medical terminology complete! chapter second edition introduction to word parts and word...

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

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CHAPTER

Second EditionSecond Edition

Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction

1

Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd

Learning Objectives

• Use the technique of programmed learning and frames.

• Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames.

• Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms.


Learning Objectives (cont.)

• Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms.

• Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form.

• Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be deconstructed into their word parts.


The Programmed Learning Approach

• Programmed learning• Missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin.

• Each frame consists of a block of information, with the blank in the box on the right side of the page.


The Programmed Learning Approach (cont.)

• Write the missing word in the blank as you proceed from frame to frame.

• Work without looking at the answer first, to make each frame a challenge.

• Always check your answer before moving to the next frame, making sure the spelling is correct.


The Programmed Learning Approach (cont.)

• Pronunciation• Syllable Emphasis• Use the website for pronunciation


Constructed andNonconstructed Terms

• Constructed medical terms• Learning constructed medical terms

• Deciphering constructed words


Constructed andNonconstructed Terms (cont.)

• Examples of constructed terms: Pathology (path/o – disease) + (-logy – study of)

Tonsillectomy (tonsill/o – tonsil) + (-ectomy – surgical excision, removal)

Neonatologist (neo – new) + (nat/o – birth) + (-logist – one who studies)


Terms (cont.)

• Nonconstructed terms• Include eponyms, terms derived from other languages, acronyms, and abbreviations.

• Nonconstructed words must be memorized.


Constructed andNonconstructed Terms

• Examples of nonconstructed terms: Impetigo Coma Cushing syndrome


Figure 1.1Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize.


The Word Parts

• There are three primary types of word parts: prefixes, word roots, and suffixes. Prefix Word root Suffix


Figure 1.2 Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts.


The Word Parts (cont.)

• Not every medical term has all three word parts.

• Many medical terms have more than one word root.

• Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.

• A fourth word element is the combining vowel.


Figure 1.3The human body, with many of the common combining forms.


The Word Parts (cont.)

• Combining form The most common combining vowel is the letter o.

Use the combining vowel properly. Combining vowel connects word root with a suffix that begins with a consonant.

Some constructed medical terms use combining vowels to unite two word roots.


Forming Words from Word Parts (cont.)

• A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term.


Origin of Medical Terms

• Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek.

• The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine.

• The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language.


Origin of Medical Terms (cont.)

• Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography, physical objects, and ideas.

Figure 1.4The Greek father of medicine,

Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Source: Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.


Word Parts: Prefixes

• anti- • brady- • endo-• epi- • neo- • pre-


Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel

• append/o, appendic/o • bi/o • cardi/o • cerebr/o • dermat/o

dermat/o

-logy

= skin

= study of

dermatology


Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel (cont.)

• electr/o • encephal/o • gastr/o • hem/o• hepat/o



• hyster/o• laryng/o • leuk/o • mamm/o• mast/o



• ment/o • nat/o • neur/o • path/o • proct/o

neur/o

-itis

= nerve

= inflammation

neuritis



• psych/o • rhin/o • tonsill/o • vas/o


Word Parts: Suffixes

• -al • -ectomy • -emia • -gram • -ia


Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)

• -iatry • -ic • -itis • -logist • -logy


Word Parts: Suffixes (cont.)

• -pathy • -philia • -plasty • -scope• -tic

proct/o

-scope

= rectum or anus

= instrument used for viewingproctoscope


Summary

• Medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, then defining first the suffix, then the prefix, then the word root(s) or combining forms.


Summary (cont.)

• Prefix • Word root or combining form• Suffix


Summary (cont.)

• Most common combining vowel• Infrequently used combining vowels

• Retaining the combining vowel• Dropping the combining vowel


Combining Form Quiz

1.bi/o a. breast2.gastr/o b. liver3.mast/o c. vessel4.hepat/o d. life5.vas/o e. stomach

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