medical school histology basics liver, pancreas, and ... · 158 pancreas - islets of langerhans...
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Medical School Histology Basics
Liver, gallbladder, salivary glands,
and pancreas VIBS 289 lab
Larry Johnson Texas A&M University
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Objectives
To understand the general organization of the accessory organs of the digestive system and how they contribute to obtaining metabolites necessary for growth and energy for the body.
To learn the origin of these glands and how structural features of these glands contribute to their function in digestion and absorption of food stuffs
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Function of the Digestive System Role of liver, gall bladder, salivary glands, and pancreas
Movement of food
Secretion of digestive juices
Absorption of digested foods, water, and electrolytes
Salivary glands and pancreas
secretes digestive juices and liver
secretes bile
Salivary glands lubricates
Liver stores nutrients and cleans the blood.
Also, the accessory digestive organs
contribute antibodies and antibacterial/viral
growth substances.
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ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
OF EPITHELIUM
ECTODERM - EPIDERMIS OF SKIN AND EPITHELIUM OF CORNEA TOGETHER COVERS THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF THE BODY; SEBACEOUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
ENDODERM - ALIMENTARY TRACT,
LIVER, PANCREAS, GASTRIC
GLANDS, INTESTINAL GLANDS – ENDOCRINE GLANDS - LOSE
CONNECTION WITH SURFACE
MESODERM
– ENDOTHELIUM - LINING OF BLOOD VESSELS
– MESOTHELIUM - LINING SEROUS CAVITIES
ECTODERM
ENDODERM
MESODERM
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ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
OF EPITHELIUM con’d
Liver
Histo 67
155
Gallbladder
Salivary gland
19758 Pancreas
158
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LIVER FUNCTIONS
• Blood filtration - 1.2 x 107 Kupffer cells/g
• Blood storage - liver size and sinusoids expand
• Maintain normal blood glucose concentrations
• Metabolism and transport of lipids
• Secrete plasma proteins - blood clotting
• Nutritional metabolism and bile secretion
• Drug metabolism - drug tolerance
• Excretion of bilirubin - jaundice
• Secrete bile - emulsifying fats
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Histo 067 pig liver
118
Connective
tissue capsule
Mesothelium
454
Classical liver lobules
Separated and surrounded with
connective tissue in the pig
Human liver
Monkey liver
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Liver
The hepatocyte functions as an endocrine-like cell (e.g., secretion
of glucose and plasma proteins directly into the blood vascular
system) and as an exocrine cell (e.g., secretion of bile into the bile
canaliculi). This dual export of secretory products by a single cell
requires a unique cellular arrangement in the liver in order to
separate and compartmentalize the exocrine and endocrine-like
products. Hepatocytes are arranged in fenestrated, anastomosing
plates of one cell thick. Also each hepatocyte may have as many
as four areas of access to the lumen.
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Landscape of the Hepatocyte – Four Luminal Regions
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HEPATOCYTE
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LIVER FUNCTION - LARGEST
GLAND EXOCRINE - BILE
ACIDS, BILIRUBIN
ENDOCRINE -
ALBUMIN,
FIBRINOGEN,
ETC.
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Portal radicles containing:
A bile duct
Branch of portal vein,
Branch of hepatic artery
Lymphatic vessel (usually)
Liver
or portal canals
Cords of hepatocytes
155
155
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454 Liver 454
Portal radicles containing:
A bile duct
Branch of portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery
Lymphatic vessel (usually)
Cords of
hepatocytes
Central vein
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CELLS OF THE
LIVER HEPATOCYTEs
KUPFFER CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLs
118
155
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CELLS OF THE
LIVER HEPATOCYTEs
KUPFFER CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLs
155
118
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CELLS OF THE
LIVER
HEPATOCYTEs
KUPFFER CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLs
118
155
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CELLS OF THE LIVER
118
155
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Liver hepatocyte
1. Glycogen
2. Autophagosome
3. Mitochondria
EM 2
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EM 18 1. Hepatic sinusoid
2. Bile canaliculi
3. Space of Disse
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EM 18 Hepatic sinusoid
Hepatic parenchymal
cells with microvilli
Bile canaliculi
with lysosomes close
by the canaliculi
Space of Disse
containing reticular fibers
Endothelial cell
projecting into sinusoid
Liver cells Platelet
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Dietary Differences In Amount Of Glycogen In Hepatocytes 2-hour Fast (8.2% Glycogen) 24-hour Fast (0.9% Glycogen)
Liver plays a role in blood sugar concentrations on a daily basis.
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Sugar and
protein
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Acinus with portal
vein and artery in center
ZONATION OF THE LIVER
2. Portal lobule with triad
in center
1. Classical lobule
3. Acinus layers between
two central veins
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Acinus with portal vein
and artery in center
If liver damage is due to a
toxicant, it kills hepatocytes
in Zone I first.
If liver damage is due to a
oxygen deprivation, it will kill
the hepatocytes in Zone III
first.
Acinus
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Triad with bile duct and central vein Liver with colloidal carbon, rat
118
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Gallbladder & liver, monkey –
Triad with bile duct in Liver 155
Portal radicles :
A bile duct
Branch of portal vein
Branch of
hepatic artery
HEPATOCYTEs
KUPFFER CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLs
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Bile Canaliculi
Bile duct
Bile luminal
surfaces
Blood luminal surface
155
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BILE CANALICULI Stained to see the bile canaliculi as embedded in hepatocytes
Bile Duct
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Bile canaliculus
Four + compounds that are
deposited/secreted into this space.
a. Cholesterol
b. EGF
c. insulin
d. IgA
also bile salts and BILIRUBIN
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Portal
vein
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Bile duct with portal vein, monkey
126
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
The wall of the cystic
duct is convoluted and
contains abundant
smooth muscle fibers
which represent the
spiral valve preventing
distention or collapse of
the cystic duct when the
latter is subject to sudden
changes of pressure.
Portal
vein
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The gallbladder stores and concentrates the bile
elaborated by the liver Plasma cells
In the lamina propria Mucosa
Simple columnar
epithelium
155
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Gallbladder The mucosa is thrown into folds which
project into the lumen of the gallbladder.
Lamina
propria.
Smooth muscle
layer or branching
layers
A thick perimuscular
layer of connective tissue.
Peritoneal
serosal layer
Simple columnar epithelium
155
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Distinguishing characteristics between the mucosa of
the various parts of the stomach, intestines, and
gallbladder.
Intestines
148
Cardiac stomach
437 Pyloric stomach
141 Fundic stomach
145
Gallbladder
155
Mucosa = surface epithelium, lamina propera, and muscularis mucosa
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SALIVARY GLANDS
ACINUS = FUNCTIONAL UNIT
SEROUS
MUCOUS
MIXED
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Origin of Salivary Glands?
• Ectoderm - oral ectoderm
epithelial sheet
• Endoderm - alimentary tract
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Saliva Helps Prevents Infections
Contains secreted IgA
Contains Lactoferin - bind up iron
needed for bacteria division
Contains lysosome that kills bacteria
Constantly washes mouth to
dislodge and sweep bacteria down
GI tract
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Salivary Glands
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Salivary Glands
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Ducts of Salivary Glands
Intercalated
Striated
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Submandibular gland - intercalated duct
runs into Striated duct of salivary gland 130
The salivary gland is a compound, tubuloacinar gland.
Intercalated ducts Secretory acini
Striated
Ducts
These
striations
reflect
vertically
arranged
mitochondria
associated
with deep
infoldings of
the basal
plasma
membrane
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Salivary gland 130
Myoepithelial cells
Serous
and
mucous acini
Secretory
acini are
drained by
intercalated
ducts and join
striated ducts
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Salivary gland 130
Individual secretory acini are drained by intercalated ducts and join striated ducts
Striated ducts
drain into a series of
interlobular ducts
Serous and mucous acini
Demilune
Vein
Artery
Lobules
Adipose
cells
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Salivary glands 440 Lobules Interlobular ducts
Serous and mucous acini
Myoepithelial
cells
19758
Striated ducts
Nerve
Nerve
cell bodies
Histo 52
440
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Pancreas
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PANCREAS FUNCTION
1. EXOCRINE
2. ENDOCRINE
HISTOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION,
EXOCRINE PORTION
1. ACINI
2. DUCTS
ENDOCRINE PORTION
• ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
HISTOPHYSIOLOGY
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156 and 157 Pancreas 157
Intercalated
duct
156
Secretory
granules
All acini are of the serous type and
many contain centroacinar cells
initiate the duct inside the acinus.
36723
157
36723
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Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans 158
Lobes composed
of lobules
Islets of
Langerhans Insulin is
secreted by
the B cells
which are
most
numerous and
centrally
located in the
islets.
Interlobular duct
Nerve
Blood vessels
Connective tissue septa.
Intercalated
duct
The pancreas is a compound
tubuloalveolar (tubuloacinar) gland
which functions in the digestion of
food.
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Pancreatic acinar cell (EM 1)
1. Lumen
2. Zymogen granule
3. Vesicles
4. Central acinar cell
EM 1
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36723 Beginning of intercalated ducts
Islets of
Langerhans
Interlobular
duct
Intercalated
duct
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In summary
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Questions on the Liver, pancreas, and
salivary glands The humoral activity of the immune system is illustrated by the transfer of IgA
immunoglobin by epithelial cells into which of the following body fluids?
a. saliva
b. milk
c. bile
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
Which function(s) do the gallbladder and urinary bladder have in common?
a. temporary storage of waste products
b. concentration of their respective luminal contents
c. similar type of luminal epithelium
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
Characteristics of the pancreas include:
a. a portal blood vascular system
b. endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans
c. acinar cells and striated ducts
d. a and b
e. a, b, and c
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Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.
Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.
William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA.
Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA.
Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA.
L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT.
L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY.
Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001.
Arthur C. Guyton,1971.Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, PA
WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius 1969 Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co.
A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw
Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified
from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources!
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The end of