medical waste disposal final

8/8/2019 Medical Waste Disposal Final

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any solid, fluid or liquid waste,

including its container and any intermediate

product, which is generated during thediagnosis, treatment or immunization of

human beings or animals, in research

pertaining thereto,or in the production or testing of biologicals

and the animal waste from slaughter houses

or any other like establishments.


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Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the

human body through a puncture , abrasion

or a cut in the skin , through mucusmembrane by inhalation or ingestion .


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Pathogens in infectious waste may enter thehuman body through a puncture , abrasion

or a cut in the skin , through mucus

membrane by inhalation or ingestion .

It causes problems ranging from headache ,

dizziness , vomiting to affecting genetic

material .


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It uses chemicals to destroy pathogenic organismsfrom any inanimate object. Sharps contaminated with blood and body fluids. Instruments, equipment that are used to cut, pierceor enter the natural orifices like needles, syringes

and endoscopes Contaminated floors, surfaces, clothes, beds,beddings, enamel, crockery and bed pans Wet mopping of intensive care units, operation

theatres, wards and patient waiting areas.


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Recommended concentration/dilution of Chemical disinfectantsDISINFECTANT

( A contact period 0f 30 minutes is

required for effective disinfection )

CONTAMINATED

CONDITION

GROSSLY

CONTAMINATED

CONDITION

Sodium hypochlorite 5% available

chlorine as liquid bleach

20 ml / L 200 ml /L

Tincture of Iodine/Povidone Iodine 2.5 % 2.5 %

Ethyl Alcohol 70 % 70 %

Isopropyl Alcohol 70 % 70 %

Gluteraldehyde 2 % 2.5 % 2.5 %

Formaldehyde 40 % 5 % 10 %

Savlon 5 % 10 %

Dettol 4.8 % v/v 4 % 10 %

Cresol 2.5 % 5 %


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*It uses heat to decontaminate instrumentsand equipment and the temperatures inthis process may rise to extremely highlevels.

*Most of the microbes are destroyed attemperatures below 100C.

1. Autoclave2. Hydroclave3. Incinerator4. Microwave


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-where air is pushed out of the

autoclave by steam under pressure.

-This system operates at

temperatures of 121C and has a

cycle time of approximately

60 - 90 minutes.

Here vacuum pumps are utilized to

evacuate the air in the chamber of

autoclave and steam under pressure

is pushed in, which is able topenetrate the waste material more

thoroughly. This technology thus

reduces the cycle time to 30 - 60

minutes and the temperatures

attained are 132C.


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This is a steam

sterilization technologyin which the steam is

used as an indirect

heating source thus

allowing totaldehydration of waste

material.

- The holding time for waste is 15 minutes at 132C

or 30 minutes at 121C.

- The organic components of the waste are hydrolyzed and

the waste matter is reduced by weight and volume.


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- Incineration is a high heat system

process ofburning combustible solids

at very high temperature in a furnace.

- It employs combustion of wastematerial in stages, followed by

cleaning of the flue gas through a

number of pollution control devices.

- The end product is devoid of infectious

organisms and organic compounds ofwaste, which is acceptable.

- Based on the type of fuel

consumed the division could be- Conventional incinerator using

wood/charcoal

Electrical incinerator

Oil fired incinerator using

electricity and diesel oil


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-This low heat system uses

microwaves to heat up

the waste material from inside,

unlike the external heat given

in autoclave and hydro clave.

-Microwaves are electromagnetic

waves that lie between the 300 to

300,000 mega hertz range in theelectromagnetic radiation

spectrum.

-They are able to penetrate materials and create vibrations in all themolecules such as water in the waste materials.

-This vibration generates friction, which in turn produces heat to

disinfect the waste material.

-The heat produced at 95 - 100C for a holding period of 25 minutes


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MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY

1. Compaction: Compacting is carried out by ahydraulic ram against a hard surface.

2. Grinding / Shredding: Waste material is broken

down into smaller particles under pressure toavoid any spillage outside the chamber.

3. Pulverization: Waste is mixed with large volume

of water and bleach solution. The waste is torn

to shreds and then fed to an ultra high speed

hammer mill with large spin blades which

pulverize the matter into small, safe particles.


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*This involves exposing the waste matter to

ultraviolet or ionizing radiation in an

enclosed chamber.

*Decontamination occurs when nucleic acids

in the living cells are irradiated.*The advantage with this technology is that energy

input is minimal and it is used to treat items,which cannot be heated.

* Source of radiation needs to be properly disposed

off after its decay.


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FINAL DISPOSAL METHODSGeneral non hazardous waste Secured landfills

Liquid wastes Chemical disinfectant F/b neutralization with

reagent, and discharged into the sewerage

system.

Human anatomical wastes Incinerated and sent to landfill sites.

Sharps Needles can be cut by needle cutter and

contained in 1% bleach solution, and sent to

landfill for disposal.

Microbiology waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration F/b

landfill disposal.

Infectious solid waste Autoclave/Microwave/Incineration F/b

landfill disposal.Radioactive waste The solid wastes are disposed by

concentration and storage, while liquids by

dilution and dispersal

Pressurised containers Disposed off with general waste in secured

landfills.


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medical waste disposal final

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