
bull 3 Blastomycosis
bull 4 Tetanus
bull 5 Botulism
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
bull 1 Pseudomonas infectionsminus Sepsis UTI ldquohot tubrdquo folliculitis
bull 2 Legionnairesrsquo disease
bull 3 Melioidosis
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull Sexually transmitted diseasesminus Syphilis gonorrhea chlamydia AIDS
bull 2 Staphylococcal infectionsbull 3 Streptococcal infectionsbull 4 Many nosocomial infectionsbull 5 Rhinovirus coldsbull 6 Brucellosis (slaughter house contact)bull 7 Hepatitis B virus infection
Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Classes of Epidemics
bull Common source (vs sporadic)
Point sourceIntermittent ContinuousPropagated
Your Assignment Define these terms
amp identify which apply to the following
three graphs
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
bull 1 Infectivity minus The propensity for transmission minus Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household
school etc
bull 2 Pathogenicity minus The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical
symptoms minus Measured by the apparent inapparent infection ratio
bull 3 Virulence minus The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease minus Measured by the case fatality ratio
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
Incubation period = The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection)
Secondary attack rates = The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case such as in a household or school
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
1048708Inapparent(or subclinical infection)minus An infection with no clinical symptoms usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture
1048708Immunityminus The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness
1048708Herd immunityminus The immunity of a group or community The resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
1048708Persistent infectionminus A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent
1048708Latent infectionminus An infection with no active multiplication of the agent as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus In contrast to a persistent infection only the genetic message is present in the host not viable organisms
Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Disease Investigation
bull Establish diagnosis
bull Identify specific agent
bull Describe according to person place and time
bull Identify source of agent
bull Identify mode of transmission
bull Identify susceptible populations
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
bull Clinical practice dependent on epidemiology
bull Epidemiology defines natural history of disease
bull Even descriptive information is useful
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
The Epidemiologic Approach
bull Multistep process
bull First - determine association
bull Then prove causation
bull Not all associations are causal
bull Examine validity false assumptions-eg - fluoride in water
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Analytic Studies
bull Type of study
bull Design
bull Analysis of data
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Epidemiology and Prevention
bull Identify high risk populations
bull Modify risks
bull Prevent exposures
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Levels of Prevention
bull Primary
bull Secondary
bull Tertiary
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Primary
Involves halting any occurrence of a disease or disorder before it happens
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Secondary
Health screening and detection activities
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-
Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
bull Tertiary
Retard or block the progression of condition
- MEDICINE AND PHARMACY FACULTY UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA EPIDEMIOLOGY By CONSTANTA TURDA MD
- History of Epidemiology
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- History of Epidemiology (Contrsquod)
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- US History of Epidemiology
- Historic Aspects of the Development of Morbidity Statistics in the US
- Modern History of Epidemiology in the US
- Wake-up Calls
- USMortality Index (annual deaths100000)
- Future Challenges
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature cause control and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease disability and death in human populations Epidemiology the study of factors influencing the occurence transmission distribution prevention and control of disease in a defined population
- An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
- Methods of Epidemiology
- Terminology
- Slide 25
- Slide 26
- Terms Associated with Disease Causation etc
- Changing Patterns of Community Health
- Chain of Infection
- Slide 30
- Classification of Microorganisms
- A Clinicianrsquos View
- Modes of Transmission
- Slide 34
- An Epidemiologistrsquos View Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases Spread by Contact
- Some Important Food- and Waterborne Infections
- Some Important Airborne Infections
- Some Important Vectorborne Infections
- Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Human Reservoir
- Some Diseases with an Animal Reservoir (Zoonoses)
- Some Important Diseases with a Soil Reservoir
- Some Infectious Diseases with a Water Reservoir
- Slide 45
- Classes of Epidemics
- Infectious Agents 3 Important Epidemiologic Properties
- Slide 48
- Definitions of Some Relevant Terms (cont)
- Slide 50
- Disease Investigation
- Epidemiology and Clinical Practice
- The Epidemiologic Approach
- Analytic Studies
- Epidemiology and Prevention
- Levels of Prevention
- Levels of Prevention (contrsquod)
- Slide 58
- Slide 59
-