medical terminology lecture 1 to 4

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Reference Textbook:

A Short Course in Medical Terminology:

Enhanced Reprint, 1st Edition , 2008 Lippincott Williams

Please Visit : http://www.facebook.com/ebooks.drmurtadha

Link To Download : http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?7hds5iwv79ov7ao

Course Objectives:

Apply basic Principles of medical word building Correctly pronounce medical terms Define common medical terms Relates common medical terms to human anatomy & physiology; common

disease states, pharmacology categories and diagnostic tests. Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports.

Definition:

Medical terminology is a specialized language used by health care practitioners. And, just like a foreign language, it has its own vocabulary and ways of stringing together words in an acceptable, i.e., understandable to everyone ,format.

But, unlike a foreign language, you come across medical terminology every day in magazines and newspapers with articles about new drugs, diets, new medical treatments and on television medical

Medical terminology began to become standardized when Hippocrates (460–377 B.C. ), a Greek physician, set about to organize an approach to medicine. Many medical terms originate directly from ancient Greek or Latin terms.

Lectures 1 to 4

By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi

Dr. Murtadha Al-Shareifi E-Library

http://www.mediafire.com/download.php?7hds5iwv79ov7ao

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Studying the language of medicine—that is, medical terminology—is very similar to learning a foreign language. There are rules that must be applied to make the “language” understandable.

As a Pharmacist, you have not to learn the language only , but to master it, and to use it appropriately in the field of medicine. In order to do this, you must learn the word building rules necessary to expand your knowledge and understanding of medical terminology. Once you have accomplished this, you will possess the power to define words you never thought possible..

Modern Term Historical Derivation

There are two major categories of medical terms:

1- Descriptive : describing shape, color, size, function, etc, and

2- Eponyms, literally "putting a name upon“.


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Eponym has been used to honor those who first discovered or described an anatomical structure or diagnosed a disease or first developed a medical instrument or procedure.

Some examples of eponyms are fallopian tubes (uterine tubes-Gabriello Fallopio) and eustachian tubes (auditory tubes-Bartolommeo Eustachii)

The problem with eponyms is that they give no useful information about what is or where to find the item name

Basic Elements of a Medical Word (word Parts):

Many medical terms are formed from two or more word parts. The four types of word parts used to create medical terms are: Word Root

Word Root is the fundamental portion of a word that contains the basic meaning. It is the part to which modifying prefixes and suffixes are added. • All words have at least one word root • A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a

complete word. • The word root usually refers to a body part. • Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. Word Root Examples o “Therm” means heat o “Dent” means tooth o “Dermat” means skin o “Cardi” means heart o “Gastr” means stomach o “Hepat” means Liver

Combining forms are the word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected and in order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root.

For example, the word root cardi , the combining vowel -o- can form words relating to the basic meaning “heart,” such as cardiology, the practice that studies, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the heart. It is often easier to understand medical terms by looking at the suffix first. Thus, -logy, the study of, plus the prefix cardio- gives a quick understanding of the definition.


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The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others “e or i”may be used.

eg: Gastr / o pronounced Gastro. When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the

root to each other. oste/ o / arthr/ itis Prefixes A prefix is word element that placed at the beginning of a word that modify or changes the meaning of the word or create a new word. Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation. For example, the prefix peri -, meaning “around, near, surrounding,” helps to form the word pericardium, meaning “around or surrounding the heart.” Examples of Prefix Hyper- (excessive) Hypo- (under) Pre- (before) Post- (after) Hyper- therm -ia excessive heat condition

Intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating to Poly- cythem -ia

many red cells condition 4- Suffixes A suffix is a word ending. It’s added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning. o By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we create a noun or adjective

with a different meaning of that word root. For example, the suffix - oid, meaning “like or resembling,” helps to form the word fibroid, meaning “made of fibrous tissue.”

Word root

Combining vowel Word root

Combining vowel Word root

suffix


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o Suffix usually derived from Greek or Latin o Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, or disease o A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins

with a consonant (not a vowel) to make pronunciation easier. Arthr /o -centesis Arthrocentesis

joint puncture puncture of a joint

Throac /o -tomy Thoracotomy chest incision incision of the chest

Gastr /o -megaly Gastromegaly stomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach

Scler /o -derma Scleroderma hardening skin hardening of the skin Word-Building System: By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts.

Leukocytopenia Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel: / o / Suffix: / penia (decrease)

Defining Medical Words

• First, define the suffix or ending • Second, define the prefix, or beginning • Third, define the middle


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Word Roots for Organs:

WORD ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE Stomato mouth Stomatitis Dento teeth Dentist Glosso/ Lingu tongue Glossitis, Sublingual Gingivo gums Gingivitis Encephalo brain Encephalitis Gastr stomach Gastritis Entero intestine Gastroenteritis Colo large intestine Ulcerative Colitis Procto anus/rectum Proctitis, Hepato liver Hepatitis, Hepatomegaly

Nephro/ Rene kidney Nephrosis, Renal artery

Oophoro ovary Oophorectomy

Hystero/ Metro uterus Hysterectomy, endometritis

Salpingo Fallopian tubes Hystosalpingography

Dermo skin

Dermatitis

Masto/ Mammo breast Mammography, Mastectomy

Osteo bones

Osteoporosis

Cardio heart

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Cysto bladder

Cystitis

Rhino nose

Rhinitis (runny nose!)

Phlebo/ Veno veins Phlebitis, Phlebotomy

Pneumo/ Pulmo lung Pneumonitis, Pulmonologist

Hypo / insulin / emia

LOW INSULIN BLOOD

Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.

Hypoinsulinemia

Prefix Word root suffix


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Word Roots and Combining Forms Indicating Color:

WORD ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE

cyan/o blue Cyanosis is blue discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

erythr/o red Eerythrocyte is a mature red blood cell

leuk/o white leukocyte is a white blood cell

melan/o black Melanosis is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment in body tissues or organs

poli/o gray Poliomyelitis is a viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord

xanth(o) yellow Xanthoderma is yellowish skin

COMBINING FORM:

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE

aer(o) air; gas aerobic ,needing oxygen to live, or taking place in the presence ofoxygen

alge, algesi, algio, pain analgesia ,a reduction of the feeling of pain without

loss of consciousness

athero plaque; fatty substance

atheroma ,swelling on the surface of an artery from a fatty deposit

bar(o) weight; pressure barostat , pressure-regulating device

bas(o), basi(o) base basophilic , having an affinity for basic dyes (said of

tissue) bio- life biopsy , sampling of tissue from living patients

blasto immature cells glioblastoma , growth consisting of immature neural cells

calc(o), calci(o) calcium calcipenia , calcium deficiency

carcin(o) cancer carcinogen , cancer-producing substance

chem(o) chemical chemolysis , chemical decomposition

chondrio, chondro

cartilage, chondrocyte , cartilage cell

chrom, chromat, chromo

color chromatogenous , producing color

chrono time chronometry , measurement of time intervals


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chyl(o) chyle, a digestive juice

chylopoiesis , production of chyle in the intestine

cry(o) cold cryocautery , destruction of tissue by freezing

cyst(o), cysti

bladder, cyst, cystic duct

cystoid , bladder-shaped

dors(o), dorsi

back dorsalgia , upper back pain

echo reflected sound echocardiogram ,ultrasound recording of the heart

electr(o) electricity; electric electrocardiogram ,graphic record of heart's electrical currents

etio cause etiopathology , study of the cause of an abnormality or disease

fibr(o) fiber fibroplastic , producing fibrous tissue

galact(o) milk galactorrhoea ,the excessive production of milk

genit(o) reproductive genitourinary system, organs of reproduction and urination

glyco sugars Glycosuria, a high level of sugar in the urine, a symptom of diabetes mellitus

gyn(o), gyne, gyneco

women Gynaecologist, a doctor who specialises in the treatment of diseases of women

home(o), homo same; constant homeoplasia , formation of new, similar tissue

hydr(o) hydrogen, water hydrocephaly , condition characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the head

hypn(o) sleep hypnogenesis , induction of sleep

iatr(o) physician; treatment

iatrogenic , produced or caused by treatment or diagnostic procedure

idio distinct; unknown idiopathic , of unknown origin (said of a disease)

immun(o) safe; immune immunodeficient , lacking in some essential immune function

kal(i) potassium kalemia , presence of potassium in the blood

karyo nucleus karyolysis , destruction of a cell nucleus

kinesi(o), kineso

motion kinesitherapy , therapy involving movement of parts of the body


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lact(o), lacti milk Lactation, the period during which a mother is breastfeeding a baby

lip(o) fat Lipolysis, the process of breaking down fat by lipase lith(o) stone lithotomy , operation for removal of stones

macr(o) large; long Macrophage, large cells which destroy inflammatory tissue, found in connective tissue & lymph nodes

medi(o) middle; medial plane

mediolateral , relating to the medial plane and one side of the body

meg(a), megal(o)

large; million megaloencephaly , abnormally large brain

mes(o) middle; median mesocephalic ,, having a medium-sized head

micr(o) small; one-millionth; tiny

microorganism , tin organism

morph(o) structure; shape morphology , study of the structure of animals and plants

narco sleep; narcolepsy , sleep disorder

necr(o) death; dying necrology , study of the cause of death

noct(i) night nocturia , urination at night

normo normal Normotensive, referring to blood pressure at the usual level

oncho, onco tumor oncolysis , destruction of a tumor

path(o) disease pathogen , disease-causing substance phago

eating; devouring; swallowing

phagocyte , cell that ingests bacteria and other particles

pharmaco drugs; medicine pharmacology , the science of drugs, including their sources, uses, and interactions

phot(o) light photometer , instrument for measuring light physi,

physio Physical,natural physiotherapy , physical therapy

plasma, plasmo

formative; plasma plasmapheresis , separation of blood into parts

pseud(o) false Pseudomembranous colitis is infection of colon with symptoms of cramps and bloody diarrhea.

pyo pus Pyogenic, producing or forming pus pyro fever; fire; heat Pyrogenic, causing a fever salping(o) tube salpingectomy , removal of the fallopian tube schiz(o) split; division schizophrenia , a spectrum of mental disorders often

with a disorder in perception scler(o) hardness;

hardening scleroderma , thickening and hardness of the skin


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ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE somn(o),

somni sleep Somnolence, the condition of drowsiness or sleepiness

sono sound Ultrasonography, the procedure of passing ultrasound waves through the body and recording echoes which show details of internal organs

spasmo spasm spasmolytic , agent that relieves spasms spher(o) round; spherical spherocyte , spherical red blood cell spir(o) breath; breathe Spirometer ,an instrument which measures the amount

of air a person inhales or exhales squamo scale; squamous Squamous epithelium steno narrowness Stenosis, a condition in which a passage becomes

narrow stere(o) three-dimensional Stereotypy, the repetition of the same action or word

again and again terato monster

teratogen , agent that causes a malformed fetus

therm(o) heat thermometer , an instrument for measuring temperature

tono tension; pressure tonometer , instrument for measuring pressure tox(i),

toxico, toxo poison; toxin Toxicology, the scientific study of poisons and their

effects on the human body tropho food; nutrition trophocyte , cell that provides nutrition xeno stranger Xenograft, tissue taken from an individual of one

species and grafted on one of another species xer(o) dry Xerostomia, dryness of the mouth, caused by lack of a

saliva

Categories of Prefixes

Dividing prefixes into functional categories makes them easier to learn. There are four logical divisions: Prefixes of time or speed Prefixes of direction Prefixes of position Prefixes of size or number


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1- PREFIXES OF TIME OR SPEED

PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE ante-, pre- before Antemortem, prenatal brady- abnormally slow rate of speed bradycardia neo- new post- after postnatal tachy- rapid, abnormally high rate of speed

2- PREFIXES OF DIRECTION

PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE ab- away from, outside of, beyond abnormal ad- toward, near to adduction, addition con-, with codominant sym-, syn- with contra- against contraindicated dia- across, through diaplacental

3- PREFIXES OF POSITION

PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE anti- against antibacterial ec-, ecto- outside ectopia Dia- through diarrhea endo- within endocrine epi- upon, subsequent to epigastric ex-, exo- outside exhale eu- well, good, normal euthyroid extra- beyond extraocular hyper- above, beyond normal hyperactive hypo- below, below normal hypoglycemia infra- inside or below infrasternal inter- between interdental intra- inside intramuscular meso- middle mesoderm meta- beyond metanalysis pan- all or everywhere panarthritis para- alongside, like paranasal


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peri- pericarditis retro- backward, behind retroperitoneal super- supersensitive supra- suprarenal trans- transfusion 4- PREFIXES OF SIZE OR NUMBER

PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE bi- two bilatera hemi-, semi-

half hemisphere semicircular

iso- equal, same isometric macro- big macrophage micro- small microscope mono- One, single mononuclear olig-, oligo- a few oligourea quadri- four quadriplegia tri- three triceps uni- one uniglandular multi- many multipara Poly- many polymer primi- first time primigravida

Prefixes of Negation:

• a- Asymptomatic, afebrile, Aseptic, amnesia • an- Anemia, anesthesia, anoxia • im- Impotency, immature, immiscible, • in- Insensitive, impotence, infertility, incontinence

Additional examples on different Prefixes:

• Abnormal • Aberration • Abortion


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• ab- Away From

• ante- Before

• anti- Against

• dia- Through Complete

• dys- Difficult

• en- In, Within endo-

• epi- Above

• ex- Out exo-

• hyper- Excessive

Above

• Antepartum • Anterior • Antecedent • Anteversion

• Antibiotic • Antidepressant • Antidiuretic

• Dysphoria • Dyspepsia • Dysmenorrhea • Dysphagia

• Diameter • Diagnosis • Diaphoretic

• Endoscope • Encephalitis • Endotracheal

• Epicardium • Epidermis • Epistaxis

• Excretion • Exocrine • Exfoliate • Exhalation • Hyperactive • Hyperglycemia • Hypersensitivity


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• hypo- Below

Deficient

• epi- Into

• poly- Increased Many Much

• post- After

Behind in time Or place

• pro- Before

• re- Back Again

• retro Backwards Behind

• Trans- Across

• Hypoactive • Hypodermic • Hypokalemia

• Incision • Index • Inflammation

• Polycythemia • Polyarthritis • Polygraph • Polyurea

• Procedure • Prophylaxis

• Postnatal • Postoperative • Postmortem

• Reduplication • Reduction • Resection

• Retroaction • Retroversion • Retropharynx •

• Transabdominal • Transference • Transfusion


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Categories of Suffixes

Dividing suffixes into functional categories makes them easier to learn Here are the four divisions: Suffixes that signify medical conditions Suffixes that signify diagnostic terms, test information, or

surgical procedures Suffixes associated with a medical specialty or specialist Suffixes that convert a noun to an adjective

The suffixes:

• -scope (instrument to view) • -rrhexis (rupture) • -rrhea (flow or discharge) All begin with a consonant, therefore a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.

The suffixes:

• -algia (pain) • -edema (swelling) • -uria (urine, urination) • -oma (tumor) eg: hematoma (blood tumor) These suffixes begin with a vowel, therefore a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix The element that comes before a suffix can either be a word root or

combining form. A combining vowel is used to link one root to another root, and before a

suffix that begins with a consonant. A combining vowel is NOT used before a suffix that begins with a

vowel


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SUFFIXES THAT SIGNIFY MEDICAL CONDITIONS

• -algia pain • -cele protrusion, hernia • -dynia pain • -ectasis, -ectasia expansion or dilation • -emia blood • -iasis presence of; formation of • -itis inflammation • -malacia softening • -megaly enlargement • -oma tumor • pnea breath, respiration • -osis condition • -penia reduction of size or quantity • -plasia abnormal formation • -plegia paralysis • -ptosis downward displacement • -rrhage flowing forth • -rrhea discharge • -rrhexis rupture • -spasm muscular contraction

SUFFIXES THAT SIGNIFY DIAGNOSTIC TERMS, TEST INFORMATION, OR SURGICAL PROCEDURES

-centesis surgical puncture -desis surgical binding -ectomy surgical removal -gen, -genic, -genesis origin, producing -gram written or pictorial record -graph device for graphic or recording -graphy act of graphic or recording


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-meter device for measuring -metry act of measuring -plasty surgical repair -rrhaphy suture -scope device for viewing -scopy act of viewing -tomy incision

Suffixes Associated with a Medical Specialty or Specialist

ist -ian -iatrist -logist

The following suffixes are associated with the study or practice of a medical specialty:

-logy -ics -iatry -iatrics

Suffixes That Denote Adjectives:

The following suffixes convert root nouns to adjectives: o -ac o -al o -aneous o -ar o -ary o -derm o -eal o -eous

Examples:

Cardiac

Peritoneal

Topical

Anatomical

Pulmonary

Hypogastric

Neurotic


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o -iatric o -ic o -oid o –otic o -ose o -ous o -tic o -ular

ADDITIONAL SUFFIXES:

o -cyte cell o -emesis vomiting o -iasis used to convert a verb to a noun indicating a condition o -ism a noun-forming suffix indicating a condition, practice. o ith a stone, calculus, calcification o -lysis disintegration o -opsy visual examination o -pathy disease o -phobia a word meaning fear, o -poiesis producing or formation o -sclerosis hard o sis condition o -stasis level; unchanging o -stenosis narrowed, blocked

Examples

Suffixes Denoting Incisions

o -centesis puncture Arthrocentesis o -ectomy excision, removal Appendectomy o -stomy forming an opening (mouth) Colostomy o -tome instrument to cut Osteotome o -tomy incision, cut into Phlebotomy


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Suffixes Denoting Reconstructive Surgeries

o -desis binding, fixation (of a bone, joint) Arthrodesis o -pexy suspension, fixation (of an organ) Mastopexy o -rrhaphy suture Myorrhaphy o -plasty surgical repair Rhinoplasty

Suffixes Denoting Refractururing, Loosening, or Crushing

o -clasis break, fracture osteoclasis o -lysis separation, destruction enterolysis o -tripsy crushing lithotripsy

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Suffixes

o -algia pain Cephalalgia o -dynia pain Gastrodynia o -cele hernia, swelling Hepatocele o -ectasis dilation, expansion Bronchiectasis o -iasis abnormal condition Cholelithiasis o -itis inflammation Gastritis o -lith stone, calculus Cholelith o -logist specialist in the study of Dermatologist o -logy study of Psychology o -malacia softening Osteomalacia o -megaly enlargement Hepatomegaly o -meter instrument for recording Thermometer o -metry act of measuring Pelvimetry o -oid resembling Lipoid o -oma tumor Adenoma o -osis abnormal condition, increase Dermatosis o -para to bear (also a prefix) Multipara o -paresis partial paralysis Hemaparesis o -pathy disease Neuropathy-


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o -penia decrease, deficiency leukopenia o -phagia eating, swallowing dysphagia o -phasia speech aphasia o -philia attraction to hemophilia o -phobia fear claustrophobia o -plasia formation, growth Hyperplasia o -plegia paralysis, stroke Hemiplegia o -poiesis formation, production Hemopoiesis o -ptosis prolapse Hysteroptosis o -rrhage bursting forth Hemorrhage o -rrhagia bursting forth Menorrhagia o -rrhea discharge, flow Diarrhea o -rrhexis rupture Angiorrhexis o -scope instrument to view Gastroscope o -scopy visual examination Gastroscopy o -spasm involuntary contraction Blepharospasm o -stasis standing still hemostasis o -stenosis narrowing, stricture arteriostenosis o -toxic poison thyrotoxic o -trophy development, nourishment atrophy

Additional examples on different Suffixes:

Condition:

• -EMA • -ESIS • -IA • -ISM • -SIS • -Y

Abnormal

• -OSIS • -IASIS

• Emesis • Prostatism • Dialysis • Corectopia • Erythema

• Cholelithiasis • Endometriosis


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One Who:

• -OR • -ER

Specializes In:

• -IST

Pain:

• -ALGIA

Pain:

• -CELE

Hernia:

• -DYNIA

Surgical Puncture:

• -CENTESIS

Study of Science of:

• - LOGY

Tumor:

Benign Malignant

• -OMA

• Doctor • Professor • Explorer •

• Cardiologist • Proctologist • Neurologist • Allergist

• Cephalalgia

(Headach)

• Cystocele • Varicocele

• Gastrodynia • Mastodynia

• Thoracentesis

• Gastrology • Hematology • Cardiology • Neurology

• Gastroma • Lymphoma • Melanoma • Sarcoma


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Disease of:

• - PATHY

Drooping:

• -PTOSIS

Surgical Repair:

• - PLASTY

Severe Bleeding Bursting:

• - RRHAGIA • -RRHAGE

Suturing:

• - RRHAPHY

Instrument for Visual Exam:

• - -SCOPE

• Stopping, Controlling :

• -STASIS •

• Hepatopathy • Neuropathy • Cardiopathy

• Nephroptosis • Apoptosis

• Rhinoplasty • Bronchoplasty

• Hemorrhage • Menorrhagia • Meningorrhagia

• Gastrorrhaphy

Gastroscope Endoscope Bronchoscope Microscope

Hemostasis


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Sudden Muscle Contraction:

• - SPASM

Structure:

• -UM

To Cut Into:

• -TOMY

Instrument to Cut:

• -TOME

Artificial or Surgical Opening,

New Opening:

• - STOMY

Tightening Stricture:

• -STENOSIS

Adjective Suffixes

• -ac cardi/ac • -al neur/al • -ar muscul/ar • -ary saliv/ary • -eal mening/eal

Pylorospasm Bronchiospasm Vasospasm

Epigastrium Hypogastrium

Gastrotomy Laparotomy

Gastrostomy Colostomy Tracheostomy

Osteotome

Pyloristenosis Pulmonarystenosis Valvularstenosis


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Noun Suffixes

• -ia pneumonia • -ism condition alcoholism

• -iatrics, treatment, pediatrics

medicine • -iatry podiatry

• -ist specialist urologist

Diminutive Suffixes

• -icle particle • -ole arteriole • -ula macula • -ule venule

Plural Suffixes

• Pleura pleurae • Thorax thoraces • Lumen lumina • Diagnosis diagnoses • Appendix appendices • Ganglion ganglia • Bacterium bacteria • Bronchus bronchi • Deformity deformities • Carcinoma carcinomata


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Guidelines to Unusual Plural Forms


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Body Structure and Organization


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u Gatro intestinal Tract: (GI System or GIT)

Alimentary Tract or Digestive System

This system has three functions

1-Digestion, 2-Absorption and 3-Elimination


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Organs of the Digestive Tract

– Mouth – Pharynx or Throat – Esophagus – Stomach – Small Intestine – Large Intestine – Anus

Accessory Organs

– Salivary Glands – Liver – Bile Ducts – Gallbladder – Pancreas

Other Structures

– Peritoneum – Appendix – Abdomen

Common Word Roots Of GIT with Exampples:

ROOT MEANING EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE

or/o mouth perioral around the mouth

stoma, stomat/o mouth stomatitis inflammation of the mouth

bucc/o cheek buccal referring to the cheek

dent/o, dent/i tooth, teeth dentifrice a substance used to clean the teeth

gingiv/o gum (gingiva) gingivectomy excision of gum tissue

lingu/o tongue sublingual under the tongue

gloss/o tongue glossopharyngeal pertaining to the tongue and pharynx

sial/o saliva, salivary gland

sialogram radiograph of the salivary glands and ducts


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esophag/o esophagus esophageal* pertaining to the esophagus

gastr/o stomach gastroparesis partial paralysis of the stomach

pylor/o pylorus pylorostenosis narrowing of the pylorus

enter/o intestine dysentery infectious disease of the intestine

duoden/o duodenum duodenoscopy endoscopic examination of the duodenum

col/o, colon/o colon colocentesis surgical puncture of the colon

rect/o rectum rectocele hernia of the rectum

proct/o rectum proctopexy surgical fixation of the rectum

an/o anus transanal through the anus

hepat/o liver hepatocyte a liver cell

bili bile biliary pertaining to the bile or bile ducts

chol/e, chol/o bile, gall cholelith gallstone, biliary calculus

cholecyst/o gallbladder cholecystorrhaphy suture of the gallbladder

pancreat/o pancreas pancreatolysis dissolving of the pancreas

GIT DISORDERS

Term DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE

appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix

ascites Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

bilirubin pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells

cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder

cholelithiasis The condition of having stones in the gallbladder;

cirrhosis Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

colic Acute abdominal pain

diarrhea The frequent passage of watery bowel movements

dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing

emesis Vomiting

gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestine


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hemorrhoids Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding,

hepatitis Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver

hernia A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm

icterus Jaundice

nausea An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting.

pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas

mesentery The portion of the peritoneum that folds over the intestine

cholestasis Stoppage of bile flow

hematemesis Vomiting of blood

dyspepsia Poor or painful digestion

flatulence Condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

appendectomy Surgical removal of the appendix

gavage Process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach

lavage Washing out of a cavity; irrigation

Pharmacological Categories Of Drugs Acing On GIT:

Term DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE

antacid Agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity

antidiarrheal Treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility

antiemetic Agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting

antiflatulent Agent that prevents or relieves flatulence

antispasmodic Agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle

emetic An agent that causes vomiting

antiulcer Used to treat ulcers by decreasing secretion acid

laxative Promotes elimination from the large intestine


medical terminology lecture 1 to 4

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