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Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Executive Director, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured National Medicaid Congress Arlington, VA May 31, 2013

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Page 1: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Medicaid Moving Forward:  Opportunities and Challenges

Diane Rowland, Sc.D.

Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Executive Director, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured

National Medicaid Congress

Arlington, VA

May 31, 2013

Page 2: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 1

Medicaid Today

Health Insurance Coverage

31 million children & 16 million 

adults in low‐income families; 16 

million elderly and persons with 

disabilities

State Capacity for Health CoverageFor FY 2013, FMAPs range 

from 50 –

73.4%     

MEDICAID

Support for Health Care System 

and Safety Net

16% of national health spending; 40% of long‐term care spending

Assistance to Medicare 

Beneficiaries

9.4 million aged and disabled 

— 20% of Medicare 

beneficiaries 

Long‐Term Care Assistance

1.6 million institution‐based 

beneficiaries; 2.8 million 

community‐based beneficiaries

NOTE: FMAP is Federal Medical Assistance Percentage

Page 3: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 2

NOTE: FPL‐‐

Federal Poverty Level. The FPL was $22,350  for a family of four in 2011. SOURCE: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured (KCMU) and Urban Institute analysis of 2012 ASEC 

Supplement to the CPS; Birth data from Maternal and Child Health

Update: States Increase Eligibility for Children's 

Health in 2007, National Governors Association, 2008; Medicare data from MCBS Cost and Use file, 2009; Functional 

Limitations from KCMU Analysis of 2011 NHIS data.

Medicaid plays a critical role for selected populations.

Families

Elderly and People with Disabilities

Page 4: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 3

NOTES: In past 12 months. Respondents who said usual source of care was the emergency room were 

included among those not having a usual source of care.  All differences between the uninsured and the 

two insurance groups are statistically significant (p<0.05).SOURCE: KCMU analysis of 2011 NHIS  data.

Medicaid provides access to care that is comparable to  private insurance and better than access for the uninsured.

Children Nonelderly Adults

Page 5: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 4

NOTE: Acute Care includes payments to managed care plans. SOURCE: Medicaid estimates from Urban Institute analysis of data

from the Medicaid Statistical 

Information System (MSIS), Medicaid Financial Management Reports

(CMS Form 64), and Kaiser 

Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured and Health Management Associates data. NHE and private 

health insurance data from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Office of the Actuary, National 

Health Statistics Group. 

Medicaid spending growth per enrollee has been slower  than growth in private health spending.

Page 6: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 5

NOTE: * Projections based on CMS 2010 Actuarial Report. SOURCE: KCMU analysis of data from the Health Care Financing Administration and Centers for Medicare 

and Medicaid Services, 2011.

Medicaid Eligibility Milestones, 1965‐2011

Millions of Medicaid Beneficiaries

Medicaid Eligibility Expanded to 

Women and Children (1984‐1990)

AFDC Repealed(1996)

(67.3 Million 

Beneficiaries*)

ACAEnacted(2010)

Great Recession and 

State Fiscal Crisis 

(2007)

Recession and State 

Fiscal Crisis(2000)

CHIPRAEnacted(2004)

Medicaid 

Enacted 

(1965)

SSIEnacted 

(1972)

Section 1115 Waivers Expand 

Medicaid Eligibility (1991‐1993)

SCHIPEnacted 

(1997)

Page 7: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 6

SOURCE: Based on the results of a national survey conducted by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid 

and the Uninsured and the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families, 2013 and  MACPAC 

Report to the Congress on Medicaid and CHIP, Table 11, March 2013.

Medicaid eligibility levels are still limited for certain  populations.

Minimum Medicaid Eligibility under Health Reform ‐

138% FPL ($26,951 for a family of 3 in 2013)

Page 8: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 7

NOTE: FPL‐‐

Federal Poverty Level. The FPL was $22,350  for a family of four in 2011. Data may not total 100% due to rounding.  SOURCE: KCMU/Urban Institute analysis of 2012 ASEC Supplement to

the CPS

Coverage gaps in Medicaid and employer‐sponsored  insurance leave many uninsured.

Page 9: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 8

Medicaid Tomorrow

New and Expanded Options HCBS for Long‐Term Care

/ Coordination for Duals

Delivery System Reforms

Health Insurance Coverage for Certain Individuals

Shared FinancingStates and Federal Govt.

Assistance forDuals / Long‐Term Care

Support forHealth Care System

Minimum Floor forHealth Insurance Coverage

Up to 138% FPL

AdditionalFederal Financingfor Coverage

NOTE: HCBS refers to home and community‐based services. 

Page 10: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 9

The ACA expands coverage by building on Medicaid and  creating new Marketplaces with premium subsidies.

*Medicaid also includes other public programs: CHIP, other state

programs, Medicare andmilitary‐related coverage. The federal poverty level for a family of three in 2011 was $18,530.  

Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.   SOURCE: KCMU/Urban Institute analysis of 2012 ASEC Supplement to

the CPS. 

Income

≤138% FPL Medicaid (51%)

139‐399% FPL Subsidies (39%)

≥400% FPL (10%)

47.9 Million Uninsured266.4 Million Nonelderly

Health Insurance Coverage of the Nonelderly, 2011

Employer‐Sponsored Coverage

Uninsured

Medicaid*

Private Non‐Group

Page 11: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 10

NOTE: The June 2012 Supreme Court  decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 

maintained the Medicaid expansion, but limited the Secretary's authority to enforce it, effectively making 

the expansion optional for states. 138% FPL = $15,856 for an individual and $26,951 for a family of three 

in 2013.

The ACA Medicaid expansion fills current gaps in coverage.

Adults

Elderly &   Persons with 

Disabilities

Parents

PregnantWomen

Children

Extends to Adults ≤138% FPL*

Medicaid Eligibility Today Medicaid Eligibility in 2014Limited to Specific Low‐Income Groups Extends to Adults ≤138% FPL 

Page 12: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 11

The ACA streamlines enrollment processes to make it easier to  obtain coverage, regardless of whether states expand. 

Dear ______,You are eligible for…Data

Hub

$

#

Multiple Ways 

to Enroll

Use of Electronic Data to Verify Eligibility

Single Applicationfor Multiple Programs

Real‐Time Eligibility 

Determinations

MedicaidCHIP

Marketplace

HEALTH INSURANCE

Page 13: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 12

NOTE: Projections assume all states expand Medicaid.SOURCE: Urban Institute estimates prepared for KCMU, November 2012.

The federal government will fund the vast majority of  Medicaid expansion costs.

Federal State

Provider Revenue

Increased Economic Activity

26% ↑

3%

ImpactCost(2013‐2022)

21.3 Million New Enrollees by 2022

State Savings

$952 Billion$76 

Billion

Page 14: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 13

SOURCE: Based on a KCMU review of State of the State addresses, FY 2014 budgets proposals, 

and other public statements made by governors. 

But much is at stake in states’

decisions.

Opposes Expansion (20 states)

Supports Expansion (29 states, including DC)

Weighing Options  (2 states)

WA

OR

WY

UT

TX

SD

OK

ND

NM

NVNE

MT

LA

KS

ID

HI

COCA

ARAZ

AK

WI

WV VA

TNSC

OH

NCMO

MS

MN

MI

KY

IA

INIL

GA

FL

AL

VT

PA

NY

NJ

NH

MA

ME

DC  

CT

DE

RI

MD

Executive Activity on the Medicaid Expansion Decision, May 9, 2013

Page 15: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 14

NOTE: Eleven states (CT, HI, IL, MA, ME, MN, NJ, NY, RI, VT, WI) and DC already offer coverage to parents 

at or above 133% FPL; under the ACA an income disregard of 5 percentage points will be applied to this 

limit increasing the effective income limit to 138% FPL .SOURCE: Based on the results of a national survey conducted by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and 

the Uninsured and the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families, 2013.

The Medicaid expansion will significantly increase eligibility for  parents in many states.

Page 16: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 15

NOTE: Map identifies the broadest scope of coverage in the state. SOURCE: Based on the results of a national survey conducted by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and 

the Uninsured and the Georgetown University Center for Children and Families, 2013.

Coverage gains for childless adults under the Medicaid  expansion would be even larger.

Medicaid Comparable Coverage (9 States, including DC)

No or Limited Coverage (42 States)

“Closed”

denotes enrollment closed to new applicants

WA(closed)

OR(closed)

WY

UT

TX

SD

OK

ND

NM(closed)

NVNE

MT

LA

KS

ID

HI

CO(closed)CA

ARAZ(closed)

AK

WI(closed)

WV VA

TNSC

OH

NCMO

MS

MN

MI(closed)

KY

IA

INIL

GA

FL

AL

VT

PA

NY

NJ

NH

MA

ME(closed)

DC  

CT

DE

RI

MD

Page 17: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 16

Many uninsured individuals are below the Medicaid  expansion limit and not eligible for Marketplace subsidies.

WY

WI

WV

WA

VA

VT

UT

TX

TN

SD

SC

RIPA

OR

OK

OH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NH

NVNE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KYKS

IA

INIL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DC  

DE

CT

COCA

ARAZ

AK

AL

30% ‐

35% (15 states)14% ‐

29% (17 states, including DC)

36% ‐

44% (19 states)United States: 

35% Uninsured <100% FPL 

SOURCE: Urban Institute and Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured estimates based on the 

Census Bureau's March 2010 and 2011 Current Population Survey (CPS: Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements).

Share of the Nonelderly Uninsured < 100% FPL by State, 2010‐2011

Page 18: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 17

Moving Forward with Delivery System Reforms

• The U.S. faces shortfalls in access to care, especially primary care.• Access has been deteriorating for insured, as well as uninsured• National primary care physician shortage

• Medicaid beneficiaries experience access gaps due to provider 

payment issues and other barriers.

• The majority of Medicaid spending is for high need/high cost 

populations.

• States are experimenting with ways to incentivize high‐quality care 

through coordinated, patient‐centered delivery systems and 

innovative payment models.

Page 19: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 18

Note: MCO is managed care organization, PCCM is Primary Care Case Management, and FFS is fee‐for‐service. Data as of July 1, 2011.SOURCE:  CMS 2011 Medicaid Managed Care Enrollment Report

Nearly 2/3 of Medicaid beneficiaries are enrolled in  comprehensive managed care.

Total = 57.1 million Medicaid beneficiaries 

Page 20: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 19

States are continuing to implement comprehensive  Medicaid managed care arrangements.

WY

WI

WV

WA

VA

VT

UT

TX

TN

SD

SC

RIPA

OR

OK

OH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NH

NVNE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KYKS

IA

INIL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DC  

DE

CT

COCA

ARAZ

AK

AL

0% ‐

50% (10 states)

66% ‐

80% (21 states including DC)81%+ (4 states)

51% ‐

65% (16 states)

Comprehensive Medicaid Managed Care Penetration by State, July 2011

NOTE:

Includes enrollment in MCO, PCCM, HIO, and PACE. Data as of July 1, 2011.SOURCE:  CMS 2011 Medicaid Managed Care Enrollment Report

U.S. Overall = 67%

Page 21: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 20

Additional Focus on Delivery and Payment in the ACA

Increased Medicare and Medicaid payments for primary care

Investment in community health centers 

Health care workforce development

Emphasis on prevention

Promoting coordinated care for beneficiaries with complex needs 

Health homes for Medicaid beneficiaries with chronic conditions

New options for home and community‐based long‐term services 

and supports

Page 22: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 21

NOTE: TN has no Medicaid FFS program.SOURCE: 2012 KCMU/Urban Institute Medicaid Physician Fee Survey.

Medicaid PCP fees increase two‐fold or more in six states  that account for over 1/3 of Medicaid beneficiaries.

WY

WI

WV

WA

VA

VT

UT

TX

TN

SD

SC

RIPA

OR

OK

OH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NH

NVNE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KYKS

IA

INIL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DC  

DE

CT

COCA

ARAZ

AK

AL

U.S. Overall = 73%1% ‐

24% (9 states)0% (2 states)

50% ‐

99% (12 states)25% ‐

49% (21 states including DC)

100% ‐

200% (6 states)

Average fee increase for ACA services

Page 23: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 22

NOTE: Several states are in more than one status category: 1 SPA approved and planning grant awarded 

(AL, ID, ME, NC, and WI). 2 SPA approved and a separate SPA officially submitted to CMS (IA). 3 SPA  

approved and separate SPA under CMS review (RI). 4

SPA  under CMS review and planning grant awarded 

(WV).

SOURCE: Integrated Care Resource Center State Integration Activities: Health Homes, available at: 

http://www.medicaid.gov/State‐Resource‐Center/Medicaid‐State‐Technical‐Assistance/Health‐Homes‐

Technical‐Assistance/Downloads/HH‐Map_v21.pdf. 

Health Home State Plan Amendments (SPAs) or Planning  Grants, April 2013

WY

WI

WV

WA

VA

VT

UT

TX

TN

SD

SC

RIPA

OR

OK

OH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NH

NVNE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KYKS

IA

INIL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DC  

DE

CT

COCA

ARAZ

AK

ALDraft SPA under review (8 states)

SPA approved (11 states)

SPA officially submitted (2 states) Planning Grant Awarded (15 states and DC)Not Participating (22 states)

Page 24: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 23

NOTE: Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:

KCMU/Urban Institute estimates based on data from FFY 2009 MSIS

and CMS‐64, 2012. MSIS 

FFY 2008 data were used for PA, UT, and WI, but adjusted to 2009

CMS‐64.

The elderly and people with disabilities are high‐need and  high‐cost populations. 

Page 25: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 24

SOURCE: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured and Urban Institute estimates based on FFY 

2009 MSIS and CMS‐64 data.  MSIS FFY 2008 data was used for PA, UT, and WI, but adjusted to 2009 

CMS‐64.

Long‐term care is a major share of Medicaid spending for  the elderly and people with disabilities.

Page 26: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 25

SOURCE: M. O’Malley Watts, M. Musumeci, and E. Reaves, How is the Affordable Care Act Leading to 

Changes in Medicaid Long‐Term Services and Supports (LTSS) Today? State Adoption of Six LTSS Options, 

The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, April 2013, available at:

http://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue‐

brief/how‐is‐the‐affordable‐care‐act‐leading‐to‐changes‐in‐medicaid‐long‐term‐services‐and‐supports‐

ltss‐today‐state‐adoption‐of‐six‐ltss‐options/. 

States’

Participation in Six Key Medicaid Long‐Term Services  and Supports (LTSS) Options Provided or Enhanced by the ACA 

NOTE: Number of states that are participating, used to participate, or have plans to participate in FY 2013 or FY 2014 as of May

2013.

Page 27: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 26

SOURCE: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured and Urban Institute estimates based on data  

from FFY 2009 MSIS and CMS‐64 reports, 2012. 2008 MSIS data was used for PA, UT, and WI, because 

2009 data were unavailable.

Duals Account for 38% of Medicaid Spending, FFY 2009

Dual Spending

38%

Total = 62.7 Million Total = $358.5 Billion

Other Elderly 

and People 

with 

Disabilities

10%

Page 28: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 27

*CO, CT, IA, MO, and NC proposed managed FFS models. NY, OK, and

WA proposed both  capitated

and managed 

FFS models; however NY has withdrawn its managed FFS proposal.  All other states proposed capitated

models. WA’s 

MOU is for its managed FFS model only; its capitated

proposal remains pending with CMS. HI’s

proposal remains 

pending, but it does not anticipate implementation in 2014.

State demonstration proposals to integrate care and align  financing for dual eligible beneficiaries, May 2013

Proposal pending with CMS (15 

states and WA’s capitated

proposal)

HI*

AK

WA*

OR

WY

UT

TX

SD

OK*

ND

NM

NVNE

MT

LA

KS

ID

CO*CA

ARAZ

WI

WV VA

TNSC

OH

NC*MO*

MS

MN

MI

KY

IA*

INIL

GA

FL

AL

VT

PA

NY*

NJ

NH

MA

ME

CT*

DE

RI

MD

DC  

SOURCE:  CMS Financial Alignment Initiative, State Financial Alignment Proposals, http://www.cms.gov/Medicare‐

Medicaid‐Coordination/Medicare‐and‐Medicaid‐Coordination/Medicare‐Medicaid‐Coordination‐

Office/FinancialModelstoSupport

StatesEffortsinCareCoordination.html, and state websites.  

MOU signed with CMS to implement 

demonstration (6 states)

Proposal submitted, will not pursue 

financial alignment but may pursue 

other administrative or 

programmatic  alignment  (2 states)

Proposal withdrawn (3 states)

Not participating in demonstration 

(24 states and DC)

Page 29: Medicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and ChallengesMedicaid Moving Forward: Opportunities and Challenges Diane Rowland, Sc.D. Executive Vice President, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation

Figure 28

Final Thoughts

• ACA provides a historic opportunity to fill longstanding gaps in

Medicaid coverage for people with low incomes.

• Overall success in reducing the uninsured will be driven by state 

actions.

• If a state does not expand Medicaid, many low‐income adults in that 

state will likely remain uninsured.

• Outreach and the enrollment experience will be key for translating 

expanded eligibility into increased coverage and streamlining eligibility.

• Delivery system reforms and addressing payment and financing issues 

may further improve access and incentivize high‐quality care, especially 

for high‐need/high‐cost populations.

• New options for long‐term care will facilitate care in the community.