mediate inference/syllogisms
TRANSCRIPT
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MEDIATE INTERFERENCE/SYLLOGIS
MS
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SYLLOGISMAristotle define syllogism as a "prepositional expression in which for certain things which have been laid down (premises), something other than what has been laid down follows of necessity from being so (conclusion).
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CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
Is a syllogism in which the propositions are all categorical. It is complex logical unit made up of terms and propositions.
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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
BASIC PROPOSITION IN A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
1. Major Premise - the premise which contains the major term. Generally, this premise has greater extension than other propositions of the syllogism.2. Minor Syllogism - the premise which contains the minor term. Usually, this is the second proposition and is preceded by the conjunction but.3. Conclusion - the last proposition which has been necessarily derived from the premises.
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BASIC TERMS IN A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
1. Major Term - it is the predicate of the conclusion and is found in the major premise. It is usually designated by "P" which means the predicate of the conclusion.2. Minor Term - it is the subject of the conclusion and is found in the minor premise. It is usually designated by "S" which the subject if the conclusion.3. Middle Term – occurs in each of the premises but not in the conclusion.
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Examples:
Every BPSC student is a human being ---------- Major Premise
Mylene is a BPSC student ---------- Minor Premise
Therefore, Mylene is a human being --------- Conclusion
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To indicate the different elements of the categorical syllogism, the following figures are used:The major term ----------The minor term ----------
The middle term ---------
To illustrate it:
All monkeys are animals MP (major premise)But all chimps are monkeys mp (minor premise)Therefore, all chimps are animals C (conclusion)
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RULES GOVERNING THE VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
RULES OF TERMSRule No. 1.
There must only be three terms. No more, no less.
Example:
All BCCnians are students.But Jason is a student.Therefore, Jason is a BCCnians.
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FALLACIES COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
FALLACY OF FOUR TERMS OR FIVE TERMSIt is committed when there are more than three terms which are evident in the syllogism.
Example:
Every man is a sinner.But Pope John Paul is a man.Therefore, the parish priest is a sinner.
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FALLACY OF EQUIVOCATIONIt is committed when the term applied to one proposition has a different meaning as applied to the other proposition in the syllogism.
Example:
Every pen is an instrument for writing.But a pen is an enclosure for pigs.Therefore, every enclosure for pigs is an instrument for writing.
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FALLACY OF AMPHIBOLYIt is omitted when there is the use of analogous terms.
Example:
God is love.But love is blind.Therefore, God is blind.
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Rule No. 2.The major term cannot become universal in the conclusion unless it is universal in the premise.
Example:
Every plant is a living thing.Stones are not living things.Therefore, stones are not plants.
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FALLACY OF ILLICIT MAJOR
Example:
All cats are mammals. – particularBut no dogs are cats.Therefore, no dogs are mammals. – universal
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
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Rule No. 3.The minor term cannot become universal in the conclusion unless it is universal in the premise.
Example:
All singers are musicians.But every musician is an artist.Therefore, all singers are artists.
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FALLACY OF ILLICIT MINOR
Example:
Every circle is round.But every circle is a figure.Therefore, every figure is round.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
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Rule No. 4The middle term must not appear in the conclusion.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
FALLACY OF ILLICIT MIDDLE TERM
Example:
All cats are animals.But no dogs are cats.Therefore, no cats are mammals.
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Rule No. 5The middle term must be universal at least once.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
FALLACY OF UNDISTRIBUTED MIDDLE TERM
Example:
The earth is a planet.But the Mars is a planet.Therefore, the Earth is Mars.
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Rule No. 6If both premises are affirmative, the conclusion must also be affirmative.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE FALLACY ON NEGATIVE CONCLUSION
Example:
Labanos is not a fruit.But all fruits are delicious.Therefore, labanos is not delicious.
RULES ON THE QUALITY OF PROPOSITIONS
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Rule No. 7If one premise is affirmative and the other premise is negative, the conclusion is negative.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE
FALLACY OF AFFIRMATIVE CONCLUSION
Example:
All Americans are not Asians.But all Filipinos are Asians.Therefore, all Filipinos are not Americans.
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Rule No. 8If both premises are negative, no conclusion follows.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE FALLACY ON NEGATIVE PREMISES
Example:
Some insects are not flies.But some insects are not grasshoppers.Therefore, some grasshoppers are not flies.
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Rule No. 9At least one of the premises must be universal. If both premises are particular, then no conclusion follows.
FALLACY COMMITTED ON THIS RULE FALLACY OF UNIVERSAL CONCLUSION
Example:
Some insects are not grasshoppers.But, all insects are small.Therefore, all grasshoppers are small.
RULES ON THE QUANTITY OF PROPOSITIONS
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END OF PRESENTATION
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GROUP 1
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